acetaminophen and Pregnancy studies

Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.
paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.

Pregnancy: The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"To evaluate the efficacy of occipital nerve block compared with standard care , defined as acetaminophen with caffeine, for treatment of acute headache in pregnancy."	9.69	Occipital Nerve Block Compared With Acetaminophen and Caffeine for Headache Treatment in Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Blanchard, CT; Bushman, ET; Casey, BM; Cozzi, GD; Davis, AM; Digre, KB; Harper, L; Jones, B; Robbins, LS; Sinkey, RG; Szychowski, JM; Tita, AT, 2023)
"Intravenous acetaminophen did not demonstrate a higher efficacy than oral acetaminophen in treating intrapartum maternal fever."	9.41	Randomized control trial of intravenous acetaminophen for reduction of intrapartum maternal fever. ( Cabbad, M; Kanninen, T; Lakhi, N; Mehraban, S; Mehraban, SS; Moretti, M; Nematian, S; Parnas, Z; Petrucci, S; Shats, L; Tricorico, G, 2021)
"To test the hypothesis that ibuprofen is equivalent to acetaminophen in its effect on postpartum blood pressure in women with gestational hypertension or preeclampsia without severe features."	9.30	A randomized-controlled trial to assess the effect of ibuprofen on postpartum blood pressure in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. ( Hesson, A; Langen, ES; Triebwasser, JE, 2019)
"The first-line use of ibuprofen rather than acetaminophen for postpartum pain did not lengthen the duration of severe-range hypertension in women with preeclampsia with severe features."	9.27	Effect of ibuprofen vs acetaminophen on postpartum hypertension in preeclampsia with severe features: a double-masked, randomized controlled trial. ( Blue, NR; Drake-Lavelle, S; Holbrook, BD; Katukuri, VR; Leeman, L; Mozurkewich, EL; Murray-Krezan, C; Weinberg, D, 2018)
"We investigated whether metoclopramide administered with diphenhydramine (MAD) relieves headache in pregnant women when acetaminophen alone is ineffective, using codeine for comparison."	9.27	Metoclopramide and Diphenhydramine: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Treatment for Headache in Pregnancy when Acetaminophen Alone Is Ineffective (MAD Headache Study). ( Childress, KMS; Dothager, C; Gavard, JA; Laska, C; Lebovitz, S; Mostello, DJ, 2018)
"To compare differences in blood pressure levels between patients with severe post-partum pre-eclampsia using ibuprofen or acetaminophen."	9.24	Ibuprofen versus acetaminophen as a post-partum analgesic for women with severe pre-eclampsia: randomized clinical study. ( Ortega, N; Solis, V; Vigil-De Gracia, P, 2017)
"Databases were searched to identify studies reporting the effects of acetaminophen use during pregnancy on preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age."	9.22	Effect of Acetaminophen use during pregnancy on adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Barreto, ML; Castro, CT; Dal-Pizzol, TS; Gama, RS; Oliveira, MG; Pereira, M; Santos, DB, 2022)
"This prospective, randomized study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of acetaminophen, diclofenac and hyoscine-N-butylbromide (HnBB) in cases of second trimester pregnancy termination."	9.22	Analgesic effects of acetaminophen, diclofenac and hyoscine N-butylbromide in second trimester pregnancy termination: a prospective randomized study. ( Arslan, S; Ayaz, R; Senturk, M; Tanir, HM; Velipasaoglu, M, 2016)
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of paracetamol in comparison with tramadol for pain relief during active labor."	9.20	Comparison of analgesic efficacy of paracetamol and tramadol for pain relief in active labor. ( Bhatia, N; Jain, K; Jain, V; Kaur Makkar, J; Mal Mithrawal, S, 2015)
"A randomised controlled trial was conducted to investigate efficacy of paracetamol and dexketoprofen trometamol for perineal pain relief after perineal repair."	9.19	Paracetamol vs dexketoprofen for perineal pain relief after episiotomy or perineal tear. ( Akil, A; Api, O; Bektas, Y; Unal, O; Yalti, S; Yilmaz, AO, 2014)
"Acetaminophen prophylaxis prevented neither maternal hyperthermia nor fever secondary to epidural analgesia, suggesting that the mechanism underlying fever does not include centrally mediated perturbations of maternal thermoregulation."	9.11	Prophylactic acetaminophen does not prevent epidural fever in nulliparous women: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. ( Citron, DR; Evans, T; Goetzl, L; Lieberman, E; Richardson, BE; Rivers, J; Suresh, MS, 2004)
"The objectives of this prospective non-concurrent cohort study were to confirm the efficacy of vaginal misoprostol for early pregnancy termination and to determine whether the incidence of side effects is lower with prophylactic loperamide and acetaminophen."	9.09	Early pregnancy termination with vaginal misoprostol combined with loperamide and acetaminophen prophylaxis. ( Harwood, B; Jain, JK; Meckstroth, KR; Mishell, DR, 2001)
"The association between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the offspring may be due to bias."	9.05	Acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A causal association or bias? ( Filion, KB; Masarwa, R; Platt, RW, 2020)
"In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial among 500 post-partum patients experiencing moderate to severe pain, a single oral dose of an aspirin/caffeine combination (800 mg aspirin, 65 mg caffeine) provided significantly more pain relief at 2 hours than did a higher dose of an acetaminophen/aspirin combination (648 mg acetaminophen, 648 mg aspirin) and a higher dose of acetaminophen alone (1000 mg acetaminophen)."	9.05	A double-blind randomized study of an aspirin/caffeine combination versus acetaminophen/aspirin combination versus acetaminophen versus placebo in patients with moderate to severe post-partum pain. ( Rubin, A; Winter, L, 1984)
" The use of acetaminophen in babies and young children may be much more strongly associated with autism than its use during pregnancy, perhaps because of well-known deficiencies in the metabolic breakdown of pharmaceuticals during early development."	8.95	The role of oxidative stress, inflammation and acetaminophen exposure from birth to early childhood in the induction of autism. ( Bilbo, S; Gentry, L; Herbert, MR; Holzknecht, ZE; Hornik, CD; Lin, SS; Nevison, CD; Parker, W; Rao, R, 2017)
"Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is available over the counter in most countries and is widely considered to be safe for use during pregnancy; studies report gestational exposures to acetaminophen that lie in the 46%-65% range."	8.93	Use of acetaminophen (paracetamol) during pregnancy and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in the offspring. ( Andrade, C, 2016)
"Increased use of acetaminophen (paracetamol) as the favored antipyretic during pregnancy and infancy has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for the development of asthma."	8.90	The association between acetaminophen and asthma: is there anything to learn from the upper airways? ( Johnson, CC; Kim, H, 2014)
" The earlier review included 20 studies (7238 participants) in valid comparisons, but because we used different outcomes for some headache studies, the number of participants in the analyses of the effects of caffeine is now 4262 when previously it was 5243."	8.90	Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults. ( Derry, CJ; Derry, S; Moore, RA, 2014)
"Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing paracetamol (acetaminophen) in a single dose compared with placebo for women with early postpartum perineal pain."	8.89	Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period. ( Abalos, E; Chou, D; Gülmezoglu, AM; Gyte, GM, 2013)
" Most studies used paracetamol or ibuprofen, with 100 mg to 130 mg caffeine, and the most common pain conditions studied were postoperative dental pain, postpartum pain, and headache."	8.88	Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults. ( Derry, CJ; Derry, S; Moore, RA, 2012)
"Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing paracetamol (acetaminophen) in a single dose compared with placebo for women with early postpartum perineal pain."	8.86	Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period. ( Abalos, E; Chou, D; Gülmezoglu, AM; Gyte, GM, 2010)
"Acetaminophen is commonly used during pregnancy."	8.86	A review of the literature on the effects of acetaminophen on pregnancy outcome. ( Ang, R; Breitmeyer, J; Royal, MA; Scialli, AR, 2010)
"The possible association between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and childhood asthma has been a subject of interest based on the theory that acetaminophen metabolism may deplete glutathione in the developing lung, leading to oxidative damage and inflammation."	8.86	Childhood asthma and use during pregnancy of acetaminophen. A critical review. ( Ang, R; Breitmeyer, J; Royal, MA; Scialli, AR, 2010)
"Acetaminophen (APAP) is the most common drug overdose in pregnancy."	8.82	Acetaminophen overdose in pregnancy. ( Clark, LE; Herrera, JL; Wilkes, JM, 2005)
"Salicylates have been the most widely studied of the nonnarcotic analgesics in pregnancy, and in the last 20 years evidence has accumulated indicating that their ingestion in pregnancy may have adverse effects on the mother and her child."	8.76	Maternal and fetal effects of acetaminophen and salicylates in pregnancy. ( Collins, E, 1981)
"Acetaminophen is one of the most commonly used drugs during pregnancy globally."	8.12	Maternal use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and neurobehavioral problems in offspring at 3 years: A prospective cohort study. ( Kjerulff, KH; Sznajder, KK; Teti, DM, 2022)
"Overall, 74% of women reported acetaminophen use during pregnancy."	8.12	Prenatal acetaminophen use in women with autoimmune disorders and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. ( Bandoli, G; Chambers, C; Killion, JA; Smith, CJF, 2022)
"Although acetaminophen is commonly used in pregnancy, it can deplete glutathione concentrations and cause accumulation of 5-oxoproline, with subsequent metabolic acidosis."	8.02	Malnourishment-Associated Acetaminophen Toxicity in Pregnancy. ( Dom, AM; Olson-Chen, C; Royzer, R, 2021)
"Prior studies have raised concern about maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy and increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in their children; however, most studies have relied on maternal self-report."	7.96	Association of Cord Plasma Biomarkers of In Utero Acetaminophen Exposure With Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Childhood. ( Azuine, RE; Hong, X; Hou, W; Ji, Y; Pearson, C; Riley, A; Wang, G; Wang, X; Zhang, Y; Zuckerman, B, 2020)
"Maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy is common and has been associated with childhood behavioural problems among offspring, specifically hyperactivity and conduct problems."	7.96	Maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy and childhood behavioural problems: Discrepancies between mother- and teacher-reported outcomes. ( Collett, BR; Parker, SE; Werler, MM, 2020)
"Acetaminophen is used by the majority of pregnant women, and some continue to use for many weeks in pregnancy."	7.96	Acetaminophen use in pregnancy: Examining prevalence, timing, and indication of use in a prospective birth cohort. ( Bandoli, G; Chambers, C; Palmsten, K, 2020)
" Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate the relationship between acetaminophen use before and during pregnancy and low birthweight, preterm birth, and small for gestational age."	7.96	Association between maternal acetaminophen use and adverse birth outcomes in a pregnancy and birth cohort. ( Arneja, J; Bocking, A; Brooks, JD; Hewko, SL; Hung, RJ; Knight, JA; Lye, SJ; Seeto, RA, 2020)
"Over-the-counter analgesic use during pregnancy, particularly acetaminophen, may be associated with negative developmental outcomes in children."	7.96	Associations of acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the first year of life with neurodevelopment in early childhood. ( Bassani, DG; Bertoldi, AD; Boing, AC; da Silva Dal Pizzol, T; Domingues, MR; Freitas Silveira, M; Miranda, VIA; Oken, E; Rifas-Shiman, SL; Santos, IS; Silveira, MPT; Tovo-Rodrigues, L, 2020)
"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesic drugs, such as acetaminophen (APAP), are frequently taken during pregnancy, even in combination."	7.91	In utero exposure to acetaminophen and ibuprofen leads to intergenerational accelerated reproductive aging in female mice. ( Boizet-Bonhoure, B; Brun, C; de Massy, B; Déjardin, S; Ghettas, A; Keime, C; Marchive, C; Nguyen, AL; Ollivier, M; Philibert, P; Poulat, F; Pruvost, A; Rossitto, M, 2019)
"This study explored the association between exposure to acetaminophen during pregnancy and pubertal development using data from 15,822 boys and girls in the longitudinal Puberty Cohort, nested within the Danish National Birth Cohort."	7.91	Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Exposure During Pregnancy and Pubertal Development in Boys and Girls From a Nationwide Puberty Cohort. ( Brix, N; Ernst, A; Lauridsen, LLB; Liew, Z; Olsen, J; Olsen, LH; Parner, ET; Ramlau-Hansen, CH, 2019)
"There was no strong association between prenatal acetaminophen exposure and childhood BMI, but the findings on frequent prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and overweight in girls warrant further investigation."	7.91	Prenatal Exposure to Acetaminophen and Overweight in Childhood. ( Ernst, A; Li, J; Liew, Z; Morgen, CS; Nohr, EA; Olsen, J; Sørensen, TIA, 2019)
" We examined whether mother's use of paracetamol, aspirin or ibuprofen in pregnancy is associated with increased risk of cerebral palsy (CP) in the child."	7.88	Use of paracetamol, ibuprofen or aspirin in pregnancy and risk of cerebral palsy in the child. ( Andersen, AN; Andersen, GL; Andersen, PK; Liew, Z; Martinussen, T; Olsen, J; Petersen, TG; Rebordosa, C; Strandberg-Larsen, K; Tollånes, MC; Uldall, P; Wilcox, AJ, 2018)
"Infections in early life have been linked to type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk, but no previous study has comprehensively analysed exposure to antibiotics, acetaminophen and infections during pregnancy and early childhood in relation to offspring risk of T1D."	7.88	Antibiotics, acetaminophen and infections during prenatal and early life in relation to type 1 diabetes. ( Joner, G; Kahrs, CR; Mårild, K; Njølstad, PR; Skrivarhaug, T; Stene, LC; Størdal, K; Tapia, G, 2018)
"Paracetamol or acetaminophen (APAP) is commonly used as a first line treatment of pain and fever in pregnancy."	7.88	Paracetamol/Acetaminophen During Pregnancy Induces Prenatal Ductus Arteriosus Closure. ( Allegaert, K; Becquet, O; Bonnet, D; Lapillonne, A; Ville, Y, 2018)
"Some studies have suggested that maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy is associated with asthma in the offspring, and coffee consumption may modify the toxicity of acetaminophen."	7.83	Association of prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and coffee with childhood asthma. ( Agerbo, E; Bech, BH; Li, J; Liew, Z; Liu, X; Olsen, J; Pedersen, LH; Yuan, W, 2016)
"Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is the most commonly used pain and fever medication during pregnancy."	7.83	Maternal use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders in childhood: A Danish national birth cohort study. ( Liew, Z; Olsen, J; Ritz, B; Virk, J, 2016)
"Acetaminophen is extensively used during pregnancy."	7.83	Acetaminophen use in pregnancy and neurodevelopment: attention function and autism spectrum symptoms. ( Andiarena, A; Avella-Garcia, CB; Fortuny, J; Galán, IR; García-Esteban, R; Iñiguez, C; Julvez, J; Rebordosa, C; Rodríguez-Bernal, CL; Santa-Marina, L; Sunyer, J; Tardón, A, 2016)
"Acetaminophen use was assessed by questionnaire completion at 18 and 32 weeks of pregnancy and when the child was 61 months old."	7.83	Association of Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy With Behavioral Problems in Childhood: Evidence Against Confounding. ( Davey Smith, G; Stergiakouli, E; Thapar, A, 2016)
"Unadjusted models showed an increased asthma risk in early childhood for higher infant acetaminophen (odds ratio [OR], 1."	7.81	Prenatal and infant exposure to acetaminophen and ibuprofen and the risk for wheeze and asthma in children. ( Bunyavanich, S; Camargo, CA; Gillman, MW; Gold, DR; Litonjua, AA; Rifas-Shiman, SL; Scirica, CV; Sordillo, JE; Weiss, ST, 2015)
"During pregnancy, acetaminophen is one of the very few medications recommended by physicians to treat fever or pain."	7.81	Prenatal acetaminophen induces liver toxicity in dams, reduces fetal liver stem cells, and increases airway inflammation in adult offspring. ( Arck, P; Barikbin, R; Erhardt, A; Huebener, P; Karimi, K; Keßler, T; Ramisch, K; Thiele, K; Tiegs, G, 2015)
"Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is the most commonly used medication for pain and fever during pregnancy in many countries."	7.80	Acetaminophen use during pregnancy, behavioral problems, and hyperkinetic disorders. ( Lee, PC; Liew, Z; Olsen, J; Rebordosa, C; Ritz, B, 2014)
"Acetaminophen is used as first-choice drug for pain relief during pregnancy."	7.80	The effect of acetaminophen on the expression of BCRP in trophoblast cells impairs the placental barrier to bile acids during maternal cholestasis. ( Blazquez, AG; Briz, O; Ghanem, CI; Gonzalez-Sanchez, E; Marin, JJ; Perez, MJ, 2014)
"Here, we report a pregnant woman with severe zoster neuralgia who responded favorably to acetaminophen."	7.80	Severe herpes zoster neuralgia in a pregnant woman treated with acetaminophen. ( Ahrari, I; Sadati, MS, 2014)
"Our aim was to replicate and extend the recently found association between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and ADHD symptoms in school-age children."	7.80	Associations between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and ADHD symptoms measured at ages 7 and 11 years. ( Mitchell, EA; Murphy, R; Thompson, JM; Waldie, KE; Wall, CR, 2014)
"Acetaminophen overdose is the most rapidly growing cause of fulminant hepatic failure in Western countries."	7.79	Accidental acetaminophen overdose results in liver transplant during second trimester of pregnancy: a case report. ( Franko, KR; Hemming, AW; Khanna, A; Mekeel, KL; Woelkers, D, 2013)
"Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used medication in pregnancy and is considered safe."	7.78	Unintentional chronic acetaminophen poisoning during pregnancy resulting in liver transplantation. ( Minns, AB; Thornton, SL, 2012)
"This is a pharmacokinetic study of 30 postpartum women receiving hydrocodone bitartrate for postpartum pain in the inpatient setting."	7.77	Breast milk hydrocodone and hydromorphone levels in mothers using hydrocodone for postpartum pain. ( Anderson, PO; Lane, JR; Nguyen, N; Rafie, S; Rossi, SS; Sauberan, JB; Stellwagen, LM, 2011)
"To examine whether pregnant women who used acetaminophen, a prostaglandinG2 synthase inhibitor, had an increased risk of preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, thromboembolic complications, or abruptio placentae."	7.76	Use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia, hypertensive and vascular disorders: a birth cohort study. ( Kogevinas, M; Olsen, J; Rebordosa, C; Sørensen, HT; Zelop, CM, 2010)
"To investigate whether exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy to single-ingredient acetaminophen increases the risk of major birth defects."	7.76	Acetaminophen use in pregnancy and risk of birth defects: findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. ( Botto, LD; Feldkamp, ML; Krikov, S; Meyer, RE, 2010)
" The use of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid during pregnancy was assessed in 3 computer-assisted telephone interviews and 1 self-administered questionnaire."	7.76	Maternal use of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid during pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism. ( Bonde, JP; Henriksen, TB; Jensen, MS; Olsen, J; Rebordosa, C; Sørensen, HT; Thulstrup, AM; Toft, G, 2010)
"Prenatal and infant acetaminophen exposure has been associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma phenotypes."	7.76	Prenatal and infant acetaminophen exposure, antioxidant gene polymorphisms, and childhood asthma. ( Henderson, AJ; Holloway, JW; Newson, RB; Ring, SM; Rose-Zerilli, MJ; Shaheen, SO, 2010)
"Acetaminophen use during pregnancy has been associated with a reduced risk of stillbirth and preterm birth, but findings are based on few studies with small numbers of exposed women."	7.75	Use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. ( Bech, BH; Kogevinas, M; Olsen, J; Rebordosa, C; Sørensen, HT, 2009)
"To estimate whether prenatal exposure to acetaminophen is associated with risk of diagnosed asthma and asthma symptoms in children."	7.75	Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and asthma in children. ( Bracken, MB; Illuzzi, JL; Kang, EM; Lundsberg, LS, 2009)
"Acetaminophen is one of the most common toxicities in pregnancy, thus providers should be aware of treatment options."	7.74	Caring for the mother, concentrating on the fetus: intravenous N-acetylcysteine in pregnancy. ( Crowell, C; Deering, SH; Givens, M; Lyew, RV, 2008)
"We selected 88,142 pregnant women and their liveborn singletons from the Danish National Birth Cohort who had information on acetaminophen use during the first trimester of pregnancy."	7.74	Acetaminophen use during pregnancy: effects on risk for congenital abnormalities. ( Czeizel, AE; Horváth-Puhó, E; Kogevinas, M; Morales, M; Nørgård, B; Olsen, J; Rebordosa, C; Sørensen, HT; Vilstrup, H, 2008)
"The combination of acute fatty liver of pregnancy and acetaminophen toxicity resulted in acute liver failure."	7.71	Acute fatty liver of pregnancy and acetaminophen toxicity leading to liver failure and postpartum liver transplantation. A case report. ( Contos, MJ; Gill, EJ; Peng, TC, 2002)
"We studied the association between acetaminophen exposure during pregnancy and the prevalence of congenital abnormalities and fetal growth."	7.70	Fetal growth and adverse birth outcomes in women receiving prescriptions for acetaminophen during pregnancy. EuroMap Study Group. ( Andersen, L; Barrett, D; Nielsen, GL; Olsen, J; Sørensen, HT; Thulstrup, AM; Vilstrup, H, 1999)
" A case of NAS due to codeine prescribed for pain relief during pregnancy is reported."	7.69	Neonatal abstinence syndrome due to codeine. ( Chang, J; Khan, K, 1997)
"A 38-year-old woman whose pregnancy was at 31 weeks' gestational age was evaluated for treatment of an acetaminophen overdose."	7.69	Acetaminophen poisoning in late pregnancy. A case report. ( Chao, HT; Hung, JH; Lee, WL; Wang, PH; Yang, MJ; Yang, ML, 1997)
"The effect of antipyretic treatment with acetaminophen on fetal status was examined in eight laboring women febrile with chorioamnionitis."	7.67	Effect of acetaminophen on fetal acid-base balance in chorioamnionitis. ( Kirshon, B; Moise, KJ; Wasserstrum, N, 1989)
"Although acetaminophen is widely used in pregnant women, the effects of pregnancy on its hepatotoxicity remain unknown."	7.67	Effects of pregnancy on the toxicity and metabolism of acetaminophen in mice. ( Degott, C; Descatoire, V; Foliot, A; Geneve, J; Larrey, D; Letteron, P; Pessayre, D; Tinel, M, 1986)
" The effects of acetaminophen in pregnancy and in the newborn have not been studied extensively; when ingested in usual therapeutic doses, the available data have shown no adverse effects."	7.66	Effects of aspirin and acetaminophen in pregnancy and in the newborn. ( Rudolph, AM, 1981)
"Acetaminophen has become a novel treatment option for patent ductus arteriosus closure in premature infants."	6.72	Acetaminophen in late pregnancy and potential for in utero closure of the ductus arteriosus-a pharmacokinetic evaluation and critical review of the literature. ( de Vrijer, B; Eastabrook, G; Garcia-Bournissen, F; Hutson, JR; Lurie, A, 2021)
" Each article has poor power to show risks of acetaminophen, however, the integration of the articles that showed adverse effects of acetaminophen may have power to show them."	6.55	Is acetaminophen safe in pregnancy? ( Toda, K, 2017)
" We conclude that future studies are urgently needed to reconsider the safety and dosage of APAP during pregnancy and - based on the advances made in the field of reproduction as well as APAP metabolism - we propose pathways, which should be addressed in future research and clinical endeavors."	6.49	Acetaminophen and pregnancy: short- and long-term consequences for mother and child. ( Arck, P; Erhardt, A; Kessler, T; Thiele, K; Tiegs, G, 2013)
"Acetaminophen is a widely used medication for the treatment of pain and fever in children and pregnant women."	6.49	Acetaminophen and asthma. ( Henderson, AJ; Shaheen, SO, 2013)
"To evaluate the efficacy of occipital nerve block compared with standard care , defined as acetaminophen with caffeine, for treatment of acute headache in pregnancy."	5.69	Occipital Nerve Block Compared With Acetaminophen and Caffeine for Headache Treatment in Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ( Blanchard, CT; Bushman, ET; Casey, BM; Cozzi, GD; Davis, AM; Digre, KB; Harper, L; Jones, B; Robbins, LS; Sinkey, RG; Szychowski, JM; Tita, AT, 2023)
"We aimed to characterize the current pain experience of patients completing an evidence-based mifepristone-misoprostol medication abortion regimen using real-time pain scores."	5.51	The experience of pain in real-time during medication abortion. ( Davis, J; Fontanilla, T; Friedlander, EB; Horiuchi, W; Kaneshiro, B; Raidoo, S; Salcedo, J; Soon, R; Tschann, M, 2022)
"Two toxins most implicated in the U."	5.48	Evidence the U.S. autism epidemic initiated by acetaminophen (Tylenol) is aggravated by oral antibiotic amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) and now exponentially by herbicide glyphosate (Roundup). ( Good, P, 2018)
" Intravenous acetaminophen, with its increased bioavailability and more rapid onset of action, may have benefit in the intrapartum setting by reducing adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes associated with febrile morbidity."	5.46	Intravenous acetaminophen for the treatment of intrapartum fever and resolution of fetal tachycardia: a novel use for an old medication. ( Burgess, APH; Lakhi, N; Moretti, M; Ope-Adenuga, S; Reilly, JG, 2017)
"Intravenous acetaminophen did not demonstrate a higher efficacy than oral acetaminophen in treating intrapartum maternal fever."	5.41	Randomized control trial of intravenous acetaminophen for reduction of intrapartum maternal fever. ( Cabbad, M; Kanninen, T; Lakhi, N; Mehraban, S; Mehraban, SS; Moretti, M; Nematian, S; Parnas, Z; Petrucci, S; Shats, L; Tricorico, G, 2021)
"(1) Renal colic is an acute syndrome involving unilateral flank pain, linked to an obstruction in the upper urinary tract."	5.35	Renal colic in adults: NSAIDs and morphine are effective for pain relief. ( , 2009)
"Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is an analgesic-antipyretic drug virtually devoid of typical anti-inflammatory activity and hence free of some of the side-effects of aspirin and related agents (e."	5.32	Long-term acetaminophen (paracetamol) treatment causes liver and kidney ultra-structural changes during rat pregnancy. ( Kulay, L; Neto, JA; Oliveira-Filho, RM; Simões, MJ; Soares, JM, 2004)
"(1) Gastroschisis is a severe defect in the closure of the abdominal wall in newborns."	5.32	Gastroschisis and pseudoephedrine during pregnancy. ( , 2004)
"To test the hypothesis that ibuprofen is equivalent to acetaminophen in its effect on postpartum blood pressure in women with gestational hypertension or preeclampsia without severe features."	5.30	A randomized-controlled trial to assess the effect of ibuprofen on postpartum blood pressure in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. ( Hesson, A; Langen, ES; Triebwasser, JE, 2019)
"The first-line use of ibuprofen rather than acetaminophen for postpartum pain did not lengthen the duration of severe-range hypertension in women with preeclampsia with severe features."	5.27	Effect of ibuprofen vs acetaminophen on postpartum hypertension in preeclampsia with severe features: a double-masked, randomized controlled trial. ( Blue, NR; Drake-Lavelle, S; Holbrook, BD; Katukuri, VR; Leeman, L; Mozurkewich, EL; Murray-Krezan, C; Weinberg, D, 2018)
"We investigated whether metoclopramide administered with diphenhydramine (MAD) relieves headache in pregnant women when acetaminophen alone is ineffective, using codeine for comparison."	5.27	Metoclopramide and Diphenhydramine: A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Treatment for Headache in Pregnancy when Acetaminophen Alone Is Ineffective (MAD Headache Study). ( Childress, KMS; Dothager, C; Gavard, JA; Laska, C; Lebovitz, S; Mostello, DJ, 2018)
"Compared to women who received paracetamol, women who received lornoxicam after dilation and curettage for termination of pregnancy reported lower levels of pain, from 30 minutes postoperative until the time of discharge following the procedure."	5.24	Comparison between Lornoxicam and Paracetamol for Pain Management after Dilation and Curettage for Abortion. ( Abecassis, P; Assaraf, S; Dabaja, H; Hadad, S; Jarrous, S; Lowenstein, L; Mustafa-Mikhail, S, 2017)
"To compare differences in blood pressure levels between patients with severe post-partum pre-eclampsia using ibuprofen or acetaminophen."	5.24	Ibuprofen versus acetaminophen as a post-partum analgesic for women with severe pre-eclampsia: randomized clinical study. ( Ortega, N; Solis, V; Vigil-De Gracia, P, 2017)
"Databases were searched to identify studies reporting the effects of acetaminophen use during pregnancy on preterm birth, low birth weight, and small for gestational age."	5.22	Effect of Acetaminophen use during pregnancy on adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Barreto, ML; Castro, CT; Dal-Pizzol, TS; Gama, RS; Oliveira, MG; Pereira, M; Santos, DB, 2022)
" Only one study found evidence of an effect between interventions on pain score: a prophylactic dose of ibuprofen 1600 mg likely reduces the pain score when compared to a dose of paracetamol 2000 mg (mean difference (MD) 2."	5.22	Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation. ( Cameron, S; Morroni, C; Reynolds-Wright, JJ; Woldetsadik, MA, 2022)
"Paracetamol (acetaminophen) use during pregnancy and early childhood was accepted as safe in the 1970s, but is now a subject of considerable concern."	5.22	The safety of pediatric use of paracetamol (acetaminophen): a narrative review of direct and indirect evidence. ( Anderson, LG; Bono-Lunn, D; Cendejas Hernandez, J; Jones Iii, JP; Konsoula, Z; Kuchibhatla, M; Lawton, VG; Palkar, A; Parker, W; Patel, E; Reissner, KJ; Sarafian, JT, 2022)
"Acetaminophen is generally regarded as a safe antipyretic and analgetic agent and is widely used in cases of pregnancy."	5.22	Hepatic failure with fatal outcome during pregnancy following administration of a single therapeutic dose of acetominophen: Case report and literature review. ( Gao, Y; Huang, Y; Liang, H; Zhang, R, 2022)
"This prospective, randomized study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of acetaminophen, diclofenac and hyoscine-N-butylbromide (HnBB) in cases of second trimester pregnancy termination."	5.22	Analgesic effects of acetaminophen, diclofenac and hyoscine N-butylbromide in second trimester pregnancy termination: a prospective randomized study. ( Arslan, S; Ayaz, R; Senturk, M; Tanir, HM; Velipasaoglu, M, 2016)
"To evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of paracetamol in comparison with tramadol for pain relief during active labor."	5.20	Comparison of analgesic efficacy of paracetamol and tramadol for pain relief in active labor. ( Bhatia, N; Jain, K; Jain, V; Kaur Makkar, J; Mal Mithrawal, S, 2015)
"A randomised controlled trial was conducted to investigate efficacy of paracetamol and dexketoprofen trometamol for perineal pain relief after perineal repair."	5.19	Paracetamol vs dexketoprofen for perineal pain relief after episiotomy or perineal tear. ( Akil, A; Api, O; Bektas, Y; Unal, O; Yalti, S; Yilmaz, AO, 2014)
"This study aimed to evaluate whether combined oral oxycodone hydrochloride-controlled release tablets plus paracetamol and tramadol hydrochloride tablets are more effective than epidural analgesia for postoperative pain control and side effects after cesarean section."	5.19	A randomized trial to compare pain control using oral analgesia with epidural analgesia after cesarean section following combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. ( Konstantatos, A; Liu, Q; Wang, HW; Zhao, JN; Zhong, TD, 2014)
"To compare the efficiency of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) with those of exercise and acetaminophen for the treatment of pregnancy-related low back pain (LBP) during the third trimester of pregnancy."	5.16	Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation improves low back pain during pregnancy. ( Gumus, II; Kafali, H; Keskin, EA; Keskin, HL; Onur, O; Turhan, N, 2012)
"บทนำ: อาการปวดฝีเย็บเป็นผลข้างเคียงที่พบบ่อยหลังการคลอดบุตร แต่มีการศึกษาไม่ดี ความเจ็บปวดอาจเป็นผลมาจากการบาดเจ็บของฝีเย็บอันเนื่องมาจากรอยฟกช้ำ การฉีกขาดที่เกิดขึ้นเอง การตัด (ตัดฝีเย็บ) หรือเกี่ยวกับการคลอดทางช่องคลอด (การคลอดด้วยเครื่องดูดหรือด้วยคีม) นี่คือการอัปเดตของการทบทวนวรรณกรรมที่เผยแพร่ล่าสุดในปี 2013 วัตถุประสงค์: เพื่อประเมินประสิทธิภาพของการใช้ยาพาราเซตามอล (acetaminophen) เพียงครั้งเดียวที่ใช้ในการบรรเทาอาการปวดฝีเย็บเฉียบพลันหลังคลอด วิธีการสืบค้น: สำหรับการอัปเดตนี้เราได้ค้นหา Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register, ClinicalTrials."	5.12	Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period. ( Abalos, E; Gyte, GM; Sguassero, Y, 2021)
" Different combinations of key search terms were used including 'over-the-counter/non-prescription analgesics', 'pregnancy', 'self-medication', 'paracetamol', 'acetaminophen', 'diclofenac', 'aspirin', 'ibuprofen', 'in utero exposure', 'placenta drug transport', 'placental transporters', 'placenta drug metabolism' and 'offspring outcomes'."	5.12	Over-the-counter analgesics during pregnancy: a comprehensive review of global prevalence and offspring safety. ( Fowler, PA; Hay, DC; Mitchell, RT; Zafeiri, A, 2021)
"An increasing number of cohort studies have suggested that maternal use of acetaminophen during pregnancy was associated with increased risk for asthma; neurodevelopmental disorders, especially ADHD and behavioral problems; and genital malformations in the offspring."	5.12	Intrauterine Exposure to Acetaminophen and Adverse Developmental Outcomes: Epidemiological Findings and Methodological Issues. ( Ernst, A; Liew, Z, 2021)
"Acetaminophen prophylaxis prevented neither maternal hyperthermia nor fever secondary to epidural analgesia, suggesting that the mechanism underlying fever does not include centrally mediated perturbations of maternal thermoregulation."	5.11	Prophylactic acetaminophen does not prevent epidural fever in nulliparous women: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. ( Citron, DR; Evans, T; Goetzl, L; Lieberman, E; Richardson, BE; Rivers, J; Suresh, MS, 2004)
"Co-treatment with NSAID and misoprostol does not interfere with the action of mifepristone and/or misoprostol to induce uterine contractions and pregnancy expulsion in medical abortion."	5.11	The effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol at 13-22 weeks gestation. ( Fiala, C; Gemzell-Danielsson, K; Stephansson, O; Swahn, ML, 2005)
"The objectives of this prospective non-concurrent cohort study were to confirm the efficacy of vaginal misoprostol for early pregnancy termination and to determine whether the incidence of side effects is lower with prophylactic loperamide and acetaminophen."	5.09	Early pregnancy termination with vaginal misoprostol combined with loperamide and acetaminophen prophylaxis. ( Harwood, B; Jain, JK; Meckstroth, KR; Mishell, DR, 2001)
"The association between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the offspring may be due to bias."	5.05	Acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A causal association or bias? ( Filion, KB; Masarwa, R; Platt, RW, 2020)
" Evidence of association was convincing (class I) for maternal pre-pregnancy obesity (OR 1·63, 95% CI 1·49 to 1·77), childhood eczema (1·31, 1·20 to 1·44), hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (1·29, 1·22 to 1·36), pre-eclampsia (1·28, 1·21 to 1·35), and maternal acetaminophen exposure during pregnancy (RR 1·25, 95% CI 1·17 to 1·34)."	5.05	Environmental risk factors, protective factors, and peripheral biomarkers for ADHD: an umbrella review. ( Brunoni, AR; Carvalho, AF; Dragioti, E; Fornaro, M; Fusar-Poli, P; Grabovac, I; Hong, SH; Jacob, L; Jeong, GH; Kim, JH; Kim, JY; Koyanagi, A; Kronbichler, A; Lee, E; Lee, J; Lee, KH; Lee, S; Oh, H; Radua, J; Rais, TB; Salazar de Pablo, G; Schuch, F; Shin, JI; Smith, L; Solmi, M; Stickley, A; Stubbs, B; Thompson, T; Yang, L, 2020)
"In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial among 500 post-partum patients experiencing moderate to severe pain, a single oral dose of an aspirin/caffeine combination (800 mg aspirin, 65 mg caffeine) provided significantly more pain relief at 2 hours than did a higher dose of an acetaminophen/aspirin combination (648 mg acetaminophen, 648 mg aspirin) and a higher dose of acetaminophen alone (1000 mg acetaminophen)."	5.05	A double-blind randomized study of an aspirin/caffeine combination versus acetaminophen/aspirin combination versus acetaminophen versus placebo in patients with moderate to severe post-partum pain. ( Rubin, A; Winter, L, 1984)
"A single-blind, non-crossover study of the effectiveness of paracetamol, compared with aspirin and indomethacin has been carried out in 143 patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis."	5.04	Therapeutic effectiveness of paracetamol in rheumatoid arthritis. ( Anderson, J; Buchanan, W; Lee, P; Watson, M; Webb, J, 1975)
"Acetaminophen is a widely used medication for fever and pain management during pregnancy."	5.01	Association of maternal prenatal acetaminophen use with the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in offspring: A meta-analysis. ( Gou, X; Mu, D; Qu, Y; Shi, J; Tang, J; Tang, Y; Wang, Y; Xiao, D, 2019)
"The non-prescription medication paracetamol (acetaminophen, APAP) is currently recommended as a safe pain and fever treatment during pregnancy."	4.98	Prenatal paracetamol exposure and child neurodevelopment: A review. ( Bauer, AZ; Bornehag, CG; Herbert, MR; Kriebel, D; Swan, SH, 2018)
"Acetaminophen is the analgesic and antipyretic most commonly used during pregnancy."	4.98	Prenatal Exposure to Acetaminophen and Risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression Analysis of Cohort Studies. ( Gorelik, E; Levine, H; Masarwa, R; Matok, I; Perlman, A; Reif, S, 2018)
"Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the most commonly used drug in the world, with a long record of use in acute and chronic pain."	4.98	Long-term adverse effects of paracetamol - a review. ( Dear, JW; MacIntyre, IM; McCrae, JC; Morrison, EE; Webb, DJ, 2018)
" The use of acetaminophen in babies and young children may be much more strongly associated with autism than its use during pregnancy, perhaps because of well-known deficiencies in the metabolic breakdown of pharmaceuticals during early development."	4.95	The role of oxidative stress, inflammation and acetaminophen exposure from birth to early childhood in the induction of autism. ( Bilbo, S; Gentry, L; Herbert, MR; Holzknecht, ZE; Hornik, CD; Lin, SS; Nevison, CD; Parker, W; Rao, R, 2017)
"Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the most widely used drug to treat pain or fever in pregnant women or neonates, but its pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) warrant a focused analysis."	4.95	Perinatal and neonatal use of paracetamol for pain relief. ( Allegaert, K; van den Anker, JN, 2017)
"A number of studies indicate that acetaminophen taken during pregnancy may have a programming effect on the fetal brain development."	4.95	Fetal programming of mental health by acetaminophen? Response to the SMFM statement: prenatal acetaminophen use and ADHD. ( Liew, Z; Olsen, J, 2017)
" To perform the search for the most suitable and representative articles, keywords were selected ("asthma," "paracetamol" and "acetaminophen")."	4.95	The association between paracetamol and asthma is still under debate. ( Gonzalez-Barcala, FJ; Lourido-Cebreiro, T; Salgado, FJ; Valdes, L, 2017)
"Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is available over the counter in most countries and is widely considered to be safe for use during pregnancy; studies report gestational exposures to acetaminophen that lie in the 46%-65% range."	4.93	Use of acetaminophen (paracetamol) during pregnancy and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in the offspring. ( Andrade, C, 2016)
"Paracetamol (acetaminophen) remains the first line for the treatment of pain and fever in pregnancy."	4.91	Use of paracetamol during pregnancy and child neurological development. ( Dan, B; de Fays, L; De Smet, K; Dogné, JM; Hamdani, J; Sawchik, J; Van Malderen, K; Verlinden, V, 2015)
"Studies comparing self-reported maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy to development of ADHD or ADHD-like behaviors in offspring between the ages of 3 and 12 years."	4.91	Association Between Prenatal Acetaminophen Exposure and Future Risk of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children. ( Erramouspe, J; Hayes, VA; Hoover, RM, 2015)
"Increased use of acetaminophen (paracetamol) as the favored antipyretic during pregnancy and infancy has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for the development of asthma."	4.90	The association between acetaminophen and asthma: is there anything to learn from the upper airways? ( Johnson, CC; Kim, H, 2014)
" The earlier review included 20 studies (7238 participants) in valid comparisons, but because we used different outcomes for some headache studies, the number of participants in the analyses of the effects of caffeine is now 4262 when previously it was 5243."	4.90	Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults. ( Derry, CJ; Derry, S; Moore, RA, 2014)
"Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing paracetamol (acetaminophen) in a single dose compared with placebo for women with early postpartum perineal pain."	4.89	Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period. ( Abalos, E; Chou, D; Gülmezoglu, AM; Gyte, GM, 2013)
" Most studies used paracetamol or ibuprofen, with 100 mg to 130 mg caffeine, and the most common pain conditions studied were postoperative dental pain, postpartum pain, and headache."	4.88	Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults. ( Derry, CJ; Derry, S; Moore, RA, 2012)
" For a long time, acetaminophen was considered as a relatively safe antipyretic and analgesic drug during pregnancy."	4.88	Prenatal tolerability of acetaminophen and other over-the-counter non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitors. ( Burdan, F; Starosławska, E; Szumiło, J, 2012)
"Although the use of acetaminophen is weakly associated with asthma/wheezing, the widespread use of the drug might have important public health implications."	4.87	Early exposure to acetaminophen and allergic disorders. ( Garcia-Marcos, L; Perez-Fernandez, V; Sanchez-Solis, M, 2011)
"Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing paracetamol (acetaminophen) in a single dose compared with placebo for women with early postpartum perineal pain."	4.86	Paracetamol/acetaminophen (single administration) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period. ( Abalos, E; Chou, D; Gülmezoglu, AM; Gyte, GM, 2010)
"Acetaminophen is commonly used during pregnancy."	4.86	A review of the literature on the effects of acetaminophen on pregnancy outcome. ( Ang, R; Breitmeyer, J; Royal, MA; Scialli, AR, 2010)
"The possible association between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and childhood asthma has been a subject of interest based on the theory that acetaminophen metabolism may deplete glutathione in the developing lung, leading to oxidative damage and inflammation."	4.86	Childhood asthma and use during pregnancy of acetaminophen. A critical review. ( Ang, R; Breitmeyer, J; Royal, MA; Scialli, AR, 2010)
" In Europe and North America a large proportion of cases are due to acetaminophen and to idiosyncratic drug reactions, whereas reports from emerging countries in Asia and Africa feature viral illnesses, particularly hepatitis B and E."	4.84	Etiologies of acute liver failure. ( Lee, WM, 2008)
"Acetaminophen (APAP) is the most common drug overdose in pregnancy."	4.82	Acetaminophen overdose in pregnancy. ( Clark, LE; Herrera, JL; Wilkes, JM, 2005)
"Salicylates have been the most widely studied of the nonnarcotic analgesics in pregnancy, and in the last 20 years evidence has accumulated indicating that their ingestion in pregnancy may have adverse effects on the mother and her child."	4.76	Maternal and fetal effects of acetaminophen and salicylates in pregnancy. ( Collins, E, 1981)
"We did not observe any association between maternal acetaminophen intake any time before or during pregnancy and low cognition composite score of offspring."	4.31	Maternal acetaminophen use and cognitive development at 4 years: the Ontario Birth Study. ( Adel Khani, N; Arneja, J; Brooks, JD; Hung, RJ; Knight, JA; Levitan, RD; Lye, JM; Lye, SJ; Matthews, SG; Seeto, RA; Wong, J, 2023)
" We defined exposure to NSAIDs as at least two records of NSAID prescriptions during early pregnancy (first 90 days of pregnancy for congenital malformations and first 19 weeks for nonmalformation outcomes) and compared against three distinct referent groups of (1) unexposed, no NSAID prescription during the 3 months before pregnancy start to end of early pregnancy; (2) acetaminophen-exposed, at least two acetaminophen prescriptions during early pregnancy (i."	4.31	Neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes and exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during early pregnancy in South Korea: A nationwide cohort study. ( Choe, SA; Choi, A; Choi, EY; Han, JY; Jeong, HE; Noh, Y; Shin, JY; Sung, JH; Yon, DK, 2023)
"Epidemiological investigation suggested that the use of acetaminophen during pregnancy may cause offspring testicular dysplasia, but no systematic study has been conducted."	4.31	Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen at different doses, courses and time causes testicular dysplasia in offspring mice and its mechanism. ( Chen, S; Guo, Y; Kong, Z; Liu, Y; Wang, H, 2023)
"Acetaminophen is one of the most commonly used drugs during pregnancy globally."	4.12	Maternal use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and neurobehavioral problems in offspring at 3 years: A prospective cohort study. ( Kjerulff, KH; Sznajder, KK; Teti, DM, 2022)
"Overall, 74% of women reported acetaminophen use during pregnancy."	4.12	Prenatal acetaminophen use in women with autoimmune disorders and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. ( Bandoli, G; Chambers, C; Killion, JA; Smith, CJF, 2022)
"Acetaminophen is the only medication recommended for pain and fever management during pregnancy."	4.02	Acetaminophen Modulates the Expression of Steroidogenesis-Associated Genes and Estradiol Levels in Human Placental JEG-3 Cells. ( Addo, KA; Fry, RC; Palakodety, N, 2021)
"Acetaminophen is one of the most common medications taken during pregnancy, considered safe for maternal health and fetal development."	4.02	Acetaminophen Attenuates invasion and alters the expression of extracellular matrix enzymes and vascular factors in human first trimester trophoblast cells. ( Abrahams, VM; Burman, A; DeWitt, NA; Garcia-Milian, R; Guller, S; Vasiliou, V; Whirledge, S; Wood, M, 2021)
"Acetaminophen (APAP) is available over-the-counter and widely regarded as safe for use in pregnancy."	4.02	Maternal paracetamol intake and fetal ductus arteriosus constriction/closure: comprehensive signal evaluation using the Austin Bradford Hill criteria. ( Bai, S; Hauben, M; Hung, E; Lobello, K; Tressler, C; Zucal, VP, 2021)
"Although acetaminophen is commonly used in pregnancy, it can deplete glutathione concentrations and cause accumulation of 5-oxoproline, with subsequent metabolic acidosis."	4.02	Malnourishment-Associated Acetaminophen Toxicity in Pregnancy. ( Dom, AM; Olson-Chen, C; Royzer, R, 2021)
"The majority of epidemiological studies concerning possible adverse effects of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in pregnancy have been focussed on childhood asthma."	3.96	Associations between paracetamol (acetaminophen) intake between 18 and 32 weeks gestation and neurocognitive outcomes in the child: A longitudinal cohort study. ( Clark, R; Ellis, G; Golding, J; Gregory, S; Iles-Caven, Y; Northstone, K, 2020)
" 2018;187(8):1817-1827) conducted a meta-analysis of the association between in utero acetaminophen exposure and risks of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD)."	3.96	Invited Commentary: The Disillusionment of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) Epidemiology. ( Gilman, SE; Hornig, M, 2020)
"Examine associations of acetaminophen and ibuprofen use during pregnancy and infancy with executive function and behaviour problems in children."	3.96	Associations of prenatal or infant exposure to acetaminophen or ibuprofen with mid-childhood executive function and behaviour. ( Bertoldi, AD; Cardenas, A; Hivert, MF; Oken, E; Rifas-Shiman, SL; Tiemeier, H, 2020)
"Prior studies have raised concern about maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy and increased risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in their children; however, most studies have relied on maternal self-report."	3.96	Association of Cord Plasma Biomarkers of In Utero Acetaminophen Exposure With Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Childhood. ( Azuine, RE; Hong, X; Hou, W; Ji, Y; Pearson, C; Riley, A; Wang, G; Wang, X; Zhang, Y; Zuckerman, B, 2020)
"Maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy is common and has been associated with childhood behavioural problems among offspring, specifically hyperactivity and conduct problems."	3.96	Maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy and childhood behavioural problems: Discrepancies between mother- and teacher-reported outcomes. ( Collett, BR; Parker, SE; Werler, MM, 2020)
"Acetaminophen is used by the majority of pregnant women, and some continue to use for many weeks in pregnancy."	3.96	Acetaminophen use in pregnancy: Examining prevalence, timing, and indication of use in a prospective birth cohort. ( Bandoli, G; Chambers, C; Palmsten, K, 2020)
" Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate the relationship between acetaminophen use before and during pregnancy and low birthweight, preterm birth, and small for gestational age."	3.96	Association between maternal acetaminophen use and adverse birth outcomes in a pregnancy and birth cohort. ( Arneja, J; Bocking, A; Brooks, JD; Hewko, SL; Hung, RJ; Knight, JA; Lye, SJ; Seeto, RA, 2020)
"Over-the-counter analgesic use during pregnancy, particularly acetaminophen, may be associated with negative developmental outcomes in children."	3.96	Associations of acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the first year of life with neurodevelopment in early childhood. ( Bassani, DG; Bertoldi, AD; Boing, AC; da Silva Dal Pizzol, T; Domingues, MR; Freitas Silveira, M; Miranda, VIA; Oken, E; Rifas-Shiman, SL; Santos, IS; Silveira, MPT; Tovo-Rodrigues, L, 2020)
"Although acetaminophen is frequently used during pregnancy, little is known about fetal acetaminophen pharmacokinetics."	3.96	Integration of Placental Transfer in a Fetal-Maternal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Characterize Acetaminophen Exposure and Metabolic Clearance in the Fetus. ( Allegaert, K; Annaert, P; Conings, S; Dallmann, A; Mian, P; Pfister, M; Tibboel, D; van Calsteren, K; van den Anker, JN, 2020)
" Acetaminophen use during pregnancy was retrospectively assessed at the perinatal follow-up."	3.96	Low neurodevelopmental performance and behavioural/emotional problems at 24 and 48 months in Brazilian children exposed to acetaminophen during foetal development. ( Anselmi, L; Barros, AJD; Barros, FC; Bertoldi, AD; Carpena, MX; Martins-Silva, T; Matijasevich, A; Santos, IS; Tovo-Rodrigues, L, 2020)
" Thus, in the present study we assessed the sexual partner preference (SPP) of adult male rats prenatally treated with acetaminophen (APAP), an analgesic/antipyretic drug that inhibits COX-2 and is commonly used and prescribed during pregnancy."	3.96	Nature and nurture of sexual partner preference: Teachings from prenatal administration of acetaminophen in male rats. ( Barradas-Moctezuma, M; Coria-Avila, GA; Díaz-Estrada, VX; Herrera-Covarrubias, D; Manzo, J, 2020)
" Pain medication consisted of ibuprofen 600 mg and paracetamol 1000 mg, first doses taken simultaneously with misoprostol and repeated, if needed, up to three times daily."	3.96	Pain during medical abortion in early pregnancy in teenage and adult women. ( Heikinheimo, O; Kemppainen, V; Mentula, M; Palkama, V, 2020)
"Despite evidence of an association between prenatal acetaminophen exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring, the drug is not contraindicated during pregnancy, possibly because prior studies have relied on maternal self-report, failed to quantify acetaminophen dose, and lacked mechanistic insight."	3.96	Association of Prenatal Acetaminophen Exposure Measured in Meconium With Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Mediated by Frontoparietal Network Brain Connectivity. ( Aw, N; Baccarelli, AA; Baker, BH; Bellenger, JP; Boivin, A; Gillet, V; Laue, HE; Lepage, JF; Lugo-Candelas, C; Posner, J; Rahman, T; Takser, L; Whittingstall, K; Wu, H, 2020)
"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesic drugs, such as acetaminophen (APAP), are frequently taken during pregnancy, even in combination."	3.91	In utero exposure to acetaminophen and ibuprofen leads to intergenerational accelerated reproductive aging in female mice. ( Boizet-Bonhoure, B; Brun, C; de Massy, B; Déjardin, S; Ghettas, A; Keime, C; Marchive, C; Nguyen, AL; Ollivier, M; Philibert, P; Poulat, F; Pruvost, A; Rossitto, M, 2019)
" Maternal use of acetaminophen was assessed in the first trimester, second trimester, and third trimester of pregnancy and over the period from 3 months before pregnancy to the date of last menstrual cycle."	3.91	Prenatal Exposure to Acetaminophen and the Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Nationwide Study in Taiwan. ( Bai, YM; Chen, MH; Chen, TJ; Hsu, JW; Huang, KL; Li, CT; Lin, WC; Pan, TL; Su, TP; Tsai, SJ; Wang, PW, 2019)
"Acetaminophen is the only over-the-counter pain reliever that is not contraindicated during pregnancy, but recent studies have questioned whether acetaminophen is safe for the fetus, particularly the developing brain."	3.91	Association Between Meconium Acetaminophen and Childhood Neurocognitive Development in GESTE, a Canadian Cohort Study. ( Abdelouahab, N; Baccarelli, AA; Bellenger, JP; Brennan, KJM; Burris, HH; Cassoulet, R; Coull, BA; Desautels, AS; Laue, HE; Serme-Gbedo, YK; Takser, L; Weisskopf, MG, 2019)
"This study explored the association between exposure to acetaminophen during pregnancy and pubertal development using data from 15,822 boys and girls in the longitudinal Puberty Cohort, nested within the Danish National Birth Cohort."	3.91	Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) Exposure During Pregnancy and Pubertal Development in Boys and Girls From a Nationwide Puberty Cohort. ( Brix, N; Ernst, A; Lauridsen, LLB; Liew, Z; Olsen, J; Olsen, LH; Parner, ET; Ramlau-Hansen, CH, 2019)
"Among 2291 women, 932 (41%) reported the use of acetaminophen medications during the current pregnancy."	3.91	Comparison of fetal growth by maternal prenatal acetaminophen use. ( Bever, A; Bible, J; Buck Louis, GM; Gerlanc, N; Grantz, KL; Smarr, MM, 2019)
"Frequent maternal use of acetaminophen in pregnancy has been linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, but concerns regarding uncontrolled confounding remain."	3.91	Use of Negative Control Exposure Analysis to Evaluate Confounding: An Example of Acetaminophen Exposure and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Nurses' Health Study II. ( Ascherio, A; Kioumourtzoglou, MA; Liew, Z; O'Reilly, ÉJ; Roberts, AL; Weisskopf, MG, 2019)
"There was no strong association between prenatal acetaminophen exposure and childhood BMI, but the findings on frequent prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and overweight in girls warrant further investigation."	3.91	Prenatal Exposure to Acetaminophen and Overweight in Childhood. ( Ernst, A; Li, J; Liew, Z; Morgen, CS; Nohr, EA; Olsen, J; Sørensen, TIA, 2019)
"To investigate the prevalence and type of health products used among pregnant women visiting a tertiary hospital in Belgium, as well as who advises these products, where women buy these products, which determinants are associated with medication and pregnancy vitamin intake, and preconception lifestyle changes such as folic acid intake and substance use."	3.91	Health products' and substance use among pregnant women visiting a tertiary hospital in Belgium: A cross-sectional study. ( Allegaert, K; Ceulemans, M; Foulon, V; Van Calsteren, K, 2019)
"Male gender, chorioamnionitis, early sepsis, asphyxia, hemodynamic PDA, persistent hypotension, ibuprofen and paracetamol usage, and orogastric catheter administration were the main risk factors for gastric perforations in VLBW infants."	3.88	Neonatal gastric perforations in very low birth weight infants: a single center experience and review of the literature. ( Babayigit, A; Cetinkaya, M; Ozaydın, S; Sander, S, 2018)
" We examined whether mother's use of paracetamol, aspirin or ibuprofen in pregnancy is associated with increased risk of cerebral palsy (CP) in the child."	3.88	Use of paracetamol, ibuprofen or aspirin in pregnancy and risk of cerebral palsy in the child. ( Andersen, AN; Andersen, GL; Andersen, PK; Liew, Z; Martinussen, T; Olsen, J; Petersen, TG; Rebordosa, C; Strandberg-Larsen, K; Tollånes, MC; Uldall, P; Wilcox, AJ, 2018)
"Paracetamol (acetaminophen or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol) is considered a safe analgesic and antipyretic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug commonly used during pediatric ages and during pregnancy."	3.88	A Case of Cardiomyopathy Due to Premature Ductus Arteriosus Closure: The Flip Side of Paracetamol. ( Corsello, G; Giuffrè, M; La Placa, S; Piro, E; Schierz, IAM, 2018)
"Infections in early life have been linked to type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk, but no previous study has comprehensively analysed exposure to antibiotics, acetaminophen and infections during pregnancy and early childhood in relation to offspring risk of T1D."	3.88	Antibiotics, acetaminophen and infections during prenatal and early life in relation to type 1 diabetes. ( Joner, G; Kahrs, CR; Mårild, K; Njølstad, PR; Skrivarhaug, T; Stene, LC; Størdal, K; Tapia, G, 2018)
"Paracetamol or acetaminophen (APAP) is commonly used as a first line treatment of pain and fever in pregnancy."	3.88	Paracetamol/Acetaminophen During Pregnancy Induces Prenatal Ductus Arteriosus Closure. ( Allegaert, K; Becquet, O; Bonnet, D; Lapillonne, A; Ville, Y, 2018)
"Paracetamol/acetaminophen (N-Acetyl-p-Aminophenol; APAP) is the preferred analgesic for pain relief and fever during pregnancy."	3.85	Prenatal exposure to paracetamol/acetaminophen and precursor aniline impairs masculinisation of male brain and behaviour. ( Andrade, AM; Bak Holm, J; Bornehag, CG; Brunak, S; Finkielman, OTE; Hay-Schmidt, A; Høgsbro, CF; Jegou, B; Jensen, BAH; Jensen, TK; Johansen, KH; Kristensen, DM; Kristiansen, K; Swan, SH, 2017)
"To estimate the association between maternal use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and of paternal use before pregnancy with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring while adjusting for familial risk for ADHD and indications of acetaminophen use."	3.85	Prenatal Exposure to Acetaminophen and Risk of ADHD. ( Brandlistuen, RE; Davey Smith, G; Gustavson, K; Håberg, SE; Hornig, M; Knudsen, GP; Lipkin, WI; Magnus, P; Nordeng, H; Reichborn-Kjennerud, T; Stoltenberg, C; Surén, P; Susser, E; Ystrom, E, 2017)
"Folic acid was the most frequently used medication during pregnancy and the majority of participants took medications based on physician's recommendations."	3.85	Medication use during pregnancy and drug information resources utilized by pregnant women in Jordan. ( Al-Mehaisen, LM; Nuseir, K; Tahaineh, L, 2017)
"Women who used naproxen or opioids had slightly lower fecundability than women who did not use any pain-relieving medications; use of acetaminophen, aspirin and ibuprofen was not appreciably associated with fecundability."	3.85	Preconception use of pain-relievers and time-to-pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. ( Hatch, EE; McInerney, KA; Mikkelsen, EM; Rothman, KJ; Wesselink, AK; Wise, LA, 2017)
"Some studies have suggested that maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy is associated with asthma in the offspring, and coffee consumption may modify the toxicity of acetaminophen."	3.83	Association of prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and coffee with childhood asthma. ( Agerbo, E; Bech, BH; Li, J; Liew, Z; Liu, X; Olsen, J; Pedersen, LH; Yuan, W, 2016)
"Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is the most commonly used pain and fever medication during pregnancy."	3.83	Maternal use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders in childhood: A Danish national birth cohort study. ( Liew, Z; Olsen, J; Ritz, B; Virk, J, 2016)
"Acetaminophen is extensively used during pregnancy."	3.83	Acetaminophen use in pregnancy and neurodevelopment: attention function and autism spectrum symptoms. ( Andiarena, A; Avella-Garcia, CB; Fortuny, J; Galán, IR; García-Esteban, R; Iñiguez, C; Julvez, J; Rebordosa, C; Rodríguez-Bernal, CL; Santa-Marina, L; Sunyer, J; Tardón, A, 2016)
"Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is the most commonly used pain and fever medication during pregnancy, and recently has been linked to hyperactivity and behavioral problems in children."	3.83	Prenatal Use of Acetaminophen and Child IQ: A Danish Cohort Study. ( Arah, OA; Liew, Z; Olsen, J; Ritz, B; Virk, J, 2016)
"Acetaminophen use was assessed by questionnaire completion at 18 and 32 weeks of pregnancy and when the child was 61 months old."	3.83	Association of Acetaminophen Use During Pregnancy With Behavioral Problems in Childhood: Evidence Against Confounding. ( Davey Smith, G; Stergiakouli, E; Thapar, A, 2016)
"Unadjusted models showed an increased asthma risk in early childhood for higher infant acetaminophen (odds ratio [OR], 1."	3.81	Prenatal and infant exposure to acetaminophen and ibuprofen and the risk for wheeze and asthma in children. ( Bunyavanich, S; Camargo, CA; Gillman, MW; Gold, DR; Litonjua, AA; Rifas-Shiman, SL; Scirica, CV; Sordillo, JE; Weiss, ST, 2015)
"During pregnancy, acetaminophen is one of the very few medications recommended by physicians to treat fever or pain."	3.81	Prenatal acetaminophen induces liver toxicity in dams, reduces fetal liver stem cells, and increases airway inflammation in adult offspring. ( Arck, P; Barikbin, R; Erhardt, A; Huebener, P; Karimi, K; Keßler, T; Ramisch, K; Thiele, K; Tiegs, G, 2015)
"This study is aimed at examining the long-term effects of chronic pain during early life (postnatal day 0 to 8weeks), and intervention using sucrose, on cognitive functions during adulthood in rats."	3.81	Sucrose-induced analgesia during early life modulates adulthood learning and memory formation. ( Alabwaini, J; Alzoubi, KH; Kassab, MI; Khabour, OF; Nuseir, KQ, 2015)
" Protracted use of acetaminophen during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of cryptorchidism in sons, but effects on fetal testosterone production have not been demonstrated."	3.81	Prolonged exposure to acetaminophen reduces testosterone production by the human fetal testis in a xenograft model. ( Anderson, RA; Camacho-Moll, ME; Chetty, T; Dean, A; Homer, NZ; Johnston, ZC; Jorgensen, A; Macdonald, J; Mckinnell, C; Mitchell, RT; Sharpe, RM; Smith, LB; van den Driesche, S, 2015)
"Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is the most commonly used medication for pain and fever during pregnancy in many countries."	3.80	Acetaminophen use during pregnancy, behavioral problems, and hyperkinetic disorders. ( Lee, PC; Liew, Z; Olsen, J; Rebordosa, C; Ritz, B, 2014)
"Acetaminophen is used as first-choice drug for pain relief during pregnancy."	3.80	The effect of acetaminophen on the expression of BCRP in trophoblast cells impairs the placental barrier to bile acids during maternal cholestasis. ( Blazquez, AG; Briz, O; Ghanem, CI; Gonzalez-Sanchez, E; Marin, JJ; Perez, MJ, 2014)
"Here, we report a pregnant woman with severe zoster neuralgia who responded favorably to acetaminophen."	3.80	Severe herpes zoster neuralgia in a pregnant woman treated with acetaminophen. ( Ahrari, I; Sadati, MS, 2014)
"Our aim was to replicate and extend the recently found association between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and ADHD symptoms in school-age children."	3.80	Associations between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and ADHD symptoms measured at ages 7 and 11 years. ( Mitchell, EA; Murphy, R; Thompson, JM; Waldie, KE; Wall, CR, 2014)
"Acetaminophen overdose is the most rapidly growing cause of fulminant hepatic failure in Western countries."	3.79	Accidental acetaminophen overdose results in liver transplant during second trimester of pregnancy: a case report. ( Franko, KR; Hemming, AW; Khanna, A; Mekeel, KL; Woelkers, D, 2013)
"Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used medication in pregnancy and is considered safe."	3.78	Unintentional chronic acetaminophen poisoning during pregnancy resulting in liver transplantation. ( Minns, AB; Thornton, SL, 2012)
" These disturbances are often associated with acetaminophen in the setting of certain risk factors such as sepsis, malnutrition, liver disease, female gender, pregnancy or renal failure."	3.78	Chronic acetaminophen ingestion resulting in severe anion gap metabolic acidosis secondary to 5-oxoproline accumulation: an under diagnosed phenomenon. ( Flemmer, M; Hooper, M; Marik, PE; O'Brien, LM, 2012)
"Increasing frequency of aspirin use during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of psychotic experiences (adjusted OR 1."	3.77	Examining the association between maternal analgesic use during pregnancy and risk of psychotic symptoms during adolescence. ( Gunawardana, L; Gunnell, D; Harrison, G; Hollis, C; Lewis, G; Wolke, D; Zammit, S, 2011)
"This is a pharmacokinetic study of 30 postpartum women receiving hydrocodone bitartrate for postpartum pain in the inpatient setting."	3.77	Breast milk hydrocodone and hydromorphone levels in mothers using hydrocodone for postpartum pain. ( Anderson, PO; Lane, JR; Nguyen, N; Rafie, S; Rossi, SS; Sauberan, JB; Stellwagen, LM, 2011)
"Acetaminophen has been associated with asthma and is in part metabolised via the glutathione pathway."	3.76	Prenatal acetaminophen exposure and risk of wheeze at age 5 years in an urban low-income cohort. ( Ali, D; Barr, RG; Chew, GL; Garfinkel, RS; Goldstein, IF; Miller, RL; Perera, FP; Perzanowski, MS; Tang, D, 2010)
"To examine whether pregnant women who used acetaminophen, a prostaglandinG2 synthase inhibitor, had an increased risk of preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, thromboembolic complications, or abruptio placentae."	3.76	Use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia, hypertensive and vascular disorders: a birth cohort study. ( Kogevinas, M; Olsen, J; Rebordosa, C; Sørensen, HT; Zelop, CM, 2010)
"To investigate whether exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy to single-ingredient acetaminophen increases the risk of major birth defects."	3.76	Acetaminophen use in pregnancy and risk of birth defects: findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. ( Botto, LD; Feldkamp, ML; Krikov, S; Meyer, RE, 2010)
" The use of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid during pregnancy was assessed in 3 computer-assisted telephone interviews and 1 self-administered questionnaire."	3.76	Maternal use of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid during pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism. ( Bonde, JP; Henriksen, TB; Jensen, MS; Olsen, J; Rebordosa, C; Sørensen, HT; Thulstrup, AM; Toft, G, 2010)
"Prenatal and infant acetaminophen exposure has been associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma phenotypes."	3.76	Prenatal and infant acetaminophen exposure, antioxidant gene polymorphisms, and childhood asthma. ( Henderson, AJ; Holloway, JW; Newson, RB; Ring, SM; Rose-Zerilli, MJ; Shaheen, SO, 2010)
"Acetaminophen use during pregnancy has been associated with a reduced risk of stillbirth and preterm birth, but findings are based on few studies with small numbers of exposed women."	3.75	Use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. ( Bech, BH; Kogevinas, M; Olsen, J; Rebordosa, C; Sørensen, HT, 2009)
"To estimate whether prenatal exposure to acetaminophen is associated with risk of diagnosed asthma and asthma symptoms in children."	3.75	Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and asthma in children. ( Bracken, MB; Illuzzi, JL; Kang, EM; Lundsberg, LS, 2009)
"Acetaminophen is one of the most common toxicities in pregnancy, thus providers should be aware of treatment options."	3.74	Caring for the mother, concentrating on the fetus: intravenous N-acetylcysteine in pregnancy. ( Crowell, C; Deering, SH; Givens, M; Lyew, RV, 2008)
"Use of acetaminophen in middle to late but not early pregnancy was significantly related to wheezing (odd ratio, 1."	3.74	Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and respiratory symptoms in the first year of life. ( Busso, A; Chavez, N; Enriquez, R; Gutierrez, S; Hernandez, E; Pelzel, D; Persky, V; Piorkowski, J; Vergara, C; Wagner-Cassanova, C, 2008)
"We selected 88,142 pregnant women and their liveborn singletons from the Danish National Birth Cohort who had information on acetaminophen use during the first trimester of pregnancy."	3.74	Acetaminophen use during pregnancy: effects on risk for congenital abnormalities. ( Czeizel, AE; Horváth-Puhó, E; Kogevinas, M; Morales, M; Nørgård, B; Olsen, J; Rebordosa, C; Sørensen, HT; Vilstrup, H, 2008)
"We recently found that paracetamol (acetaminophen) use in late pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of early wheezing in the offspring."	3.73	Prenatal paracetamol exposure and risk of asthma and elevated immunoglobulin E in childhood. ( Headley, JE; Henderson, AJ; Jones, RW; Newson, RB; Shaheen, SO; Strachan, DP; Stratton, FD, 2005)
"We report a case of neonatal transient renal failure after maternal ingestion of diclofenac, paracetamol, and nimesulide during pregnancy."	3.72	In utero exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: neonatal renal failure. ( Benini, D; Cuzzolin, L; Fanos, V; Tatò, L, 2004)
"The combination of acute fatty liver of pregnancy and acetaminophen toxicity resulted in acute liver failure."	3.71	Acute fatty liver of pregnancy and acetaminophen toxicity leading to liver failure and postpartum liver transplantation. A case report. ( Contos, MJ; Gill, EJ; Peng, TC, 2002)
"We recently reported links between frequent paracetamol (acetaminophen) use and wheezing and asthma in adults and children, but data are lacking on possible effects of prenatal exposure on wheezing in early childhood."	3.71	Paracetamol use in pregnancy and wheezing in early childhood. ( Burney, PG; Golding, J; Henderson, AJ; Heron, JE; Newson, RB; Shaheen, SO; Sherriff, A, 2002)
" A variety of conditions preceded the onset of acidosis, and all had taken acetaminophen (paracetamol), although in therapeutic amounts in most subjects."	3.70	Transient 5-oxoprolinuria and high anion gap metabolic acidosis: clinical and biochemical findings in eleven subjects. ( Hauser, S; Pitt, JJ, 1998)
"We studied the association between acetaminophen exposure during pregnancy and the prevalence of congenital abnormalities and fetal growth."	3.70	Fetal growth and adverse birth outcomes in women receiving prescriptions for acetaminophen during pregnancy. EuroMap Study Group. ( Andersen, L; Barrett, D; Nielsen, GL; Olsen, J; Sørensen, HT; Thulstrup, AM; Vilstrup, H, 1999)
" A case of NAS due to codeine prescribed for pain relief during pregnancy is reported."	3.69	Neonatal abstinence syndrome due to codeine. ( Chang, J; Khan, K, 1997)
"A 38-year-old woman whose pregnancy was at 31 weeks' gestational age was evaluated for treatment of an acetaminophen overdose."	3.69	Acetaminophen poisoning in late pregnancy. A case report. ( Chao, HT; Hung, JH; Lee, WL; Wang, PH; Yang, MJ; Yang, ML, 1997)
"To determine whether the antidote for acetaminophen poisoning, N-acetylcysteine, administered to pregnant women with acetaminophen toxicity, crosses the placenta and can be measured in the newborn circulation following delivery."	3.69	Placental transfer of N-acetylcysteine following human maternal acetaminophen toxicity. ( Bearer, CF; Dart, RC; Gupta, U; Horowitz, RS; Jarvie, DR, 1997)
"Pregnant rats were treated with ig aspirin (Asp) and acetaminophen (Ace) on d 3 of pregnancy (positive vaginal smear = d 0)."	3.68	[Effects of preimplantation treatment with aspirin and acetaminophen on blastocyst and fetus in rats]. ( Lou, YJ; Ying, Y, 1993)
"This is the third case reported of maternal acetaminophen overdose during pregnancy."	3.68	Can acetaminophen excess result in maternal and fetal toxicity? ( Kurzel, RB, 1990)
"The effect of antipyretic treatment with acetaminophen on fetal status was examined in eight laboring women febrile with chorioamnionitis."	3.67	Effect of acetaminophen on fetal acid-base balance in chorioamnionitis. ( Kirshon, B; Moise, KJ; Wasserstrum, N, 1989)
"Although acetaminophen is widely used in pregnant women, the effects of pregnancy on its hepatotoxicity remain unknown."	3.67	Effects of pregnancy on the toxicity and metabolism of acetaminophen in mice. ( Degott, C; Descatoire, V; Foliot, A; Geneve, J; Larrey, D; Letteron, P; Pessayre, D; Tinel, M, 1986)
"Acetaminophen is a common drug used in pregnancy."	3.67	Maternal acetaminophen overdose at 15 weeks of gestation. ( Gabbe, SG; Landon, MB; Ludmir, J; Main, DM, 1986)
"In a longitudinal prospective study of 1,529 women pregnant in 1974-1975, aspirin and acetaminophen were the two medications most frequently taken during the first half of pregnancy (46 and 41%, respectively)."	3.67	Aspirin and acetaminophen use by pregnant women and subsequent child IQ and attention decrements. ( Barr, HM; Bleyer, WA; Martin, DC; Sampson, PD; Shepard, TH; Streissguth, AP; Treder, RP, 1987)
"Acetaminophen is the most commonly taken drug during pregnancy, but knowledge about its absorption and disposition is lacking."	3.67	Acetaminophen pharmacokinetics: comparison between pregnant and nonpregnant women. ( Piehl, E; Rayburn, W; Shukla, U; Stetson, P, 1986)
" On day 2 post partum, mothers were questioned regarding maternal risk factors, including the use of either aspirin or acetaminophen during the last week of pregnancy."	3.66	Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage and maternal use of aspirin. ( Braithwaite, WR; Guggenheim, MA; Johnson, ML; Peterson, RG; Rumack, BH; Rumack, CM, 1981)
" The effects of acetaminophen in pregnancy and in the newborn have not been studied extensively; when ingested in usual therapeutic doses, the available data have shown no adverse effects."	3.66	Effects of aspirin and acetaminophen in pregnancy and in the newborn. ( Rudolph, AM, 1981)
"Labor pain is one of the most agonizing pains experienced by all delivered women."	3.30	Comparison of intravenous paracetamol infusion versus intramuscular tramadol as labor analgesia: a randomized control trial. ( Monisha, N; Poomalar, GK, 2023)
"Acute liver failure is a rare condition involving the rapid development, progression, and worsening of liver dysfunction, characterised by coagulopathy and encephalopathy, and has a high mortality unless liver transplantation is performed."	3.01	Acute liver failure in low-income and middle-income countries. ( Cainelli, F; Vento, S, 2023)
"Oral acetaminophen is a much cheaper and safe option but has not been studied as an adjunct to labor analgesia till date."	3.01	Oral acetaminophen as an adjunct to continuous epidural infusion and patient-controlled epidural analgesia in laboring parturients: a randomized controlled trial. ( Goel, B; Mitra, S; Panghal, R; Sarna, R; Singh, J, 2021)
"Remifentanil can provide better postoperative pain control than apotel immediately after surgery."	2.90	The Effects of Apotel and Remifentanil on Postoperative Pain. ( Kamali, A; Mortazavi, L; Shokrpour, M; Vakilian, K, 2019)
" However, further study should be conducted to find the optimal dosage of paracetamol for relieving the pain in amniocentesis along with a large RCT with a long-term follow-up to evaluate the side effects of paracetamol."	2.87	Oral paracetamol premedication effect on maternal pain in amniocentesis: a randomised double blind placebo-controlled trial. ( Pattanavijarn, L; Sudjai, D; Tuaktaew, T, 2018)
"Nefopam is a centrally acting analgesic which has a theoretical risk of stopping lactation due to its anticholinergic and dopaminergic effects."	2.84	The effect of nefopam on lactation after caesarean section: a single-blind randomised trial. ( Baka, NE; Bouaziz, H; Guerci, P; Hubert, C; Iohom, G; Rouabah, M; Vial, F, 2017)
" After culture, embryo morphological and developmental parameters were documented using standardized scoring systems at each dosage concentration."	2.82	Assessment of embryo morphology following perinatal exposure to aspirin, ibuprofen and paracetamol using whole embryo culture system. ( Leung, BW; Leung, TY; Moungmaithong, S; Poon, LC; Sahota, DS; Wang, CC, 2022)
"We conducted a systematic search of the electronic databases Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase and Web of Science from inception to August 2021 for original research studies of any design that described the use of paracetamol in the prenatal or neonatal (within the first four weeks of life) periods and examined the occurrence of neurodevelopmental, atopic or reproductive adverse outcomes at or beyond birth."	2.82	Long-Term Safety of Prenatal and Neonatal Exposure to Paracetamol: A Systematic Review. ( Patel, R; Samiee-Zafarghandy, S; Sushko, K; van den Anker, J, 2022)
"Acetaminophen has been shown to reduce postoperative opiate burden, and may provide similar efficacy for closure of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)."	2.82	Racing against time: leveraging preclinical models to understand pulmonary susceptibility to perinatal acetaminophen exposures. ( Dobrinskikh, E; Jensen, EA; McCulley, DJ; McKenna, S; Sherlock, LG; Sucre, JMS; Wright, CJ, 2022)
"Postoperative pain was assessed by use of the visual analog scale (VAS)."	2.79	Effect of preoperative administration of intravenous paracetamol during cesarean surgery on hemodynamic variables relative to intubation, postoperative pain and neonatal apgar. ( Ayatollahi, V; Baghianimoghadam, B; Behdad, S; Faghihi, S; Heiranizadeh, N, 2014)
"Ibuprofen was consistently better than acetaminophen at 1 hour after treatment for relief of perineal pain after childbirth without any side effects."	2.73	Ibuprofen versus acetaminophen for the relief of perineal pain after childbirth: a randomized controlled trial. ( Kamondetdecha, R; Tannirandorn, Y, 2008)
" N-Acetylcysteine should be given according to specific regimens through weight-based dosing tables."	2.72	Paracetamol overdose in the newborn and infant: a life-threatening event. ( Antonucci, R; Capobianco, G; Cuzzolin, L; Locci, C, 2021)
"Acetaminophen has become a novel treatment option for patent ductus arteriosus closure in premature infants."	2.72	Acetaminophen in late pregnancy and potential for in utero closure of the ductus arteriosus-a pharmacokinetic evaluation and critical review of the literature. ( de Vrijer, B; Eastabrook, G; Garcia-Bournissen, F; Hutson, JR; Lurie, A, 2021)
"The primary outcome was 24-hour postoperative pain scores with movement as measured by the individual studies."	2.72	Perioperative intravenous acetaminophen and postcesarean pain control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Berghella, V; Felder, L; Quist-Nelson, J; Riegel, M, 2021)
"Termination of pregnancy is a painful procedure."	2.72	Efficacy of suppository analgesia in postabortion pain reduction. ( Deutsch, M; Glik, A; Granot, M; Jakobi, P; Lowenstein, L; Tamir, A; Zimmer, EZ, 2006)
"Epidural fever is associated with maternal and fetal inflammation in the absence of neonatal infection."	2.70	Elevated maternal and fetal serum interleukin-6 levels are associated with epidural fever. ( Evans, T; Goetzl, L; Lieberman, E; Rivers, J; Suresh, MS, 2002)
"morphine was administered along with oral hydrocodone/acetaminophen and other medications commonly administered after cesarean delivery."	2.69	Determination of an effective dose of intrathecal morphine for pain relief after cesarean delivery. ( Eisenach, J; Floyd, H; Gerancher, JC, 1999)
"Postoperative pain was assessed by VAS score."	2.69	Paracetamol 1 g given rectally at the end of minor gynaecological surgery is not efficacious in reducing postoperative pain. ( Hein, A; Jakobsson, J; Ryberg, G, 1999)
"Most of the patients experienced little postoperative pain with more than 70% scoring less than 20 mm on a VAS-scale from 0-100 mm at any time during the postoperative period."	2.69	No effect of preoperative paracetamol and codeine suppositories for pain after termination of pregnancies in general anaesthesia. ( Dahl, V; Fjellanger, F; Raeder, JC, 2000)
" The population was divided into two groups: group 1 received 20 mg of nalbuphine hydrochloride and group 2 received 2 g of propacetamol combined with 10 mg of nalbuphine hydrochloride."	2.67	[Comparison of the analgesic efficacy of nalbuphine and its combination with propacetamol during the immediate postoperative period in gynecologic-obstetric surgery]. ( Granry, JC; Jacob, JP; Monrigal, C, 1994)
" The mean half-life was significantly lower and oral clearance was significantly higher in the first trimester group compared to the control group."	2.67	Paracetamol pharmacokinetics during the first trimester of human pregnancy. ( Beaulac-Baillargeon, L; Rocheleau, S, 1994)
"Ketoprofen (Orudis) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is currently approved in the United States for the management of mild to moderate pain."	2.67	Ketoprofen, acetaminophen plus oxycodone, and acetaminophen in the relief of postoperative pain. ( De Castro, A; Olson, NZ; Sunshine, A; Zighelboim, I, 1993)
"Postoperative pain was reported in 35% of patients, with no significant difference between treated and control patients."	2.67	Prophylactic paracetamol for analgesia after vaginal termination of pregnancy. ( Ashley, J; Cade, L, 1993)
"Ibuprofen was more effective after one hour than either of the other two drugs, whatever the scale or parameter used."	2.67	[Analgesic effect of ibuprofen in pain after episiotomy]. ( Barrat, J; Behotas, S; Boureau, F; Castiel, J; Chauvin, A; Lienhart, A; Martin, A, 1992)
" In this article, we review recent pharmacological and toxicological findings about APAP from basic, clinical, and epidemiological studies, including spontaneous drug adverse events reporting system, especially focusing on drug-induced asthma and pre-and post-natal closure of ductus arteriosus."	2.66	Toxicological Property of Acetaminophen: The Dark Side of a Safe Antipyretic/Analgesic Drug? ( Ishitsuka, Y; Kadowaki, D; Kondo, Y, 2020)
"It is essential to find good postoperative pain control strategies that facilitate early mobility, early recovery, and early hospital discharge with minimal side effects on the mother and infant."	2.66	Strategies of analgesic treatment after cesarean delivery. Current state and new alternatives. ( Arroyo-Fernández, FJ; Calderón Seoane, JE; Torres Morera, LM, 2020)
"The rate of pregnant women with an opioid use disorder has risen drastically in the past 20 years, paralleling that in the general population."	2.66	Opioid Use and Misuse in Pregnancy. ( Landau, R; Shatil, B, 2020)
"Pain during pregnancy is common, and its management is complex."	2.61	Medication Use and Pain Management in Pregnancy: A Critical Review. ( Black, E; Chutatape, A; Demirkol, A; Kennedy, D; Khor, KE; Sharma, S; Vancaillie, T, 2019)
" This article presents different analgesic drugs, their mode of action, indications, dosage and adverse drug reactions."	2.58	[Pharmacological Basis of Pain Treatment]. ( Schüning, J; Schwarzer, A, 2018)
"Severe acute postoperative pain is also strongly associated with persistent pain after cesarean delivery."	2.55	Postcesarean delivery analgesia. ( Butwick, AJ; Carvalho, B, 2017)
" Each article has poor power to show risks of acetaminophen, however, the integration of the articles that showed adverse effects of acetaminophen may have power to show them."	2.55	Is acetaminophen safe in pregnancy? ( Toda, K, 2017)
"Acute liver failure is a rare but life-threatening medical emergency in pregnancy whose true incidence remains unknown."	2.53	Liver Failure in Pregnancy. ( Bacak, SJ; Thornburg, LL, 2016)
"For a woman with chronic pain, adequate use of pain killers during pregnancy is needed."	2.53	Ongoing Pharmacological Management of Chronic Pain in Pregnancy. ( Källén, B; Reis, M, 2016)
" On the other hand, several adverse effects have been reported with such medications, including peripheral vasoconstriction, gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation, weakened platelet aggregation, hyperbilirubinemia and renal failure."	2.52	Safety of therapeutics used in management of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. ( Erdeve, O; Oncel, MY, 2015)
"As suboptimally treated migraine in pregnancy could have negative consequences for both mother and fetus, the primary aim of clinicians should be to provide optimal treatment according to stage of pregnancy, while minimising possible risks related to drug therapy."	2.52	Pharmacological treatment of migraine during pregnancy and breastfeeding. ( Amundsen, S; Nezvalová-Henriksen, K; Nordeng, H; Spigset, O; Stovner, LJ, 2015)
" Potential links to adverse short- and long-term infant outcomes for these products are reviewed, and the strengths and limitations of data to support these."	2.52	Over-the-counter medications: Risk and safety in pregnancy. ( Chambers, C, 2015)
" We conclude that future studies are urgently needed to reconsider the safety and dosage of APAP during pregnancy and - based on the advances made in the field of reproduction as well as APAP metabolism - we propose pathways, which should be addressed in future research and clinical endeavors."	2.49	Acetaminophen and pregnancy: short- and long-term consequences for mother and child. ( Arck, P; Erhardt, A; Kessler, T; Thiele, K; Tiegs, G, 2013)
"Acetaminophen is a widely used medication for the treatment of pain and fever in children and pregnant women."	2.49	Acetaminophen and asthma. ( Henderson, AJ; Shaheen, SO, 2013)
"A case-control study showed a link with cryptorchidism in a subgroup of boys exposed to paracetamol in utero for more than 15 days; the analysis was not performed in boys with persistent cryptorchidism."	2.48	Paracetamol during pregnancy: no particular danger for the child. ( , 2012)
" Dosing errors and hyponatremia have occurred in pediatric patients receiving i."	2.43	Comparison of oral and i.v. acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. ( Kanter, MZ, 2006)
"Migraine is a typical "women's disease": the fluctuations of sex hormones, in particular estrogens, during woman's reproductive life show a direct and major influence on migraine course."	2.42	[Migraine during pregnancy and lactation: treatment of the acute attack and non-pharmacological prophylactic strategies]. ( Airola, G; Allais, G; Benedetto, C; Bosio, A; Ciochetto, D; De Lorenzo, C; Mana, O; Quirico, PE; Terzi, MG, 2003)
"Pharmacotherapy in pregnancy is often problematic, since both the mother-to-be and her doctor are often concerned about possible risks for the unborn child."	2.42	[Drug therapy in pregnancy--a practical guide]. ( Kreienberg, R; Paulus, W; Reister, F, 2004)
"The occurrence of migraine in women is influenced by hormonal changes throughout the lifecycle."	2.40	Migraine in pregnancy: what are the safest treatment options? ( Pfaffenrath, V; Rehm, M, 1998)
"APAP poisoning is common, and despite the availability of a specific antidote, fatalities still occur."	2.39	Acetaminophen. Concepts and controversies. ( Anker, AL; Smilkstein, MJ, 1994)
" The teratogenic potential of a drug is related to dosage and time of administration."	2.36	Analgesics during pregnancy. ( Niederhoff, H; Zahradnik, HP, 1983)
"NSAID use in pregnancy is associated with SGA but not preterm birth."	1.91	Associations of prenatal exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with preterm birth and small for gestational age infants among women with autoimmune disorders. ( Bandoli, G; Chambers, C; Delker, E; Johnson, D; Kelly, A, 2023)
" Several studies report that long-term exposure to paracetamol in utero is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children, indicating a dose-response effect."	1.91	Paracetamol use in pregnancy: Not as safe as we may think? ( Krogsrud, SK; Nilsen, K; Staff, AC, 2023)
"Women with migraine, rheumatoid arthritis and mental disease showed the highest risk of frequent use."	1.91	Paracetamol use prior to and in early pregnancy: Prevalence and patterns among women with and without chronic medical diseases. ( Damm, P; de Wolff, MG; Fisher, MB; Hagen, CP; Hegaard, HK; Rode, L; Rom, AL; Taagaard, M, 2023)
" An apparent dose-response pattern was observed with an 8% increased risk when the exposure was ≥5 courses prenatally (aHR 1."	1.91	Prenatal and early-life antibiotic exposure and the risk of atopic dermatitis in children: A nationwide population-based cohort study. ( Chang, YC; Liao, PL; Wei, JC; Wu, HJ; Wu, MC, 2023)
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling could be used to predict changes in exposure during pregnancy and possibly inform medicine use in pregnancy in situations in which there is currently limited or no available clinical PK data."	1.91	Use of Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Hepatically Cleared Drugs in Pregnancy: Regulatory Perspective. ( Cole, S; Coppola, P; Kerwash, E, 2023)
"Acetaminophen is a commonly used medication by pregnant women and is known to cross the placenta."	1.91	Association between acetaminophen metabolites and CYP2E1 DNA methylation level in neonate cord blood in the Boston Birth Cohort. ( Hong, X; Ladd-Acosta, C; Li, Y; Liang, L; Wang, X, 2023)
" As a result, dosing based on bodyweight alone will not lead to consistent paracetamol concentrations among preterm neonates."	1.91	Maturation of Paracetamol Elimination Routes in Preterm Neonates Born Below 32 Weeks of Gestation. ( Flint, RB; Knibbe, CAJ; Krekels, EHJ; Roofthooft, DWE; Simons, SHP; Tibboel, D; Völler, S; Wu, Y, 2023)
"Acetaminophen is a common analgesic and fever reduction medicine for pregnant women."	1.91	Course-, dose-, and stage-dependent toxic effects of prenatal acetaminophen exposure on fetal long bone development. ( Chen, L; Gu, H; Guo, Y; Li, B; Li, X; Ma, C; Wang, H; Wen, Y; Xiao, H, 2023)
"· ERAS protocols improve postoperative pain control and lower postoperative opioid use."	1.72	Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Protocol to Improve Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Postcesarean Pain Management. ( Berghella, V; Cao, CD; Dayaratna, S; Felder, L; Konys, C; Mercier, R; Weerasooriya, N, 2022)
" We studied whether the use of paracetamol had an adverse influence on neonatal adaptation and the outcomes of infants during the first hospitalization."	1.72	Paracetamol preceding very preterm birth: Is it safe? ( Aikio, O; Hallman, M; Laitala, A; Saarela, T; Vääräsmäki, M, 2022)
"Prochlorperazine injection has been upgraded to a highly recommended level because of the rich clinical experience for this treatment."	1.72	2022 Taiwan Guidelines for Acute Treatment of Migraine. ( Lau, CI; Wang, YF, 2022)
"Women with opioid use disorder or postoperative intubation were excluded."	1.72	A standardized post-cesarean analgesia regimen reduces postpartum opioid use. ( Antony, KM; Broman, AT; Gnadt, SE; Meyer, MF; Sharma, S, 2022)
" Analysis of lower paracetamol dosing (3."	1.62	Efflux transporters in rat placenta and developing brain: transcriptomic and functional response to paracetamol. ( Banati, RB; Chiou, SY; Dziegielewska, KM; Habgood, MD; Huang, Y; Koehn, LM; Nie, S; Saunders, NR, 2021)
"Of 859,501 pregnancies, 8168 had migraine."	1.62	Polypharmacy and comorbidities during pregnancy in a cohort of women with migraine. ( Burch, RC; Hernandez-Diaz, S; Wood, ME, 2021)
"Women with preeclampsia had used significantly more often paracetamol during pregnancy compared to controls (cases 8."	1.62	Increased risk of preeclampsia after use of paracetamol during pregnancy - causal or coincidence? ( Keski-Nisula, L; Sahlman, H; von Hellens, H, 2021)
"Acetaminophen (APAP) has been associated with the development of atopic diseases."	1.62	Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen increases the risk of atopic dermatitis in children: A nationwide nested case-control study in Taiwan. ( Bai, YM; Chang, YT; Chen, MH; Chen, TJ; Dai, YX; Li, CY; Tsai, SJ, 2021)
" Results The scheduled dosing group was found to have a statistically significant decrease in pain scores at all time intervals."	1.56	The effect of a scheduled regimen of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on opioid use following cesarean delivery. ( Chappelle, J; Poljak, D, 2020)
"Women with preeclampsia had used significantly more benzodiazepines, paracetamol, antihypertensives and acid-suppressive drugs than the women in the control group (p < 0."	1.51	Maternal use of drugs and preeclampsia. ( El-Nezami, H; Keski-Nisula, L; Koponen, M; Sahlman, H; Vähäkangas, K, 2019)
"Acetaminophen was the most frequent medicine administered first (53%, 38/72)."	1.51	Migraine Treatment in Pregnant Women Presenting to Acute Care: A Retrospective Observational Study. ( Hamilton, KT; Robbins, MS, 2019)
"The postnatal end points included patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), primary pulmonary hypertension (PPHT), and impaired renal function."	1.51	Negligible risk of prenatal ductus arteriosus closure or fetal renal impairment after third-trimester paracetamol use: evaluation of the German Embryotox cohort. ( Beck, E; Dathe, K; Frank, J; Hultzsch, S; Meister, R; Meixner, K; Padberg, S; Schaefer, C, 2019)
"Language delay was more prevalent in boys (12."	1.48	Prenatal exposure to acetaminophen and children's language development at 30 months. ( Bornehag, CG; Hallerback, MU; Jonsson, BA; Koch, HM; Reichenberg, A; Swan, SH; Wikstrom, S, 2018)
"Two toxins most implicated in the U."	1.48	Evidence the U.S. autism epidemic initiated by acetaminophen (Tylenol) is aggravated by oral antibiotic amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) and now exponentially by herbicide glyphosate (Roundup). ( Good, P, 2018)
"Acetaminophen was used by 27."	1.48	Is intrauterine exposure to acetaminophen associated with emotional and hyperactivity problems during childhood? Findings from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort. ( Barros, AJD; Bertoldi, AD; Del-Ponte, B; Entiauspe, L; Loret de Mola, C; Martins-Silva, T; Matijasevich, A; Munhoz, TN; Rohde, LA; Santos, IS; Schneider, BC; Schuler-Faccini, L; Silveira, MF; Tovo-Rodrigues, L; Vianna, FSL, 2018)
"Analgesic use in pregnancy is affected by migraine characteristics and intensity, and also by socio-demographic factors."	1.46	Patterns and predictors of analgesic use in pregnancy: a longitudinal drug utilization study with special focus on women with migraine. ( Eberhard-Gran, M; Harris, GE; Lundqvist, C; Nordeng, H; Wood, M, 2017)
" The intake frequency and dosage of Paracetamol varied between the women and was overall low with a tendency towards higher frequencies and higher dosages in the third trimester."	1.46	Paracetamol Medication During Pregnancy: Insights on Intake Frequencies, Dosages and Effects on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Populations in Cord Blood From a Longitudinal Prospective Pregnancy Cohort. ( Arck, PC; Becher, H; Bremer, L; Diemert, A; Gehbauer, C; Goletzke, J; Hecher, K; Pagenkemper, M; Tiegs, G; Tolosa, E; Wiessner, C, 2017)
" Intravenous acetaminophen, with its increased bioavailability and more rapid onset of action, may have benefit in the intrapartum setting by reducing adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes associated with febrile morbidity."	1.46	Intravenous acetaminophen for the treatment of intrapartum fever and resolution of fetal tachycardia: a novel use for an old medication. ( Burgess, APH; Lakhi, N; Moretti, M; Ope-Adenuga, S; Reilly, JG, 2017)
"Infections in pregnancy are common, may affect fetal development, and have been linked to offspring autoimmunity."	1.46	Maternal Infections, Antibiotics, and Paracetamol in Pregnancy and Offspring Celiac Disease: A Cohort Study. ( Kahrs, CR; Mårild, K; Stene, LC; Størdal, K; Tapia, G, 2017)
" In this pooled study, we focused on the population pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous paracetamol metabolism and its covariates in young women."	1.42	Paracetamol pharmacokinetics and metabolism in young women. ( Allegaert, K; Beleyn, B; de Hoon, J; Deprest, J; Knibbe, CA; Kulo, A; Peeters, MY; Smits, A; van Calsteren, K, 2015)
" In 19-month-old male offspring, epididymal sperm counts were lower than controls, and in ventral prostate an overrepresentation of findings related to hyperplasia was observed in exposed groups compared with controls, particularly in the group dosed with anti-androgens."	1.40	Late-life effects on rat reproductive system after developmental exposure to mixtures of endocrine disrupters. ( Axelstad, M; Boberg, J; Christiansen, S; Hass, U; Isling, LK; Jacobsen, PR; Kortenkamp, A; Mandrup, KR; Taxvig, C; Vinggaard, AM, 2014)
" In order to assess covariate effects of intravenous paracetamol disposition in adults, pharmacokinetic data on discrete studies were pooled."	1.40	Covariates of intravenous paracetamol pharmacokinetics in adults. ( Allegaert, K; Anderson, BJ; de Maat, MM; Olkkola, KT; Owens, KH; Van de Velde, M, 2014)
"A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed based on 372 PG plasma concentrations from 62 (pre)term neonates (birth weight (bBW) 630-3980 g, postnatal age (PNA) 1-30 days) using NONMEM 6."	1.39	Developmental pharmacokinetics of propylene glycol in preterm and term neonates. ( Allegaert, K; Danhof, M; De Cock, RF; de Hoon, J; Knibbe, CA; Kulo, A; Verbesselt, R, 2013)
" We conclude that repeated dosing through transversus abdominis plane catheters may be offered to women as an alternative or adjuvant to intrathecal morphine."	1.38	Transversus abdominis plane catheters for post-cesarean delivery analgesia: a series of five cases. ( Bollag, L; Landau, R; Ortner, C; Richebe, P, 2012)
" This suggests that postpartum is another specific status in young women that merits focused, compound-specific pharmacokinetic evaluation."	1.38	The impact of Caesarean delivery on paracetamol and ketorolac pharmacokinetics: a paired analysis. ( Allegaert, K; de Hoon, J; Devlieger, R; Kulo, A; Smits, A; van Calsteren, K; Verbesselt, R, 2012)
" Individual pharmacokinetic profiles were calculated assuming a linear one-compartment model with instantaneous input, first-order output."	1.38	The pharmacokinetics of a high intravenous dose of paracetamol after caesarean delivery: the effect of gestational age. ( Allegaert, K; de Hoon, J; Deprest, J; Devlieger, R; Hopchet, L; Kulo, A; van de Velde, M; Verbesselt, R, 2012)
" Despite these differences, even commonly administered drugs have not undergone pharmacokinetic evaluation in pregnant women or at delivery."	1.38	Paracetamol and ketorolac pharmacokinetics and metabolism at delivery and during postpartum. ( Allegaert, K; Hendrickx, S; Kelchtermans, J; Kulo, A; Smits, A; van Calsteren, K; van de Velde, M, 2012)
"The prevalence of asthma, eczema and hay fever was 1."	1.37	Frequent use of paracetamol and risk of allergic disease among women in an Ethiopian population. ( Amberbir, A; Britton, J; Davey, G; Hanlon, C; Medhin, G; Venn, A, 2011)
"Acetaminophen is an OTC medication and amongst the most used pain relievers."	1.35	[Accidental acetaminophen overdose]. ( Hamwi, I; Picksak, G; Stichtenoth, DO, 2008)
" Therefore, even if traces of opioids are absorbed into the mother's milk, the doses will be very small and the infant's oral bioavailability at this time is likely to be low."	1.35	[Do women with Caesarean section have to choose between pain relief and breastfeeding?]. ( Breivik, H; Hestenes, S; Høymork, SC; Løland, BF; Nylander, G; Rosseland, LA, 2008)
"(1) Renal colic is an acute syndrome involving unilateral flank pain, linked to an obstruction in the upper urinary tract."	1.35	Renal colic in adults: NSAIDs and morphine are effective for pain relief. ( , 2009)
"The group of defects identified as amniotic bands includes amnion rupture sequence (ARS) and body wall complex (BWC)."	1.32	Epidemiologic analysis of maternal factors and amniotic band defects. ( Louik, C; Mitchell, AA; Werler, MM, 2003)
"Pregnancy is a major risk factor for iron poisoning in young children, and the period immediately after delivery is associated with the greatest risk."	1.32	Iron poisoning in young children: association with the birth of a sibling. ( Juurlink, DN; Koren, G; Redelmeier, DA; Tenenbein, M, 2003)
"Muscular ventricular septal defects (mVSDs) are the most common congenital heart defects."	1.32	Maternal use of acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and muscular ventricular septal defects. ( Cleves, MA; Correa, A; Hobbs, CA; Raj, S; Savell, VH; Werler, MM; Zhao, W, 2004)
"Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is an analgesic-antipyretic drug virtually devoid of typical anti-inflammatory activity and hence free of some of the side-effects of aspirin and related agents (e."	1.32	Long-term acetaminophen (paracetamol) treatment causes liver and kidney ultra-structural changes during rat pregnancy. ( Kulay, L; Neto, JA; Oliveira-Filho, RM; Simões, MJ; Soares, JM, 2004)
"(1) Gastroschisis is a severe defect in the closure of the abdominal wall in newborns."	1.32	Gastroschisis and pseudoephedrine during pregnancy. ( , 2004)
" We concluded that management of acetaminophen toxicity can be optimized by early identification, obtaining a complete drug screen, starting N-acetylcysteine early or whenever toxic acetaminophen levels or elevated transaminases are identified, and referring patients with acetaminophen toxicity to a liver center."	1.31	Acetaminophen hepatoxicity. ( Broughan, TA; Soloway, RD, 2000)
"Previous studies of gastroschisis have suggested that risk is increased for maternal use of vasoactive over-the-counter medications, including specific analgesics and decongestants."	1.31	Maternal medication use and risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. ( Mitchell, AA; Sheehan, JE; Werler, MM, 2002)
"We estimated the proportion of miscarriage to be almost doubled, whereas there was no increased risk of congenital abnormalities or prematurity in women exposed to a drug overdose compared with the background population."	1.31	Pregnancy outcome after suicide attempt by drug use: a Danish population-based study. ( Flint, C; Larsen, H; Nielsen, GL; Olsen, J; Sørensen, HT, 2002)
"We report a case of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita secondary to fetal hypokinesia in a 41-week gestation infant following antenatal central nervous system injury."	1.30	Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and bilateral mid-brain infarction following maternal overdose of co-proxamol. ( Battin, M; Counsell, SJ; Maalouf, EF; Manzur, AY; Rutherford, MA, 1997)
"Sixty-nine children with first febrile seizures and no history of previous unprovoked seizures were matched for age (+/- 6 months), site of routine pediatric care, and date of visit (+/- 2 weeks) with 1 or 2 febrile controls who had no history of previous febrile or unprovoked seizures."	1.29	Risk factors for a first febrile seizure: a matched case-control study. ( Berg, AT; Crain, EF; Hauser, WA; Salomon, ME; Shapiro, ED; Shinnar, S, 1995)
"The necrosis is probably multifactorial in origin, with ischaemia and sepsis contributing factors."	1.28	Necrotizing myopathy in critically-ill patients. ( Bone, JM; Campbell, IT; Coakley, JH; Green, CJ; Griffiths, RD; Helliwell, TR; McClelland, P; Wagenmakers, AJ, 1991)
" Sera from both rats and monkeys following gavage with acetaminophen were also toxic to cultured embryos."	1.28	Acetaminophen toxicity to cultured rat embryos. ( Bruno, M; Gamache, P; Hinson, JA; Khairallah, E; Klein, NW; Weeks, BS, 1990)
"The morphine was administered as a single bolus, following delivery, in doses ranging from 2 to 5 mg."	1.28	Epidural morphine for analgesia after caesarean section: a report of 4880 patients. ( Douglas, MJ; Fuller, JG; McMorland, GH; Palmer, L, 1990)
"No pregnancy was adversely affected, but symptoms of pseudotumor increased in 9 of 11 pregnancies."	1.28	Pseudotumor cerebri and pregnancy. ( Cefalo, RC; Katz, VL; Peterson, R, 1989)
"Maternal disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) may have been related to maternal acetaminophen-induced liver disease alone or to a combination of liver disease and the presence of a dead fetus."	1.27	Acetaminophen overdose with fetal demise. ( Akhter, JE; Cary, PL; Haibach, H; Hoffmann, MF; Muscato, MS, 1984)
"Acetaminophen was infused separately into the mother and the fetus on two occasions to steady state."	1.27	Pharmacokinetic studies of the disposition of acetaminophen in the sheep maternal-placental-fetal unit. ( Benet, LZ; Rudolph, AM; Wang, LH, 1986)
"Acetaminophen pretreatment caused a threefold increase in phenytoin-induced fetal cleft palates without increasing resorptions."	1.27	Pharmacological studies on the potentiation of phenytoin teratogenicity by acetaminophen. ( Lum, JT; Wells, PG, 1986)
"In patients with preeclampsia the renal excretion of beta 2-microglobulin allows to differentiate between a primary preeclampsia and a preeclampsia superimposed upon chronic pyelonephritis."	1.26	Beta 2-microglobulin and other proteins as parameter for tubular function. ( Jaques, G; Keller, M; Mondorf, AW; Prüfer, D; Weise, M, 1981)
"Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic, but its disposition in human milk has not yet been reported."	1.26	Disposition of acetaminophen in milk, saliva, and plasma of lactating women. ( Berlin, CM; Ragni, M; Yaffe, SJ, 1980)

Research

Studies (689)

Authors

Clinical Trials (79)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Maximum Pain Score Over Study Period

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	106 (15.38)	18.7374
1990's	67 (9.72)	18.2507
2000's	84 (12.19)	29.6817
2010's	281 (40.78)	24.3611
2020's	151 (21.92)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Bauer, AZ	5
Swan, SH	7
Kriebel, D	5
Liew, Z	19
Taylor, HS	3
Bornehag, CG	7
Andrade, AM	3
Olsen, J	23
Jensen, RH	3
Mitchell, RT	7
Skakkebaek, NE	4
Jégou, B	9
Kristensen, DM	12
Abalos, E	3
Sguassero, Y	1
Gyte, GM	3
Novi, DRBS	1
Vidigal, CB	1
Moura, KF	1
da Silva, DG	1
Serafim, AFL	1
Klein, RM	3
Moreira, EG	5
Gerardin, DCC	3
Ceravolo, GS	3
Koehn, LM	3
Huang, Y	4
Habgood, MD	4
Nie, S	1
Chiou, SY	1
Banati, RB	1
Dziegielewska, KM	3
Saunders, NR	4
Yuan, Y	2
Meng, Q	2
von Ehrenstein, OS	1
Cui, X	1
Flores, MES	1
Ritz, B	7
Bührer, C	1
Endesfelder, S	1
Scheuer, T	1
Schmitz, T	1
Moungmaithong, S	1
Leung, BW	1
Sahota, DS	1
Wang, CC	1
Leung, TY	1
Poon, LC	1
Damkier, P	5
Cleary, B	1
Weber-Schoendorfer, C	1
Shechtman, S	1
Cassina, M	1
Panchaud, A	1
Diav-Cirtin, O	1
Alwan, S	1
Conover, EA	1
Harris-Sagaribay, L	1
Lamm, SH	1
Lavigne, SV	1
Lusskin, SI	2
Obican, SG	1
Romeo, AN	1
Scialli, AR	4
Wisner, KL	1
M Andrade, A	1
Castro, CT	1
Gama, RS	1
Pereira, M	2
Oliveira, MG	1
Dal-Pizzol, TS	1
Barreto, ML	1
Santos, DB	1
Lecante, LL	1
Leverrier-Penna, S	1
Gicquel, T	1
Giton, F	1
Costet, N	1
Desdoits-Lethimonier, C	4
Lesné, L	4
Fromenty, B	1
Lavoué, V	2
Rolland, AD	1
Mazaud-Guittot, S	5
Katler, QS	1
Kawwass, JF	1
Hurst, BS	1
Sparks, AE	1
McCulloh, DH	1
Wantman, E	1
Toner, JP	1
Sappler, M	1
Hammerl, M	1
Pellkofer, Y	1
Griesmaier, E	1
Höck, M	1
Janjic, T	1
Gizewski, ER	1
Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U	1
Neubauer, V	1
Patel, R	1
Sushko, K	1
van den Anker, J	3
Samiee-Zafarghandy, S	2
Kwok, J	1
Luedecke, E	1
Hall, HA	1
Murray, AL	1
Auyeung, B	1
O'Sullivan, J	1
Cairns, AE	1
Plesca, E	1
Black, RS	1
Frise, C	1
Vatish, M	1
Cerdeira, AS	1
Friedlander, EB	1
Raidoo, S	1
Soon, R	1
Salcedo, J	1
Davis, J	1
Tschann, M	1
Fontanilla, T	1
Horiuchi, W	1
Kaneshiro, B	1
Felder, L	2
Cao, CD	1
Konys, C	1
Weerasooriya, N	1
Mercier, R	1
Berghella, V	4
Dayaratna, S	1
Herrington, JA	1
Guss Darwich, J	1
Harshaw, C	1
Brigande, AM	1
Leif, EB	1
Currie, PJ	1
de Castro, CT	1
Dos Santos, DB	1
Forkin, KT	1
Mitchell, RD	1
Chiao, SS	1
Song, C	2
Chronister, BNC	1
Wang, XQ	1
Chisholm, CA	1
Tiouririne, M	1
McCulley, DJ	1
Jensen, EA	1
Sucre, JMS	1
McKenna, S	1
Sherlock, LG	1
Dobrinskikh, E	1
Wright, CJ	1
Zafeiri, A	2
Raja, EA	1
Hay, DC	2
Bhattacharya, S	1
Fowler, PA	2
Akgün Kavurmaci, S	1
Hortu, İ	1
Ilgen, O	1
Gülbahar, A	1
Monisha, N	1
Poomalar, GK	1
Reynolds-Wright, JJ	1
Woldetsadik, MA	1
Morroni, C	1
Cameron, S	1
Bozorgmanesh, M	1
Valibeik, S	1
Shokrpour, M	2
Maktabi, M	1
Kamali, A	2
Laitala, A	1
Saarela, T	1
Vääräsmäki, M	1
Hallman, M	1
Aikio, O	1
Labba, NA	1
Wæhler, HA	1
Houdaifi, N	1
Zosen, D	1
Haugen, F	1
Paulsen, RE	1
Hadera, MG	1
Eskeland, R	1
Olstad, EW	1
Nordeng, HME	1
Sandve, GK	2
Lyle, R	2
Gervin, K	2
Lye, JM	1
Knight, JA	2
Arneja, J	2
Seeto, RA	2
Wong, J	1
Adel Khani, N	1
Brooks, JD	2
Levitan, RD	1
Matthews, SG	1
Lye, SJ	2
Hung, RJ	2
Patel, E	1
Jones Iii, JP	1
Bono-Lunn, D	1
Kuchibhatla, M	1
Palkar, A	1
Cendejas Hernandez, J	1
Sarafian, JT	1
Lawton, VG	1
Anderson, LG	1
Konsoula, Z	1
Reissner, KJ	1
Parker, W	2
Laue, HE	3
Shen, Y	1
Bloomquist, TR	1
Wu, H	3
Brennan, KJM	2
Cassoulet, R	2
Wilkie, E	1
Gillet, V	2
Desautels, AS	2
Abdelouahab, N	2
Bellenger, JP	3
Burris, HH	2
Coull, BA	2
Weisskopf, MG	3
Zhang, W	1
Takser, L	3
Baccarelli, AA	3
Li, X	5
Xu, L	1
Wan, Y	1
Li, J	7
Qian, X	1
Xia, W	1
He, Z	1
Zheng, T	1
Xu, S	2
Li, Y	3
Indermuhle, P	1
Zelko, M	1
Mori, C	1
Chiu, SH	1
Vedel, C	1
Jørgensen, DS	1
Petersen, OB	1
Greisen, G	1
Gao, Y	2
Zhang, R	1
Liang, H	1
Lau, CI	1
Wang, YF	1
Sznajder, KK	1
Teti, DM	1
Kjerulff, KH	1
Delker, E	1
Kelly, A	1
Chambers, C	4
Johnson, D	1
Bandoli, G	3
Qutob, HMH	1
Saad, RA	1
Bali, H	1
Osailan, A	1
Jaber, J	1
Alzahrani, E	1
Alyami, J	1
Elsayed, H	1
Alserihi, R	1
Shaikhomar, OA	1
Divya, KM	1
Savitha, DP	1
Krishna, GA	1
Dhanya, TM	1
Mohanan, PV	1
Shah, SF	1
Jafry, AT	1
Hussain, G	1
Kazim, AH	1
Ali, M	1
Rivani, E	1
Endraswari, PD	1
Widodo, ADW	1
Khalil, MR	1
Guldberg, R	1
Nørgård, BM	1
Uldbjerg, N	1
Wehberg, S	1
Fowobaje, KR	1
Mashood, LO	1
Ekholuenetale, M	1
Ibidoja, OJ	1
Romagnoli, A	1
D'Agostino, M	1
Pavoni, E	1
Ardiccioni, C	1
Motta, S	1
Crippa, P	1
Biagetti, G	1
Notarstefano, V	1
Rexha, J	1
Perta, N	1
Barocci, S	1
Costabile, BK	1
Colasurdo, G	1
Caucci, S	1
Mencarelli, D	1
Turchetti, C	1
Farina, M	1
Pierantoni, L	1
La Teana, A	1
Al Hadi, R	1
Cicconardi, F	1
Chinappi, M	1
Trucchi, E	1
Mancia, F	1
Menzo, S	1
Morozzo Della Rocca, B	1
D'Annessa, I	1
Di Marino, D	1
Choya, A	1
de Rivas, B	1
Gutiérrez-Ortiz, JI	1
López-Fonseca, R	1
Cheng, B	1
Huang, Z	1
Liu, T	1
Jiang, L	1
Guo, W	1
Xiong, J	1
Amirazodi, M	1
Daryanoosh, F	1
Mehrabi, A	1
Gaeini, A	1
Koushkie Jahromi, M	1
Salesi, M	1
Zarifkar, AH	1
Studeny, P	1
Netukova, M	1
Nemcokova, M	1
Klimesova, YM	1
Krizova, D	1
Kang, H	1
Tao, Y	1
Zhang, Q	2
Sha, D	1
Chen, Y	1
Yao, J	1
Liu, J	2
Ji, L	1
Shi, P	1
Shi, C	1
Wu, YL	1
Wright, AI	1
M El-Metwaly, N	1
A Katouah, H	1
El-Desouky, MG	1
El-Bindary, AA	1
El-Bindary, MA	1
Kostakis, ID	1
Raptis, DA	1
Davidson, BR	1
Iype, S	1
Nasralla, D	1
Imber, C	1
Sharma, D	1
Pissanou, T	1
Pollok, JM	1
Hughes, AM	1
Sanderson, E	1
Morris, T	1
Ayorech, Z	1
Tesli, M	1
Ask, H	2
Reichborn-Kjennerud, T	4
Andreassen, OA	1
Magnus, P	3
Helgeland, Ø	1
Johansson, S	1
Njølstad, P	1
Davey Smith, G	5
Havdahl, A	1
Howe, LD	1
Davies, NM	1
Amrillah, T	1
Prasetio, A	1
Supandi, AR	1
Sidiq, DH	1
Putra, FS	1
Nugroho, MA	1
Salsabilla, Z	1
Azmi, R	1
Grammatikopoulos, P	1
Bouloumis, T	1
Steinhauer, S	1
Mironov, VS	2
Bazhenova, TA	2
Manakin, YV	2
Yagubskii, EB	2
Yakushev, IA	1
Gilmutdinov, IF	1
Simonov, SV	1
Lan, K	1
Yang, H	1
Zheng, J	2
Hu, H	1
Zhu, T	1
Zou, X	1
Hu, B	2
Liu, H	1
Olokede, O	1
Holtzapple, M	1
Gungor, O	1
Kose, M	1
Ghaemi, R	1
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Stosic, A	1
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Ludwig, N	1
Yerneni, SS	1
Azambuja, JH	1
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Widłak, P	1
Hinck, CS	1
Głuszko, A	1
Szczepański, MJ	1
Kärmer, T	1
Kallinger, I	1
Schulz, D	1
Bauer, RJ	1
Spanier, G	1
Spoerl, S	1
Meier, JK	1
Ettl, T	1
Razzo, BM	1
Reichert, TE	1
Hinck, AP	1
Whiteside, TL	1
Wei, ZL	1
Juan, W	1
Tong, D	1
Juan, LX	1
Sa, LY	1
Jie, HFM	1
Xiao, G	1
Xiang, LG	1
Jie, HM	1
Xu, C	1
Yu, DN	1
Yao, ZX	1
Bigdeli, F	1
Gao, XM	1
Cheng, X	2
Li, JZ	1
Zhang, JW	1
Wang, W	2
Guan, ZJ	1
Bu, Y	2
Liu, KG	1
Morsali, A	1
Das, R	1
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Shrotri, A	1
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Singh, AK	1
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Zimmerman, MA	1
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Badem, S	1
Yuksel, A	1
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Whittingham, MS	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Prophylactic Pregabalin to Decrease Pain During Medical Abortion: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02782169]	Phase 4	110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-06-30	Completed
PAIN CONTROL IN FIRST TRIMESTER MEDICAL ABORTION: A Randomized Trial[NCT01457521]	Phase 4	250 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Completed
The Effect of Prophylactic Ibuprofen Versus Placebo on Pain Relief and Success Rates of Medical Abortion: A Double-blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Study[NCT00997074]	Phase 3	61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Completed
Post-operative Pain Control With Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen After Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis: a Prospective Study.[NCT05287217]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-07-29	Not yet recruiting
Double Blinded Randomized Placebo Controlled Study in Evaluating the Effectiveness of IV Acetaminophen for Acute Post Operative Pain in C-Section Patients[NCT02069184]	Phase 4	66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Completed
Acute and Chronic Effects of High Frequency RF Electrical Current on Pain and Muscle Function in Individuals With Musculoskeletal Pain[NCT05345015]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-30	Recruiting
Radiofrequency Technic's Impact on Perineal Postpartum Pain[NCT03172286]		62 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-04-10	Recruiting
Long Term Follow-up of the TREOCAPA (Prophylactic TREatment Of the duCtus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants by Acetaminophen) Study (TREOCAPA-LT)[NCT06064825]		500 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-11-30	Not yet recruiting
Early Clinical Evaluation and Intervention of Developmental Behavioral Diseases Based on Multicenter Cohort Study[NCT06025890]		2,100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-07	Recruiting
Battlefield Auricular Acupuncture for Control of Post-partum Pain[NCT02526186]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Completed
CRAMPS Trial: Controlled Randomized Trial Assessing Maternal Post-partum Pain With Suppositories[NCT01271855]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-07-22	Completed
Comparison Between 2 Pain Analgesic Protocols Following Vaginal Delivery[NCT04087317]		220 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-09-01	Not yet recruiting
Neuraxial Preservative Free Morphine for Normal Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery: A Prospective Double Blind Randomized Control Trial[NCT04017442]	Phase 4	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-10-19	Completed
Post-partum Non-pharmacologic Pain Management[NCT03903172]		130 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-06-01	Enrolling by invitation
Effect of Foot Massage on Postpartum Comfort and Pain Level of the Mothers Who Had Vaginal Birth: A Randomised Controlled Trial[NCT04037202]		66 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-03	Completed
EFFICACY OF GINGER EXTRACT ON PAIN RELIEF FOR FIRST NORMAL POSTPARTUM WOMEN[NCT03617900]	Phase 1/Phase 2	99 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-29	Completed
Dental Support Device During Breastfeeding as a Mean for Pain Control[NCT02399774]	Phase 3	1,500 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Not yet recruiting
Comparing Protocols for Analgesia Following Elective Cesarean Section[NCT03622489]	Phase 4	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-03-01	Recruiting
Randomized Control Trial of Intravenous Acetaminophen (OFIRMEV) for the Reduction of Intrapartum Maternal Fever and Fetal Tachycardia[NCT02625454]	Phase 2	168 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-12-31	Active, not recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Paracetamol in Manament of Labour Pain in a Low Resource Setting[NCT04744727]		96 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-03-01	Completed
Educational Video on Pain Management and Subsequent Opioid Use After Cesarean Delivery[NCT03959969]		48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-17	Completed
Randomized Control Trial of IV Acetaminophen for Post Cesarean Delivery Pain Relief[NCT02046382]	Phase 4	132 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Preoperative Cesarean Section Intravenous Acetaminophen and Postoperative Pain Control: A Blinded Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial[NCT02694653]	Phase 1	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Enrolling by invitation
Intraoperative Surgeon Administered Transversus Abdominis Plan (TAP) Block With Liposomal Bupivacaine and Post-operative Pain Control After Repeat Cesarean Delivery[NCT05393908]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-01	Not yet recruiting
Intravenous Versus Oral Acetaminophen for Postoperative Pain Control After Cesarean Delivery[NCT02487303]		148 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-17	Completed
Multimodal Pain Management for Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Control Trial[NCT02922985]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Completed
The National Standard for Normal Fetal Growth[NCT00912132]		2,802 participants (Actual)	Observational	2009-05-19	Completed
Non - Opioid Treatments (Single Administration) for Pain During the Early Postpartum Period After Vaginal Delivery[NCT04653506]		1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-11-28	Recruiting
A Single Blinded, Open-labelled, Randomized Control Trial Comparing Acetaminophen Rectal Suppository With Diclofenac Rectal Suppository as Analgesia for Perineal Injury Following Childbirth[NCT03041779]	Phase 2	909 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Completed
[NCT01947205]		111 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Completed
Disposition of Intravenous Paracetamol in Young Women, Including During Pregnancy, in Postpartum or When on Oral Contraceptives[NCT02590900]		69 participants (Actual)	Observational	2010-06-30	Completed
Evaluation of Intravenous Infusion of Paracetamol as Intrapartum Analgesic in the First Stage of Labor: a Double-blind Randomized Trial[NCT01428375]	Phase 3	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
Perioperative Regular Usage of Propacetamol to Reduce Post Cesarean Section Uterine Contraction Pain and Opioid Consumption[NCT03878082]		100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-08-12	Completed
Implementation of ERAS Protocol for Cesarean Delivery in Clinical Center Vojvodina[NCT04058444]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-09-19	Recruiting
Efficiency And Quality In Post-Surgical Pain Therapy After Discharge[NCT05221866]		711 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-03-14	Completed
Video-based, Patient-Focused Opioid Education in the Perioperative Period: A Feasibility Study[NCT03986866]		110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-29	Completed
UControlPain App (This is the Official IRB Title)[NCT03833648]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-06-19	Completed
The Copenhagen Analgesic Study[NCT04369222]		600 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-03-01	Recruiting
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of IV Acetaminophen Versus IV Morphine to Manage Pain in Pregnancy: Can Opioid Use be Reduced in Pregnant Women?[NCT02267772]		163 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Terminated (stopped due to Difficulties in recruitment)
Effect of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Use on Blood Pressure in Women With Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Randomized Open Label Trial[NCT03824119]	Phase 4	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-12-11	Recruiting
Efficacy of a Single-shot Wound Infiltration With Bupivacaine/Adrenalin During Cesarean Section in Reducing Postoperative Pain. A Randomized Prospective Controlled Trial[NCT03395912]		288 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-25	Completed
Analgesic Effect of IntraPeritoneal LIGNOcaine in Gynaecological Open Surgery: A Double-blinded Randomised Placebo-controlled Trial (IP LIGNO Trial)[NCT05897385]		112 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-22	Recruiting
Effectiveness of Transversus Abdominis Plane Block Versus Quadratus Lumborum Technique in Patients After Cesarean Section[NCT02804126]	Phase 4	232 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-01	Completed
The Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Tramadol-ondansetron on Recovery After Caesarean Section. A Prospective, Observational and Non-inferiority Study Against Epidural Analgesia.[NCT05879536]		312 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-05-23	Recruiting
Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) for Closure of PDA in Preterm Infants[NCT01755728]	Phase 3	19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-01	Completed
The Efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Versus Local Anaesthetic Cream in Alleviating the Pain of Local Anaesthetic Injections in Adults - A Randomised Controlled Trial[NCT03992820]		8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-01	Terminated (stopped due to Stopped early due to COVID19 restrictions)
An Evaluation of Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen for Pain Control in First Trimester Surgical Abortion[NCT01330459]	Phase 4	121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
Auricular Acupuncture as Adjunct for Pain Management During First Trimester Uterine Aspiration.[NCT03391986]		153 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-09	Completed
Gastric Emptying of Tea With Milk, Compared With Tea Without Milk. Does Milk Delay Gastric Emptying?[NCT01809938]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
Do Preoperative Carbohydrate Drinks Prevent Preoperative Catabolism in Mothers Undergoing Elective Caesarean Section? A Randomised Controlled Study[NCT03220997]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-08-31	Not yet recruiting
[NCT00005497]		0 participants	Observational	1998-04-30	Completed
Aspirin Supplementation for Pregnancy Indicated Risk Reduction In Nulliparas (ASPIRIN)[NCT02409680]		11,976 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-23	Completed
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Effects of Combined Spinal Epidural Analgesia on Intrapartum Fever.[NCT00802646]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to study moved to alternate site)
A Randomized Controlled Trial: Pain Management After Cesarean Section: Oxycodon vs. Intravenous Piritramide[NCT01115101]	Phase 4	239 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-07-31	Completed
Dextromethorphan as a Novel Non-opioid Adjunctive Agent for Pain Control in Medication Abortion: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT03480009]	Phase 3	156 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-28	Completed
Treatment of Acetaminophen Toxicity With Intravenous vs Oral N-acetylcysteine: A Retrospective Review[NCT00725179]		130 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2008-08-31	Completed
Treatment of Acetaminophen Toxicity With Intravenous vs. Oral N-acetylcysteine: A Retrospective Review[NCT01465542]		47 participants (Actual)	Observational	2011-06-30	Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Levobupivacaine and Epinephrine for Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block for Cesarean Section Postoperative Analgesia[NCT02852720]	Phase 4	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-12-15	Completed
Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block for Cesarean Section[NCT01015807]		90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Efficacy of the Ultrasound-guidedTransversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block on Postoperative Pain Control in Open Aortic Abdominal Aneurysm Repair Surgery[NCT02292667]	Phase 3	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Recruiting
Analgesic Efficacy of Ultrasound Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block After Cesarean Delivery in Patients With a BMI > 30[NCT01217580]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-31	Withdrawn (stopped due to The study was not feasible to perform at one institution with the amount of subjects that were needed to complete it.)
Randomized, Prospective, Double Blind Study Comparing Single Shot Versus Continuous Transverses Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block for Postoperative Analgesia After Laparoscopic Live Donor Nephrectomy[NCT02475031]	Phase 4	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-07-31	Completed
Analgesic Efficacy of Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block After Lumbar Spine Surgery Through Anterior Approach (Anterior Lumbar or Direct Lateral Interbody Fusion): a Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Placebo-controlled Study[NCT02778178]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-02	Completed
Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block for Gynaecological Laparotomies - a Comparison of Ultrasound-guided Block and Blind Technique[NCT00972920]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
Bilateral Transversus Abdominis Plane Block With or Without Magnesium for Total Abdominal Hysterectomy With or Without Salpingo-oophorectomy: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02680626]	Phase 4	86 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Terminated (stopped due to Pfannenstiel hysterectomies are now rarely performed so cannot recruit eligible patients)
The Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy of Varied Concentrations of Ropivacaine Used for the Transverse Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block After Cesarean Delivery[NCT01170702]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
Effect of Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block and the Perioperative Stress Response: Randomized Control Trial in Patient Undergoing Total Abdominal Hysterectomy in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Pakistan[NCT03443271]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-17	Completed
Decreased Neuraxial Morphine and Adjunctive Peripheral Nerve Blockade to Reduce Severity of Side Effects and Opioid Use After Cesarean Delivery[NCT04279054]	Early Phase 1	87 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-09-09	Active, not recruiting
Effect of a Transversus Abdominis Plane Block on Operative Wound Healing, Stress, and Immune Response After a Cesarean Delivery[NCT05840406]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-04-01	Not yet recruiting
Quality of Recovery Following Administration of Transverse Abdominus Plane (TAP) Catheter as Compared to Intrathecal Morphine After Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia: a Prospective, Randomized Trial[NCT01593280]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Recruiting
Transversus Abdominis Bilateral Plane Block in Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy : A Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT01596660]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Recruiting
A Phase 2a Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of OCR-002 (Ornithine Phenylacetate) in the Treatment of Patients With Acute Liver Failure/Severe Acute Liver Injury[NCT01548690]	Phase 2	47 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-06-30	Completed
Spinal Hydromorphone Versus Morphine for Post-Cesarean Delivery Analgesia: A Non-Inferiority Trial[NCT03592992]	Phase 4	126 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-11-11	Completed
Intrathecal Opioids for Pain Control After Cesarean Delivery: Determining the Optimal Dose[NCT02009722]	Phase 4	84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Evaluation of the Efficacy of the Photobiomodulation on the Pelvi-perineal Pain in Patients in Immediate Post-partum Situation[NCT04896034]		677 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-06	Recruiting
Ropivacaine Through Continuous Infusion Versus Epidural Morphine for Postoperative Analgesia After Emergency Cesarean Section[NCT02410317]	Phase 3	101 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Completed
Randomized, Controlled, Double Blind, to Evaluate the Postpartum Analgesia With Epidural Morphine: Analgesic Effect of Two Different Doses Compared to Placebo[NCT04887649]	Phase 3	114 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Completed
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Maternal Opioid Use After Cesarean Delivery[NCT03843788]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-11-09	Active, not recruiting
Combination of Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen in the Management of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Premature Infants: A Pilot Study[NCT03103022]	Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-12	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

reported on an 11-point numerical rating scale (NRS 0-10) where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the most severe pain (NCT02782169)
Timeframe: Over 72 hours (measured at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours)

Number of Ibuprofen 800mg Tablets Used

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Pregabalin	5.0
Placebo	5.5

summed number of tablets used by each participant over the 72 hour study period (NCT02782169)
Timeframe: Over 72 hours (measured at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours)

Number of Oxycodone/Acetominophen Tablets (5/325mg) Used

Intervention	tablets (Median)
Pregabalin	1
Placebo	2

summed number of tablets used by each participant over the 72 hour study period (NCT02782169)
Timeframe: Over 72 hours (measured at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours)

Number of Participants Ever Experiencing Different Symptoms During Abortion

Intervention	tablets (Median)
Pregabalin	0
Placebo	0.5

A participant was included once if they ever reported a symptom during the 72 hour study period, not reflective of how long the symptom lasted. These were all commonly reported side effects during previous research on medication abortions and commonly reported side effects of pregabalin, so they were not included as adverse events. (NCT02782169)
Timeframe: Over 72 hours (measured at 0, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours)

11-point Visual Analog Scale for Pain

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Nausea	Vomiting	Sleepiness	Dizziness	Headache	Blurred Vision	Diarrhea	Constipation	Dry Mouth
Placebo	42	30	39	26	17	7	29	15	25
Pregabalin	43	28	47	45	28	15	28	6	22

Participant pain was assessed using an 11-point Visual Analog Scale for Pain. Scores ranged from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain possible) (NCT01457521)
Timeframe: 1-2 weeks

Pain Medication Usage ( NSAIDS)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Prophylactic	7.1
Therapeutic	7.3

Compare the percentage of patients using non-opioid pain medication at 24 hours, and 48 hours and had experienced any adverse events. (NCT02069184)
Timeframe: For the first 24 hours after the c-section until the patient is discharged or up to 48 hours

Percentage of Participants Reporting to be Wide Awake up to 72 Hours After the C-section

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
IV Acetaminophen	27
Saline as Placebo	30.3

Sedation was assessed on a scale of 1-3 (1= wide awake, 2= sleepy but easily aroused, 3= sleepy and difficult to arouse). These assessments were made at the same time points as the pain assessments by the same research assistant. Score 1 is the only good outcome. (NCT02069184)
Timeframe: Percentage of Participants Reporting to be Wide Awake up to 72 hours after the C-section

Percentage of Participants That Were Re-Hospitalized 1 Week After Discharge

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
IV Acetaminophen	95
Saline as Placebo	95

No patients were re hospitalized in the first 7 days (NCT02069184)
Timeframe: From time of discharge to 1 week after discharge

"Percentage of Patients With Adverse Events After the Surgery"

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
IV Acetaminophen	0
Saline as Placebo	0

Subjects were specifically asked about adverse events such as nausea, vomiting, pruritus and breathing difficulties and information regarding their bowel movements. This information was collected on a scale of none, mild, moderate or severe. These are categorical outcomes. (NCT02069184)
Timeframe: every 6 hours for the first 24 hours after the c-section and there after every 8 hours until the patient is discharged or upto 72 hours. Finally, 1 week after discharge.

Opioid Requirements in Cesarean Section (C-section) Patient Population

Visual Analog Score (VAS) Pain Score

Intervention	percentage of patients (Number)
	24 hour nausea	24 hour vomiting	24 hour itching	24 hour breathing difficulty
IV Acetaminophen	22	21	57	9
Saline as Placebo	27	27	63	6

Intervention	mg (Mean)
	24 hours cumulative	48 hours cumulative
IV Acetaminophen	44	58
Saline as Placebo	48	57

Post-operative pain was assessed using VAS pain scores (0-10 scale) with 10 being the worst (NCT02069184)
Timeframe: every 6 hours for the first 24 hours after the c-section and there after every 8 hours until the patient is discharged or up to 48 hours

Pain Level Twenty Four Hours After Delivery

Intervention	scores on a scale (Mean)
	0 hr pain after CS	6 hours after CS pain	12 hours after CS	18 hours after CS	24 hours after CS	32 hours after CS	40 hours after CS	48 hours after CS
IV Acetaminophen	2.2	3.4	1.2	3.1	4.0	3.1	2.0	3.2
Saline as Placebo	1.4	3.6	2.3	2.9	5.1	2.9	1.2	2.6

The primary outcome is pain measured at 24-hours after delivery. Patients will be asked to report a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score at 24-hours after delivery. This scale ranges from 0 to 10 (0=no pain and 10=worst pain). (NCT01271855)
Timeframe: Twenty-four hours

Patient Satisfaction

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Glycerin Suppository	1
Belladonna and Opioid Suppository	2

Patients' satisfaction with their pain control is recorded at the time of discharge using a five point scale ranging from 1 (Not Satisfied) to 3 (Okay) to 5 (Very Satisfied). (NCT01271855)
Timeframe: Discharge

Length of Stay

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
Glycerin Suppository	4
Belladonna and Opioid Suppository	5

Length of hospital stay (admission to discharge) will be collected. (NCT02046382)
Timeframe: 2-7 days

Number of Participants With Narcotic Associated Side Effects

Total Amount of Ibuprofen During Inpatient Stay

Intervention	hours (Median)
IV Acetaminophen	78
Normal Saline	78

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
IV Acetaminophen	17
Normal Saline	9

Patients will have access to ibuprofen for mild to moderate pain. The amount consumed during inpatient stay will be collected. (NCT02046382)
Timeframe: 2-7 days

Total Oxycodone (mg)

Intervention	mg (Mean)
IV Acetaminophen	4786
Normal Saline	5260

Total oxycodone (mg) for breakthrough pain during inpatient stay (NCT02046382)
Timeframe: approximately 2 - 7 days

Cumulative Postoperative Opiate Consumption

Intervention	mg (Mean)
IV Acetaminophen	47.0
Normal Saline	65.0

Cumulative opiate consumption (IV morphine equivalents) (NCT02487303)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Time Discharge

Intervention	mg (Mean)
Acetaminophen Intravenous	2.9
Acetaminophen Oral	3.8
No Acetaminophen	5.7

Time patient meets discharge criteria will be recorded (NCT02487303)
Timeframe: 24 hours postoperative

Time to First Opiate Rescue

Intervention	hours (Mean)
Acetaminophen Intravenous	48.4
Acetaminophen Oral	48.6
No Acetaminophen	50.5

Time to first opiate pain medicine requested by patient (NCT02487303)
Timeframe: 48 hours

VAS (Visual Analog Scale)

Intervention	hours (Mean)
Acetaminophen Intravenous	25.3
Acetaminophen Oral	24.0
No Acetaminophen	21.3

"Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain assessment with ambulation. The visual analog scale (VAS) is a validated, subjective measure for acute and chronic pain. Scores are recorded by making a handwritten mark on a 10-cm line that represents a continuum between no pain and worst pain. For pain intensity, the scale is most commonly anchored by no pain (score of 0) and pain as bad as it could be or worst imaginable pain (score of 100 [100-mm scale]) ." (NCT02487303)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Apgar Score at 5 Minutes

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Acetaminophen Intravenous	37.8
Acetaminophen Oral	44.3
No Acetaminophen	50.8

This is the Apgar score of the newborn collected at 5 minutes. Range is from 0-10, with the higher scores meaning a better outcome. (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 5 minutes after birth

Hospital Length of Stay

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Placebo Control Group	9
Multimodal Pain Regimen Group	9

Time to discharge from hospital, measured in hours (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: From time of hospital admission to time of discharge home up to 168 hours.

Need for Respiratory Support

Intervention	hours (Median)
Placebo Control Group	50.2
Multimodal Pain Regimen Group	50

neonate receipt of oxygen by nasal cannula or mechanical ventilation (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: after birth and before hospital discharge

NICU Admission

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo Control Group	0
Multimodal Pain Regimen Group	4

Rate of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: after birth and before hospital discharge

Number of Opioid Pain Tablets Remaining on Post-operative Day #7 From the Discharge Prescription.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Placebo Control Group	2
Multimodal Pain Regimen Group	6

Number of opioid pain tablets remaining on post-operative day #7 from hospital discharge as reported by patients (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 7 days post delivery

Pain Score at 24 Hours Post-operatively

Intervention	Tablets (Median)
Placebo Control Group	18
Multimodal Pain Regimen Group	19

Pain Score at 24 Hours Post Operatively, expressed on a pain scale from 0-10 with the higher score meaning worse pain (outcome). (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 24 hours post-operatively

Pain Score at 48 Hours Post-operatively

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Placebo Control Group	5
Multimodal Pain Regimen Group	6

Pain Score at 48 Hours Post-operatively, expressed on a pain scale from 0-10 with the higher score meaning worse pain (outcome). (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 48 hours post-operatively

Pain Score at 6-12 Hours Post Operatively

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Placebo Control Group	4
Multimodal Pain Regimen Group	3

Pain score at 6-12 hours post-operatively, expressed on a pain scale from 0-10 with the higher score meaning worse pain (outcome). (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 6-12 hours post-operatively

Time to First Administration of Opioid Pain Medication Post Operatively

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Placebo Control Group	6
Multimodal Pain Regimen Group	6

Time, in hours, to first administration of opioid pain medication post operatively (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 48 hours post cesarean delivery

Total Opioid Intake in Morphine Milligram Equivalents in the First 48 Hours After Cesarean Delivery (CD)

Intervention	hours (Median)
Placebo Control Group	6.05
Multimodal Pain Regimen Group	6.35

Every opioid intake by the patient in the first 48 hours after CD will be recorded and quantified in morphine milligram equivalents (NCT02922985)
Timeframe: 48 hours post cesarean delivery

Development of Chronic Opioid Use

Intervention	morphine milligram equivalents (Median)
Placebo Control Group	42
Multimodal Pain Regimen Group	49.5

Feasibility of collecting data on the percentage of patients who develop chronic opioid use. This is measured as the number of patients who received an opioid prescription per the Arkansas prescription drug monitoring database during the 90-150 day period post operatively. (NCT03986866)
Timeframe: 90-150 days

Knowledge of Post Operative Opioids

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
No Video	12
Video	5

Knowledge of Post operative Opioids after surgery via 7 day post operative phone call. Knowledge is measured on a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being complete knowledge and 1 being no knowledge. (NCT03986866)
Timeframe: 7 days

Number of Patients Who Discontinued Opioids by 3 Months

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
No Video	8.32
Video	9.36

Post-operative pain control as determined by opioid utilization at three months. This is the number of patients that have discontinued opioids at the 3 month mark. (NCT03986866)
Timeframe: Up to 3 months

Number of Total Days to Opioid Cessation

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
No Video	47
Video	38

Feasibility of collecting data on the number of days until opioid cessation (NCT03986866)
Timeframe: Up to 3 months

Number of Participants Who Received Rescue Medications

Change in Pain Intensity as Assessed by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)

Intervention	days (Mean)
No Video	13.9
Video	13.9

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
IV Acetaminophen	30
IV Morphine	19

The visual analogue scale (VAS) ranges from 0mm to 140mm. The subject will be asked to mark with a pen on the scale to rate their pain. Negative differences in scores indicated a pain score worse than baseline and positive differences indicated an improved pain score from baseline. (NCT02267772)
Timeframe: baseline, 120 minutes after administration

Number of Participants With Fetal Heart Rate Changes

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
	pre-labor group	first stage of labor group
IV Acetaminophen	2.67	-18.2
IV Morphine	3.2	-4.8

Changes in fetal heart rate tracing include acceleration, decelerations, and variability. (NCT02267772)
Timeframe: 1 hour after administration

Number of Participants With Maternal Side Effects

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	absence of accelerations	late decelerations	minimal or absent variability
IV Acetaminophen	4	1	4
IV Morphine	12	1	3

Maternal side effects include nausea, vomiting, headache, pruritus, insomnia, and drowsiness. (NCT02267772)
Timeframe: 1 hour after administration

Total Amount of Study Drug Administered

Need for Additional Intraoperative and/or Postoperative Pain Medication

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	nausea	vomiting	headache	pruritus	insomnia	drowsiness
IV Acetaminophen	2	0	5	2	5	17
IV Morphine	2	3	6	4	7	15

Intervention	milligrams (Mean)
	pre-labor group	1st stage of labor group
IV Acetaminophen	1600	1055
IV Morphine	6.4	2.3

To assess need for additional intraoperative and/or postoperative pain medication (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Patient Perception of Pain

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen	0
Placebo	0

To determine whether HC/APAP, given in addition to a standard regimen of ibuprofen, lorazepam, and PCB, affects patient pain perception at the time of uterine aspiration, as measured by distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). The number 0 indicates no pain, and 100 indicates worst pain imaginable. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: At time of uterine aspiration (baseline)

Patient Perception of Pain During Cervical Dilation

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen	65.7
Placebo	63.1

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm VAS scale (VAS anchors: 0 = none, 100 mm = worst imaginable) recorded after cervical dilation (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: During procedure (approximately 45-90 min after hydrocodone/acetaminophen or placebo, and within 5 minutes of procedure starting)

Postoperative Nausea

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen	47.2
Placebo	43.9

To assess whether HC/APAP is associated with nausea, measured on the 100 mm VAS, recorded 30 minutes postoperatively. VAS anchors: 0 indicates no pain, and 100 indicates worst pain imaginable. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Satisfaction With Pain Control

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen	19.4
Placebo	11.4

Distance (mm) from the left of the 100 mm VAS (VAS anchors: 0 = unsatisfied, 100 mm = very satisfied) recorded 30 minutes after completion of the procedure. (NCT01330459)
Timeframe: 30 minutes after completion of the procedure (which started 45-90 minutes after study drug administration)

Change in Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain) Score - Placebo Versus Routine Care

Intervention	mm (Mean)
Hydrocodone/Acetaminophen	74.8
Placebo	67.3

Measure effectiveness of placebo as an adjunct to ibuprofen and paracervical block for pain control during uterine aspiration by comparing the maximum pain score; as measured by VAS between women randomized to receive placebo adhesives and routine care controls - using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS-P) (anchors: 0 mm = no pain, 100 mm = worst pain in my life). (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: prior to the procedure (baseline), at the completion of the procedure (approximately 10 minutes later)

Percentage of Patients Rated Good or Very Good on Satisfaction Survey in Overall Care - Acupuncture Versus Routine Care

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Placebo Adhesives	70.0
Routine Care	71.0

Using a satisfaction survey (investigator-developed, 6 questions, each question is graded on a scale of 1-5, 1 being very poor and 5 being very good) to measure effectiveness of auricular acupuncture for improving satisfaction. (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: at the completion of the procedure (approximately 5-10 minutes)

Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain) Score - Acupuncture Versus Routine Care

Measure effectiveness of auricular acupuncture as an adjunct to ibuprofen and paracervical block for pain control during first trimester uterine aspiration by comparing the maximum pain score; as measured by VAS between women randomized to receive auricular acupuncture and routine care controls - using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS-P) (anchors: 0 mm = no pain, 100 mm = worst pain in my life). The VAS has no sub-scales. (NCT03391986)
Timeframe: at the completion of the procedure (approximately 10 minutes later)

T½

"T½ = time from baseline to the time the cross-sectional surface area (CSA) of the gastric antrum, measured using realtime ultrasound, returned to half the maximal value (CSA½max ). CSA ½ max calculated as below:~CSA½max = CSAmax - [(CSAmax - CSAbaseline)/2]" (NCT01809938)
Timeframe: Measurments taken every 10 minutes for 1 hour and then 30 minute intervals until 150 minutes had elapsed. Each participant spent approximately 3 hours for each arm of the trial separated by no less than 24 hours.

Tmax

tmax = the time taken to reach peak paracetamol concentration. The blood samples were analysed for the level of paracetamol, from which the time taken to reach peak paracetamol concentration was subsequently calculated. Blood samples were taken at the same time points as the ultrasound measurements. (NCT01809938)
Timeframe: Blood samples taken every 10 minutes for 1 hour and then 30 minute intervals until 150 minutes had elapsed. Each participant spent approximately 3 hours for each arm of the trial separated by no less than 24 hours

Fetal Outcome 1 - Incidence of Early Preterm Delivery (<34 Weeks)

Fetal Outcome 2 - Incidence of Actual Birth Weight <2500g

Fetal Outcome 3 - Incidence of Actual Birth Weight <1500g

Fetal Outcome 4 - Incidence of Fetal Loss

Fetal Outcome 5 - Incidence of Spontaneous Abortion

Fetal Outcome 6 - Incidence of All Stillbirth

Fetal Outcome 7 - Incidence of Medical Termination of Pregnancy

- Incidence of Medical Termination of Pregnancy (NCT02409680)
Timeframe: At delivery

Incidence of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

- Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy is defined by the characterization of evidence of a hypertensive disorder, including either preeclampsia or eclampsia occurring during the pregnancy. (NCT02409680)
Timeframe: Evidence of hypertensive disorder during the pregnancy (prior to delivery/birth)

Incidence of Perinatal Mortality

- Incidence of Perinatal Mortality (NCT02409680)
Timeframe: At delivery or at Day 42 after delivery

Incidence of Preterm Birth

The primary outcome of this study is incidence of preterm birth, which will be defined as delivery at or after 20 0/7 weeks and prior to 37 0/7 weeks. This will be determined based on actual date of delivery in comparison to the projected estimated due date (EDD), independent of whether or not the preterm delivery is indicated or spontaneous. (NCT02409680)
Timeframe: At delivery

Incidence of Small for Gestational Age (SGA)

- Small for gestational age (SGA) as defined by the INTERGROWTH-21st standard (NCT02409680)
Timeframe: At delivery or at Day 42 after delivery

Maternal Outcome 1 - Incidence of Vaginal Bleeding

- Vaginal bleeding (NCT02409680)
Timeframe: At delivery or at Day 42 after delivery

Maternal Outcome 2 - Incidence of Antepartum Hemorrhage

- Antepartum hemorrhage (NCT02409680)
Timeframe: At delivery or at Day 42 after delivery

Maternal Outcome 3 - Incidence of Postpartum Hemorrhage

- Postpartum hemorrhage (NCT02409680)
Timeframe: At delivery or at Day 42 after delivery

Maternal Outcome 4 - Incidence of Maternal Mortality

- Incidence of Maternal Mortality (NCT02409680)
Timeframe: At delivery or at Day 42 after delivery

Maternal Outcome 5 - Incidence of Late Abortion

- Incidence of Late Abortion (NCT02409680)
Timeframe: At delivery or at Day 42 after delivery

Maternal Outcome 6 - Change in Maternal Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin < 7.0 gm/dl at 26-30 weeks gestation or a drop of 3.5+ gm/dl from screening to 26-30 weeks gestation (NCT02409680)
Timeframe: At enrollment, 4 weeks post enrollment, and 26-30 weeks GA.

Maternal Outcome 7 - Incidence of Preterm, Preeclampsia

Early preterm delivery (<34 weeks) and hypertensive disorders (i.e.: preeclampsia) (NCT02409680)
Timeframe: At delivery or at Day 42 after delivery

Difference of Pain Scores on the Visual Analog Scale

"The primary outcome measure was the change in patients assessment of pain after cesarean (CS) from baseline.~For pain assessment a visual analog scale (VAS) was used. Women were asked to quantify pain using an eleven point numerical rating score from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating no pain, and 10 the worst pain.~Single value were calculated (averaged)." (NCT01115101)
Timeframe: Pain level was evaluated before therapy (2h after CS), 12h, 24h, 32h, 40h, 48 and 72h after CS.

Mean Pain Scores Via Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11)

"Marginal mean pain scores via Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11) over 24 hours. The scale is from 0 to 10, where 0 represents no pain and 10 represents the worst pain possible." (NCT03480009)
Timeframe: Marginal mean pain scores over 24 hours

Worst Pain Measurement Via Numeric Rating Scale (NRS-11)

"Self-reported pain measurement via text-messaging system during first 24 hours after misoprostol administration. The scale is from 0 to 10, where 0 represents no pain and 10 represents the worst pain possible." (NCT03480009)
Timeframe: Over 24 hours starting from misoprostol administration

Analgesic Usage During Medication Abortion

Analgesic usage by study arm for women who received dextromethorphan vs. placebo as adjunct to routine pain management during medication abortion; missing data are for participants who did not take the specified pain medication. (NCT03480009)
Timeframe: Over 24 hours

Analgesic Usage During Medication Abortion

Wound Hyperalgesia Index (WHA) Assessed 48 Hrs After Block Placement in the Different Groups

Determine which of three different TAP formulations (Placebo, TAP, Clo-TAP) has the most beneficial effect on the postoperative area of hyperalgesia 48hrs after the start of the cesarean section. The smaller the area of WHA, assessed in cm2, the better the outcome. Area sizes may range from 0 to any size. (NCT01015807)
Timeframe: 48hrs after CS

Average Pain Scores

Post- operative VAS pain scores (range of 0-10. 0 being no pain and 10 being worst pain) will be recorded at 1,12, 24, 36,48 and 60 hours. The values at each time points were combined and averaged. (NCT02475031)
Timeframe: up to 60 hours

Nausea Scores at 48 Hours

Post-operative nausea scores will be recorded at 48 hours. Range of nausea score is 0-3. 0= None, 1=Mild, 2=Moderate, 3=Severe. (NCT02475031)
Timeframe: up to 48 hours

Secondary Endpoints Measured Will be Total Narcotic Usage at 60 Hours

All narcotic usage will be recorded at 1,12,24,36,48, and 60 hours. All narcotics will be converted to morphine equivalent for statistical calculation. These values reflect the total amount of narcotic used after combining all the data collected from each time point. (NCT02475031)
Timeframe: up to 60 hours

Sedation Scores at 48 Hours

Post-operative sedation scores will be recorded at 48 hours. Range of score is 0-3. 0=Awake and Alert, 1=Quietly Awake, 2=Asleep and Arousable, 3=Deep sleep. (NCT02475031)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Total Narcotic Usage at 48 Hours

The primary endpoint of this study will be narcotic requirement at 48 hours (NCT02475031)
Timeframe: 48 hours

Morphine Equivalents 0-24 Hours (Mgs)

Total dose of morphine equivalents (IV equivalent of morphine) taken by the participant 0-24 hours after completion of the TAP block. (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: 24 hours

Morphine Equivalents 24-72 Hours (Mgs)

Total dose of morphine equivalents (IV equivalent of morphine) taken by the participant 24-72 hours after completion of the TAP block. (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: 24-72 hours

Morphine Equivalents Total (Mgs)

Total dose of morphine equivalents (IV equivalent of morphine) taken by the participant 0-72 hours after completion of the TAP block. (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Pain Burden at Rest

Pain burden at rest calculated as area under the pain score * time (hr) curve 0-72 hours. (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Pain Burden With Movement

Pain burden with movement calculated as area under the pain score * time (hr) curve 0-72 hours. (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Time to First PCA Request

The elapsed time in minutes of the first PCA (patient controlled analgesia) request in time (minutes) from the end of the TAP block. (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: Elapsed time in minutes

Pain Scores at Rest

Pain scores at rest ( 0 low 10 high) using an 11 point VRS (verbal pain scale) at the following hour time points, at the first request for patient controlled analgesia (PCA) then at 2,6,24,and 74 hours after the first request for PCA (patient controlled analgesia). (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: Request for first patient controlled analgesia then at 2,6,24,72 hours after initial PCA request

Pain Scores With Movement

Pain scores with movement ( 0 low 10 high) using an 11 point VRS (verbal pain scale) at the first request for patient controlled analgesia (PCA) then at 2,6,24,and 74 hours after the first request for PCA (patient controlled analgesia). (NCT01170702)
Timeframe: First PCA request then at 2,6,24,72 hours after first PCA request.

Change in Ammonia

To evaluate the effect of OCR-002 on ammonia levels in patients with acute liver failure/severe acute liver injury (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: Baseline and 72 Hours

Measurement of OCR-002 Plasma Concentration

To evaluate the steady state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of OCR-002 in patients with impaired and intact renal function using urinary phenylacetylglutamine (PAGN) as a surrogate marker (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 24 Hours after last infusion

Neurological Function Measured by the Orientation Log (O-log)

The orientation log focuses on orientation to place, time, and circumstance. There are 10 items on the orientation log, which are scored 0-3. A spontaneous correct response is awarded 3 points. A spontaneous response that is lacking or incorrect, but a correct response is provided following a logical cue is awarded 2 points. A score of 1 is given if spontaneous and cued responses are lacking or incorrect, but a correct response is provided in a recognition format. A score of 0 is given if the spontaneous, cued, or recognition format does not generate a correct answer. Scores from the 10 items are summed and the final score ranges from 0 to 30. (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 30 Days

Neurological Function Measured by the West Haven Criteria (WHC) for Hepatic Encephalopathy

The West Haven Criteria (WHC) for Hepatic Encephalopathy measures the severity of encephalopathy and patient's level of consciousness. The scale ranges from 0 to 4; a minimum score of 0 represents a better outcome, and a maximum total score of 4 represents a worse outcome. A score of 0 corresponds to normal consciousness and behavior and normal neurological examination. A score of 1 corresponds to mild lack of awareness, shortened attention span, and impaired addition or subtraction; mild asterixis or tremor. A score of 2 corresponds to lethargy, disorientated or inappropriate behavior, obvious asterixis; slurred speech. A score of 3 corresponds to somnolent but arousable, gross disorientation or bizarre behavior, muscle rigidity and clonus; hyperreflexia. A score of 4 corresponds to coma and decerebrate posturing. (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 120 hours from start of infusion

Number of Participants That do Not Tolerate the Administered Dose and Had Grade 3 or 4 Treatment Emergent Adverse Events as a Measure of Safety and Tolerability

To evaluate the safety and tolerability of OCR-002 in patients with acute liver failure/severe acute liver injury (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 30 Days

Dose of IT Morphine and IT Hydromorphone for Adequate Analgesia (Pain Score Less Than or Equal to 3) in 90% of Patients

Each patient will be interviewed by a member of the study team 12 hours after receiving their spinal anesthetic (which will include either hydromorphone or morphine). Patients will be asked to rate their current level of pain on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). A pain score <4 will be considered a success. The up-down sequential allocation method will be used to determine the dose (mcg) of IT hydromorphone and IT morphine for subsequent patients (NCT02009722)
Timeframe: 12 hours after administration of spinal anesthesia

Nausea

Patients will be evaluated by a member of the study team at 12 hours after spinal administration. The number of patients with moderate or severe nausea will be recorded. (NCT02009722)
Timeframe: 12 hours after spinal

Nausea

Patients will be evaluated by a member of the study team at 24 hours after spinal administration. The number of patients with moderate or severe nausea will be recorded. (NCT02009722)
Timeframe: 24 hours after spinal

Pruritus

Patients will be evaluated by a member of the study team at 12 hours after spinal administration. The number of patients with moderate or severe pruritus will be recorded. (NCT02009722)
Timeframe: 12 hours after spinal

Pruritus

Patients will be evaluated by a member of the study team at 24 hours after spinal administration. The number of patients with moderate or severe pruritus will be recorded. (NCT02009722)
Timeframe: 24 hours after spinal

Side Effects: Nausea

Patients will be evaluated by a member of the study team at 6 hours after spinal administration. Patients with moderate or severe nausea will be recorded. (NCT02009722)
Timeframe: 6 hours after spinal

Side Effects: Pruritus

Patients will be evaluated by a member of the study team at 6 hours after spinal administration. The number of patients with moderate or severe pruritus will be recorded. (NCT02009722)
Timeframe: 6 hours after spinal administration

Side Effects: Sedation

Patients will be evaluated by a member of the study team at 6, 12, and 24 hours after spinal administration. The presence of sedation will be graded by the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale. Patients with a score of (-)2 or lower on the Richmond were classified as being positive for sedation. (NCT02009722)
Timeframe: 6, 12, and 24 hours after spinal administration

Treatment for Nausea

number of patients needing medication treatment for nausea in first 24 hours (NCT02009722)
Timeframe: First 24 hours

Treatment for Pruritus

The number of patients needing medical treatment for pruritus in first 24 hours after surgery (NCT02009722)
Timeframe: First 24 hours after spinal

Intervention	score on a scale (NRS-11) (Mean)
Dextromethorphan, Opted for Narcotic Prescription	2.93
Placebo, Opted for Narcotic Prescription	2.96
Dextromethorphan, Declined Narcotic Prescription	2.70
Placebo, Declined Narcotic Prescription	2.41

Intervention	mg (Median)
	ibuprofen	9acetaminophen
Dextromethorphan, Declined Narcotic Prescription	800	800

Intervention	mg (Median)
	ibuprofen	9acetaminophen	oxycodone
Dextromethorphan, Opted for Narcotic Prescription	800	1000	10
Placebo, Declined Narcotic Prescription	1000	975	15
Placebo, Opted for Narcotic Prescription	600	1300	15

Intervention	units on a scale (Median)
	At first PCA request	2 hous after first PCA request	6 hours after first PCA request	24 hours after first PCA request	72 hours after first PCA reqest
Group 1	3	3	3	2	1
Group 2	3	1	2	1	.5
Group 3	2	0	2	1	1
Group 4	2	2	2	3	1

Intervention	Percent Change (Mean)
Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h	41.2
Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h	16.6
Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h	41.8
Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h	38.4

Intervention	micrograms per millileter (Mean)
Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h	65.6
Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h	32.2
Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h	33.4
Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h	104.9

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h	23.8
Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h	24.0
Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h	24.0
Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h	24.0