acetaminophen has been researched along with Brain Edema in 43 studies
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.
paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.
Brain Edema: Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| " While dosing errors are common, in most cases, overdoses produce minimal clinical effects." | 5.37 | Massive acetylcysteine overdose associated with cerebral edema and seizures. ( Heard, K; Schaeffer, TH, 2011) |
| "We describe a 36 year old patient with ALF and brain edema from acetaminophen overdose who had an EVD placed for ICP monitoring and management." | 3.77 | Emergent, controlled lumbar drainage for intracranial pressure monitoring during orthotopic liver transplantation. ( Arasi, L; Bacani, CJ; Canabal, JC; Di Trapani, RA; Freeman, WD; Shine, T; Willingham, DL, 2011) |
| "In patients with FHF and cerebral edema from acetaminophen overdose, prolonged therapeutic hypothermia could potentially be used as a life saving therapy and a bridge to hepatic and neurological recovery." | 3.75 | Prolonged hypothermia as a bridge to recovery for cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension associated with fulminant hepatic failure. ( Jacob, S; Jacobs, ER; Kandiah, P; Khan, A; Nanchal, R, 2009) |
| " Prehepatic portal hypertension (group II), acetaminophen intoxication (group III) and both (group IV) had changes in the blood brain-barrier integrity (trypan blue) and hyperammonemia." | 3.72 | Hyperammonemia, brain edema and blood-brain barrier alterations in prehepatic portal hypertensive rats and paracetamol intoxication. ( Castro, JL; Eizayaga, FX; Fernández, MA; Lemberg, A; Perazzo, JC; Prestifilippo, JP; Romay, S; Scorticati, C, 2004) |
| " As the two patients had developed hepatic encephalopathy they were treated with mannitol to reduce intra-cerebral oedema." | 3.72 | Renal transplants from non-heart beating paracetamol overdose donors. ( Bhatti, A; Gok, MA; Gupta, A; Olschewski, P; Robertson, H; Shenton, BK; Soomro, N; Talbot, D, 2004) |
| " Fever always occurred before their admission and aspirin (n = 12) or acetaminophen (n = 7) was prescribed." | 3.71 | [Severe Reye syndrome: report of 14 cases managed in a pediatric intensive care unit over 11 years]. ( Brivet, M; Chevret, L; Debray, D; Devictor, D; Durand, P; Fabre, M; Thabet, F, 2002) |
| "Cerebral edema is a cardinal feature and may produce uncal herniation, yielding brain stem compression and death." | 2.48 | Acute liver failure. ( Lee, WM, 2012) |
| "Acetaminophen is a common cause of acute liver failure in pediatrics." | 1.48 | A case report of full recovery from severe cerebral edema secondary to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in a 13 year old girl. ( Austin, EB; Crouse, BA; Hobbs, H; Lobos, AT, 2018) |
| "Cerebral edema is a major cause of death during acute liver failure (ALF), but the exact mechanism of this condition is still not entirely clear." | 1.37 | Tumor necrosis factor-α affects blood-brain barrier permeability in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. ( Fu, J; Li, C; Liu, P; Lv, S; Wang, W; Zhou, Y, 2011) |
| " While dosing errors are common, in most cases, overdoses produce minimal clinical effects." | 1.37 | Massive acetylcysteine overdose associated with cerebral edema and seizures. ( Heard, K; Schaeffer, TH, 2011) |
| "However, brain swelling and marked clinical and EEG suppression are potentially reversible, even though the same findings are associated with a very poor neurological outcome in anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy." | 1.36 | Recovery of awareness after hyperacute hepatic encephalopathy with "flat" EEG, severe brain edema and deep coma. ( Hunter, GR; Young, GB, 2010) |
| "Fulminant hepatic encephalopathy has a high mortality." | 1.33 | Microdialysis in the management of hepatic encephalopathy. ( Al-Rawi, PG; Czosnyka, M; Gimson, A; Hutchinson, PJ; Menon, DK; O'Connell, MT, 2006) |
| "Cerebral edema is a serious complication of the encephalopathy in fulminant hepatic failure." | 1.28 | Electron microscopic study of brain capillaries in cerebral edema from fulminant hepatic failure. ( Hughes, RD; Kato, M; Keays, RT; Williams, R, 1992) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 8 (18.60) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 10 (23.26) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 13 (30.23) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 12 (27.91) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Austin, EB | 1 |
| Hobbs, H | 1 |
| Crouse, BA | 1 |
| Lobos, AT | 1 |
| Rama Rao, KV | 1 |
| Verkman, AS | 1 |
| Curtis, KM | 1 |
| Norenberg, MD | 1 |
| Karvellas, CJ | 1 |
| Todd Stravitz, R | 1 |
| Battenhouse, H | 1 |
| Lee, WM | 2 |
| Schilsky, ML | 1 |
| Carson, HJ | 1 |
| Eilers, SG | 1 |
| Fridman, V | 1 |
| Galetta, SL | 1 |
| Pruitt, AA | 1 |
| Levine, JM | 1 |
| Jacob, S | 1 |
| Khan, A | 1 |
| Jacobs, ER | 1 |
| Kandiah, P | 1 |
| Nanchal, R | 1 |
| Bémeur, C | 1 |
| Vaquero, J | 1 |
| Desjardins, P | 1 |
| Butterworth, RF | 2 |
| Hunter, GR | 1 |
| Young, GB | 1 |
| Ford, RM | 1 |
| Sakaria, SS | 1 |
| Subramanian, RM | 1 |
| Bacani, CJ | 1 |
| Freeman, WD | 1 |
| Di Trapani, RA | 1 |
| Canabal, JC | 1 |
| Arasi, L | 1 |
| Shine, T | 1 |
| Willingham, DL | 1 |
| Wang, W | 1 |
| Lv, S | 1 |
| Zhou, Y | 1 |
| Fu, J | 1 |
| Li, C | 1 |
| Liu, P | 1 |
| Kuo, JR | 1 |
| Lo, CJ | 1 |
| Wang, CC | 1 |
| Lu, CL | 1 |
| Lin, SC | 1 |
| Chen, CF | 1 |
| Heard, K | 1 |
| Schaeffer, TH | 1 |
| McGuire, BM | 1 |
| McCormick, PA | 1 |
| Treanor, D | 1 |
| McCormack, G | 1 |
| Farrell, M | 1 |
| Scorticati, C | 1 |
| Prestifilippo, JP | 1 |
| Eizayaga, FX | 1 |
| Castro, JL | 1 |
| Romay, S | 1 |
| Fernández, MA | 1 |
| Lemberg, A | 1 |
| Perazzo, JC | 1 |
| Gok, MA | 1 |
| Gupta, A | 1 |
| Olschewski, P | 1 |
| Bhatti, A | 1 |
| Shenton, BK | 1 |
| Robertson, H | 1 |
| Soomro, N | 1 |
| Talbot, D | 1 |
| Ganesalam, K | 1 |
| Larsen, FS | 2 |
| Hutchinson, PJ | 1 |
| Gimson, A | 1 |
| Al-Rawi, PG | 1 |
| O'Connell, MT | 1 |
| Czosnyka, M | 1 |
| Menon, DK | 1 |
| Hofmeijer, J | 1 |
| Amelink, GJ | 1 |
| den Hertog, HM | 1 |
| Algra, A | 1 |
| Kappelle, LJ | 1 |
| van der Worp, HB | 1 |
| Levine, S | 1 |
| Casner, N | 1 |
| Compitello, R | 1 |
| Saad, AM | 1 |
| Plakogiannis, FM | 1 |
| Sutherland, LR | 1 |
| Muller, P | 1 |
| Lewis, DR | 1 |
| Makin, AJ | 1 |
| Wendon, J | 2 |
| Williams, R | 7 |
| Ambühl, PM | 1 |
| Ballmer, PE | 1 |
| Krähenbühl, S | 1 |
| Wendon, JA | 1 |
| Harrison, PM | 1 |
| Keays, R | 1 |
| Schiødt, FV | 1 |
| Clemmesen, JO | 1 |
| Hansen, BA | 1 |
| Braunfeld, MY | 1 |
| Bernal, W | 1 |
| Nyberg, SL | 1 |
| Pfeifer, EA | 1 |
| Thabet, F | 1 |
| Durand, P | 1 |
| Chevret, L | 1 |
| Fabre, M | 1 |
| Debray, D | 1 |
| Brivet, M | 1 |
| Devictor, D | 1 |
| Gazzard, BG | 1 |
| Portmann, B | 1 |
| Murray-Lyon, IM | 1 |
| Kato, M | 1 |
| Hughes, RD | 1 |
| Keays, RT | 1 |
| Bray, GP | 1 |
| Mowat, C | 1 |
| Muir, DF | 1 |
| Tredger, JM | 1 |
| Davenport, A | 3 |
| Will, EJ | 3 |
| Davison, AM | 2 |
| Losowsky, MS | 1 |
| Fagan, E | 1 |
| Forbes, A | 1 |
| Maclean, D | 1 |
| Peters, TJ | 1 |
| Brown, RA | 1 |
| McCathie, M | 1 |
| Baines, GF | 1 |
| Robertson, PG | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Multi-Center Trial to Study Acute Liver Failure in Adults[NCT00518440] | 3,488 participants (Actual) | Observational | 1998-01-31 | Completed | |||
| A Phase 2a Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of OCR-002 (Ornithine Phenylacetate) in the Treatment of Patients With Acute Liver Failure/Severe Acute Liver Injury[NCT01548690] | Phase 2 | 47 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-06-30 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
To evaluate the effect of OCR-002 on ammonia levels in patients with acute liver failure/severe acute liver injury (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: Baseline and 72 Hours
| Intervention | Percent Change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h | 41.2 |
| Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h | 16.6 |
| Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h | 41.8 |
| Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h | 38.4 |
To evaluate the steady state pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of OCR-002 in patients with impaired and intact renal function using urinary phenylacetylglutamine (PAGN) as a surrogate marker (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 24 Hours after last infusion
| Intervention | micrograms per millileter (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h | 65.6 |
| Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h | 32.2 |
| Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h | 33.4 |
| Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h | 104.9 |
The orientation log focuses on orientation to place, time, and circumstance. There are 10 items on the orientation log, which are scored 0-3. A spontaneous correct response is awarded 3 points. A spontaneous response that is lacking or incorrect, but a correct response is provided following a logical cue is awarded 2 points. A score of 1 is given if spontaneous and cued responses are lacking or incorrect, but a correct response is provided in a recognition format. A score of 0 is given if the spontaneous, cued, or recognition format does not generate a correct answer. Scores from the 10 items are summed and the final score ranges from 0 to 30. (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 30 Days
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h | 23.8 |
| Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h | 24.0 |
| Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h | 24.0 |
| Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h | 24.0 |
The West Haven Criteria (WHC) for Hepatic Encephalopathy measures the severity of encephalopathy and patient's level of consciousness. The scale ranges from 0 to 4; a minimum score of 0 represents a better outcome, and a maximum total score of 4 represents a worse outcome. A score of 0 corresponds to normal consciousness and behavior and normal neurological examination. A score of 1 corresponds to mild lack of awareness, shortened attention span, and impaired addition or subtraction; mild asterixis or tremor. A score of 2 corresponds to lethargy, disorientated or inappropriate behavior, obvious asterixis; slurred speech. A score of 3 corresponds to somnolent but arousable, gross disorientation or bizarre behavior, muscle rigidity and clonus; hyperreflexia. A score of 4 corresponds to coma and decerebrate posturing. (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 120 hours from start of infusion
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h | 2.4 |
| Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h | 3.2 |
| Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h | 1.6 |
| Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h | 1.8 |
To evaluate the safety and tolerability of OCR-002 in patients with acute liver failure/severe acute liver injury (NCT01548690)
Timeframe: 30 Days
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Maximum Dose Level 3.33 g/24h | 0 |
| Maximum Dose Level 6.65 g/24h | 0 |
| Maximum Dose Level 10 g/24h | 0 |
| Maximum Dose Level 20g/24h | 0 |
7 reviews available for acetaminophen and Brain Edema
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Critical care management of patients before liver transplantation.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcysteine; Brain Edema; Drug Overdose; End Stage Liver Disease; Hepatopulmonary | 2010 |
Hepatic encephalopathy: a central neuroinflammatory disorder?
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcysteine; Animals; Brain Edema; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Hypothermia, In | 2011 |
Acute liver failure.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Brain Edema; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Liver Failure, Acute; Liver Transplantat | 2012 |
The critically ill liver patient: fulminant hepatic failure.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcysteine; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Brain Edema; Critical Illness; Diagnosis, D | 2003 |
Acute liver failure--current approach to treatment.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Brain Edema; Critical Care; Humans; Intracranial Pressure; Liver Failure, Acute; Live | 2005 |
[Fulminant hepatitis: pathogenesis, clinical aspects and management].
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Brain Edema; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Hemorrhage; Hepatic Encep | 1994 |
Acute liver failure; clinical features and management.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Brain Edema; Diuretics, Osmotic; Hepatitis, Viral, Human; Humans; Liver Failure, Acut | 1999 |
2 trials available for acetaminophen and Brain Edema
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Appreciation of the informed consent procedure in a randomised trial of decompressive surgery for space occupying hemispheric infarction.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Aged; Brain Edema; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Infarction, Middle | 2007 |
Continuous vs. intermittent forms of haemofiltration and/or dialysis in the management of acute renal failure in patients with defective cerebral autoregulation at risk of cerebral oedema.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Brain Edema; Female; Hemodynamics; Hemofiltration; Hepati | 1991 |
34 other studies available for acetaminophen and Brain Edema
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
A case report of full recovery from severe cerebral edema secondary to acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in a 13 year old girl.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adolescent; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Brain; Brain Edema; Critical Care; Drug Overdos | 2018 |
Aquaporin-4 deletion in mice reduces encephalopathy and brain edema in experimental acute liver failure.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Aquaporin 4; Brain Diseases; Brain Edema; Disease Mode | 2014 |
Therapeutic hypothermia in acute liver failure: a multicenter retrospective cohort analysis.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Brain Edema; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; | 2015 |
Death from undiagnosed glioblastoma multiforme and toxic self-medication presenting with concurrent dysfunctional behavior.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Analgesics, Opioid; Brain Edema; Brain Neoplasms; Dextropro | 2008 |
MRI findings associated with acute liver failure.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Brain; Brain Edema; Coma; Diphenhydramine; Hepatic E | 2009 |
Prolonged hypothermia as a bridge to recovery for cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension associated with fulminant hepatic failure.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Brain; Brain Edema; Female; Humans; Hypothermia; Hypothermia, Induced; Intracr | 2009 |
N-acetylcysteine attenuates cerebral complications of non-acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in mice: antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcysteine; Animals; Antioxidants; Azoxymethane; Brain Edema; Carcinogens; Cytoki | 2010 |
Recovery of awareness after hyperacute hepatic encephalopathy with "flat" EEG, severe brain edema and deep coma.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Awareness; Brain Edema; Electroencephalography; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Hepati | 2010 |
Emergent, controlled lumbar drainage for intracranial pressure monitoring during orthotopic liver transplantation.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Brain Edema; Drainage; Drug Overdose; Female; Follow | 2011 |
Tumor necrosis factor-α affects blood-brain barrier permeability in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Blood-Brain Barrier; Bra | 2011 |
Measuring brain temperature while maintaining brain normothermia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Body Temperatur | 2011 |
Massive acetylcysteine overdose associated with cerebral edema and seizures.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcysteine; Adult; Brain Edema; Drug Overdose; Female; Humans; Medication Errors; | 2011 |
Early death from paracetamol (acetaminophen) induced fulminant hepatic failure without cerebral oedema.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Brain Edema; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death | 2003 |
Hyperammonemia, brain edema and blood-brain barrier alterations in prehepatic portal hypertensive rats and paracetamol intoxication.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Edema | 2004 |
Renal transplants from non-heart beating paracetamol overdose donors.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Brain Edema; Cryopreservation; Diuretics, Osmotic; D | 2004 |
Is it worthwhile to use cerebral microdialysis in patients with acute liver failure?
Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Blood Glucose; Bra | 2006 |
Microdialysis in the management of hepatic encephalopathy.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Blood Glucose; Brain; Brain Edema; Critical Care; Dextropro | 2006 |
Reduction of inflammatory brain edema by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Benzoxazoles; Brain; Brain Edema; Copper; Dexameth | 1981 |
Massive cerebral edema associated with fulminant hepatic failure in acetaminophen overdose: possible role of cranial decompression.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adolescent; Brain Edema; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Female; Humans; Live | 1981 |
A 7-year experience of severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity (1987-1993).
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcysteine; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Brain Edema; Chi-S | 1995 |
Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in fulminant liver failure.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcysteine; Adult; Blood Flow Velocity; Brain; Brain Edema; Drug Overdose; Epopro | 1994 |
Cerebral edema due to hemodialysis in paracetamol-induced fulminant hepatic failure.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Brain Edema; Fatal Outcome; Female; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Humans; Male; Rena | 1995 |
Case presentation: fulminant hepatic failure.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Brain Death; Brain Edema; Female; Hepatic Encephalop | 1999 |
Cerebral edema with herniation during acetaminophen-induced fulminant hepatic failure.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Brain Edema; Drug Synergism; Encephalocele; Fatal Outc | 2000 |
[Severe Reye syndrome: report of 14 cases managed in a pediatric intensive care unit over 11 years].
Topics: Acetaminophen; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Brain Edema; Child; Child, Preschoo | 2002 |
Causes of death in fulminant hepatic failure and relationship to quantitative histological assessment of parenchymal damage.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Amanita; Autopsy; Brain Edema; Drug Hypersensit | 1975 |
Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 23--1977.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Arthritis, Juvenile; Aspirin; Brain Death; Brain Edema; Ch | 1977 |
Electron microscopic study of brain capillaries in cerebral edema from fulminant hepatic failure.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adolescent; Adult; Astrocytes; Basement Membrane; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Brain E | 1992 |
The effect of chronic alcohol intake on prognosis and outcome in paracetamol overdose.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acetylcysteine; Adult; Alcoholism; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Brain Edema; Chemical | 1991 |
Effect of posture on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in patients with fulminant hepatic and renal failure after acetaminophen self-poisoning.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Blood Pressure; Brain Edema; Cerebrovascular Circulation; | 1990 |
Rebound surges of intracranial pressure as a consequence of forced ultrafiltration used to control intracranial pressure in patients with severe hepatorenal failure.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Brain Edema; Drug Overdose; Female; Hemofiltration; Hepat | 1989 |
Toxic myocarditis in paracetamol poisoning.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Brain Edema; Humans; Myocarditis | 1988 |
Treatment of acute paracetamol poisoning.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Blood Protein Disorders; Brain Edema; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; | 1968 |
Hepatic encephalopathy.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Ammonia; Animals; Brain; Brain Edema; Diet Therapy; Dopamine; Female; Humans; Lactulo | 1973 |