8-11-14-eicosatrienoic-acid and Diabetic-Cardiomyopathies

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Among many potential targets for pharmacological intervention, a promising strategy involves epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) and soluble epoxide hydroxylase (sEH) inhibition. sEH is the enzyme that converts EET to its less potent metabolite; therefore, EET is upregulated by its inhibitor. EET has pleotropic effects that collectively reduce inflammation, while increasing vasodilation and insulin sensitivity. Recent reports indicate that EET agonists and sEH inhibitors are capable of not only reversing endothelial dysfunction and hypertension, but also of reversing cardiac remodeling, which is a hallmark of cardiomyopathy and the metabolic syndrome. EET agonists and sEH inhibitors are in development as potential therapies, and at least one drug is already in clinical trials. This review examines the activity of EET in biological systems, proposes a series of pathways to explain its mechanism of action, and discusses how these might be exploited for potential therapeutic use.

Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetic Cardiomyopathies; Drug Design; Endothelium, Vascular; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epoxide Hydrolases; Humans; Myocardial Ischemia; Vasodilator Agents

Cardiac hypertrophy is a key structural change in diabetic cardiomyopathy, which mechanism is unknown. 14,15-Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-EET) generated from arachidonic acid by CYP2J2 has beneficial effects in metabolic syndrome, which also plays vital roles in inflammatory response. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and have three subtypes of α, β (or δ) and γ. Studies have found that 14,15-EET can perform various biological functions by activating PPARs, but its role in diabetic cardiac hypertrophy is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of 14,15-EET-PPARs signaling pathway in the development of diabetic cardiac hypertrophy. Diabetic cardiac hypertrophy was developed by high-fat diet feeding combined with streptozotocin (40 mg/kg/d for 5 days, i.p.) in mice and was induced by glucose at 25.5 mmol/L (high glucose, HG) in H9c2 cells. The decreased level of 14,15-EET and the down-regulated expression of PPARα, PPARβ and PPARγ were found following diabetic cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Similarly, both the level of 14,15-EET and the PPARs expression were also reduced in HG-induced hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. Supplementation with 14,15-EET improved the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and up-regulated PPARs expression, which were nullified by 14,15-EEZE, a 14,15-EET antagonist. Taken together, we conclude that the decreased 14,15-EET is involved in the development of diabetic cardiac hypertrophy through the down-regulation of PPARs.

Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Animals; Cardiomegaly; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Cardiomyopathies; Glucose; Mice; Myocytes, Cardiac; PPAR gamma