7-hydroxymethotrexate and Melanoma

Cell growth survival studies have revealed that 7-OH methotrexate is two orders of magnitude less cytotoxic to human melanoma and human acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) cells in vitro than methotrexate. The influence of 7-OH methotrexate on methotrexate toxicity was investigated by studying cell growth in the presence of methotrexate and its 7-OH metabolite and by studying [3H]-methotrexate movement across the plasma membrane of isolated human cells. Transport was followed for net entry of the drug into drug-free cells, net exit of drug into drug-free medium and for unidirectional exit fluxes with drug and/or metabolite in the extracellular medium (exchange exit). Results indicate that 7-OH methotrexate (10(-6) M) interacts with melanoma cells to reduce the initial cellular uptake rate of [3H]-methotrexate but that no such interaction occurs with ALL cells. Efflux measurements revealed that a stimulatory effect of extracellular methotrexate on [3H]-methotrexate exit was apparent and that extracellular 7-OH methotrexate had a less stimulatory effect. Overall, loss of intracellular drug was greater from melanoma cells than from ALL cells. The results suggest that the drug resistance encountered following high dose therapy may be due to reduced cellular uptake and/or increased efflux of methotrexate from cells, both events being enhanced by 7-OH methotrexate. In addition, there is an apparently endogenous resistance of the melanomas to methotrexate as regards time of exposure to this agent which could also contribute to the lack of clinical response when compared to ALL.

Topics: Acute Disease; Cell Division; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Humans; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Melanoma; Methotrexate; Time Factors

Methotrexate (MTX) shows consistent cytotoxicity for melanoma cells in vitro but it is ineffective in clinical use at equivalent concentrations in vivo. This apparent paradox has been investigated by cell culture techniques and results quantified by cell number. In an in vitro model of high dose MTX therapy followed by leucovorin rescue (HD-MTX-LCR) there was survival of both melanoma and choriocarcinoma cell lines but not of an acute lymphocytic leukaemia cell line. The 70H metabolite of MTX was identified by HPLC in plasma samples of melanoma patients treated by HD-MTX-LCR, in which MTX concentrations approximately 10(-5) M were maintained for 24 h. However, metabolism per se is unlikely to account for the lack of response to MTX clinically. In vitro 70H MTX (10(-7) - 10(-6) M) was two orders of magnitude less cytotoxic for melanoma than MTX (10(-9) - 10(-8) M). The cellular accumulation of [3H]-MTX, using a rapid gradient centrifuge technique for separation of melanoma cells from medium, was reduced in the presence of 70H-MTX. The results suggest that reduced cellular uptake of MTX combined with biochemical rescue of tumour cells may partially explain the paradoxical lack of clinical response of melanoma to the drug.

Topics: Animals; Cell Count; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Choriocarcinoma; Humans; Leucovorin; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Male; Melanoma; Methotrexate; Mice