5-hydroxymethylfurfural and Disease-Models--Animal

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is formed when sugars are heated in the presence of amino acids. HMF is naturally present in many foods. To investigate the toxic effects of HMF on the reproductive system of peripubertal rats.. In the study, 24 immature female Wistar rat were divided into three groups: control (CT) fed with no HMF; low dose fed with 750 mg/kg/day of HMF and high dose (HD) groups fed with 1500 mg/kg/day of HMF. All groups received these diets for three weeks from postnatal day (PND) 21. The vaginal opening (VO) was monitored daily and euthanasia occurred on PND 44. Gonadotropin, estradiol (E2), progesterone and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations were measured. Reproductive organ weights and ovarian follicle counts were compared.. The HD HMF group had earlier VO. Higher mean luteinising hormone (2.9±1.2 vs 1.3±0.3 mIU/mL) and mean E2 (34.7±8.8 vs 21.2±3.9 pg/mL) and lower mean AMH (2.7±0.5 vs 4.7±0.7 ng/mL) concentrations were found in the HD compared to the CT group. The HD group also had increased number of secondary atrophic follicles.. These results indicate that peripubertal exposure to HMF at HD result in precocious puberty and decreased AMH levels in female Wistar rats.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Mullerian Hormone; Diet; Disease Models, Animal; Estradiol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Furaldehyde; Luteinizing Hormone; Puberty, Precocious; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sexual Maturation

Ginseng (G) and Prepared Rehmannia Root (PRR) are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for blood supplementation. This study aimed to study G and PRR with different compatibility ratios changes in chemical composition and inhibition of cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression. HPLC was used to determine the chemical constituents of 13 ginsenosides, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and verbascoside in different proportions of G-PRR. Balb/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with cyclophosphamide (CTX) to induce bone marrow suppression. The effects of different proportions of G-PRR on peripheral blood, bone marrow nucleated cells, thymus and spleen index of myelosuppressed mice were analyzed. The results showed that the compatibility of G and PRR can promote the dissolution of ginsenosides, and the content of conventional ginsenosides decreased, and the content of rare ginsenosides increased. Different proportions of G-PRR increased the number of peripheral blood and bone marrow nucleated cells in cyclophosphamide-induced bone marrow suppression mice (p < 0.01), increased thymus index (p < 0.01), decreased spleen index (p < 0.01). Different proportions of G-PRR can improve the myelosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in mice, and the combined effect of G-PRR is better than the single decoction of G and PRR. Among them, G-PRR 2 : 3 and G-PRR 1 : 2 were better than the other groups. These results indicate that different proportion of G-PRR can improve bone marrow suppression, and the combined decoction of G-PRR is better than the separate Decoction in improving bone marrow suppression. This improvement may be related to the changes of the substance basis and active ingredients of G-PRR.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Bone Marrow; Cyclophosphamide; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Furaldehyde; Ginsenosides; Glucosides; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Molecular Structure; Panax; Phenols; Plant Roots; Rehmannia; Structure-Activity Relationship

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common pathogens associated with nosocomial infections and a great concern to immunocompromised individuals especially in the cases of cystic fibrosis, AIDS and burn wounds. The pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa is largely directed by the quorum sensing (QS) system. Hence, QS may be considered an important therapeutic target to combat P. aeruginosa infections. The anti-quorum sensing and anti-biofilm efficacy of aromatic aldehyde, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) against P. aeruginosa PAO1 were assessed. At the sub-inhibitory concentration, 5-HMF suppressed the production of QS-controlled virulence phenotypes and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. It was also able to significantly enhance the survival rate of C. elegans infected with P. aeruginosa. The in silico studies revealed that 5-HMF could serve as a competitive inhibitor for the auto-inducer molecules as it exhibited a strong affinity for the regulatory proteins of the QS-circuits i.e. LasR and RhlR. In addition, a significant down-regulation in the expression of QS-related genes was observed suggesting the ability of 5-HMF in mitigating the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Caenorhabditis elegans; Computer Simulation; Disease Models, Animal; Furaldehyde; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Docking Simulation; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Quorum Sensing; Survival Rate; Trans-Activators; Virulence; Virulence Factors

Although grape has been recently the topic of many investigations, Maviz (a kind of dried one) has remained neglected. The aim of this study was to assess anti-Alzheimer activity of Maviz.. To reach this goal, total phenolic content (TPC) of ethanolic (Eth) and aqueous (Aq) extracts were determined and radical scavenging activity was assayed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Chemical compositions of each extract were also determined via GC-Mass. Behavioral changes were studied via passive avoidance and Morris water maze in Aβ-induced model of Alzheimer's disease. Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) determination were also done on rats' hippocampus.. The results showed that seed Eth extract has a high level of TPC and radical scavenging activity. However, this extract had surprisingly no effect on memory and CAT and SOD activities. In contrast, fruit Aq and Eth extracts (containing furfurals as major compounds) inhibited memory impairment (P < 0.001) and elevated brain levels of CAT and SOD(P < 0.05).. It seems that Maviz non-phenolic compounds-most probably 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and other similar derivatives-are responsible for these actions.

Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Antioxidants; Avoidance Learning; Disease Models, Animal; Food, Preserved; Free Radical Scavengers; Fruit; Furaldehyde; Hippocampus; Iran; Male; Maze Learning; Memory; Phenols; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Seeds; Vitis

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a main effective compound of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. ethanol extract, which showed memory improvement activity against Alzheimer's disease in previous study. In order to identify a potential therapeutic agent, the neuroprotective effects of 5-HMF on impairment of cognition and memory function induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ 1-42 were investigated in vivo. The mice were treated with 5-HMF at dose of 15 μg/kg and 150 μg/kg (ICV) for five consecutive days after ICV-Aβ 1-42. The results showed that 5-HMF significantly ameliorated learning and memory impairment evaluated by the locomotor activity, Y-maze test, and Morris water maze test. Furthermore, 5-HMF significantly inhibited the β-secretase activity, decreased the content of Aβ 1-42 and malondialdehyde (MDA), and increased the antioxidative enzyme activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Results of hippocampus slices showed that neuronal were integrated and regularly arranged in the groups which were administered along with 5-HMF, indicating that 5-HMF could mitigate the degree of neuronal damage. The present study indicated that 5-HMF may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Topics: Alpinia; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Antioxidants; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Cognition Disorders; Disease Models, Animal; Furaldehyde; Male; Maze Learning; Mice, Inbred Strains; Motor Activity; Peptide Fragments; Plant Extracts

It was reported that the Maillard product 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) initiates and promotes aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rat colon. We studied whether 5-sulfooxymethylfurfural (SMF), an electrophilic and mutagenic metabolite of HMF, is able to induce ACF in two murine models.. In the first model, FVB/N mice received four intraperitoneal administrations of SMF (62.5 or 125 mg/kg) or azoxymethane (10 mg/kg). Animals were killed 4-40 weeks after the last treatment. A total of 1064 ACF and five adenocarcinomas were detected in the azoxymethane-treated groups (20 animals), but none in the negative control and SMF-treated groups (35 and 50 animals, respectively). In the second model, HMF was administered via drinking water to wild-type FVB/N mice and transgenic mice carrying several copies of human sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 and 1A2 genes. HMF SULT activity was clearly elevated in cytosolic fractions of colon mucosa, liver and kidney of transgenic animals compared to wild-type mice and humans. The animals (six per group) received 134 and 536 mg HMF/kg/day for 12 weeks. HMF did not induce any ACF either in wild-type or transgenic animals.. We found no evidence for an induction of ACF by HMF or its metabolite SMF in extensive studies in mice.

Topics: Aberrant Crypt Foci; Animals; Arylsulfotransferase; Azoxymethane; Colon; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Furaldehyde; Gene Expression Regulation; Intestinal Mucosa; Kidney; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mice, Transgenic

Acclimatization to hypoxia requires time to complete the adaptation mechanisms that influence oxygen (O(2)) transport and O(2) utilization. Although decreasing hemoglobin (Hb) O(2) affinity would favor the release of O(2) to the tissues, increasing Hb O(2) affinity would augment arterial O(2) saturation during hypoxia. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that pharmacologically increasing the Hb O(2) affinity will augment O(2) transport during severe hypoxia (10 and 5% inspired O(2)) compared with normal Hb O(2) affinity. RBC Hb O(2) affinity was increased by infusion of 20 mg/kg of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5HMF). Control animals received only the vehicle. The effects of increasing Hb O(2) affinity were studied in the hamster window chamber model, in terms of systemic and microvascular hemodynamics and partial pressures of O(2) (Po(2)). Pimonidazole binding to hypoxic areas of mice heart and brain was also studied. 5HMF decreased the Po(2) at which the Hb is 50% saturated with O(2) by 12.6 mmHg. During 10 and 5% O(2) hypoxia, 5HMF increased arterial blood O(2) saturation by 35 and 48% from the vehicle group, respectively. During 5% O(2) hypoxia, blood pressure and heart rate were 58 and 30% higher for 5HMF compared with the vehicle. In addition, 5HMF preserved microvascular blood flow, whereas blood flow decreased to 40% of baseline in the vehicle group. Consequently, perivascular Po(2) was three times higher in the 5HMF group compared with the control group at 5% O(2) hypoxia. 5HMF also reduced heart and brain hypoxic areas in mice. Therefore, increased Hb O(2) affinity resulted in hemodynamics and oxygenation benefits during severe hypoxia. This acute acclimatization process may have implications in survival during severe environmental hypoxia when logistic constraints prevent chronic acclimatization.

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Biological Transport; Brain; Capillaries; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Coronary Circulation; Cricetinae; Disease Models, Animal; Furaldehyde; Hemodynamics; Hemoglobins; Hypoxia; Immunohistochemistry; Infusions, Parenteral; Male; Mesocricetus; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microcirculation; Microscopy, Video; Myocardium; Oxygen; Partial Pressure; Regional Blood Flow; Skin; Time Factors