5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine-succinimidyl-ester and Hemolysis

Once amyloid β peptides (Aβs) of the Alzheimer's disease build up in blood circulation, they are capable of binding to red blood cell (RBC) and inducing hemolysis of RBC. The mechanisms of the interactions between RBC and Aβ are largely unknown; however, it is very important for the therapeutic target of Aβ-induced hemolysis. In the present study, we investigated whether Aβ1-42 interacts with caveolin-1-containing detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs) of RBC and whether the interaction could be modulated by dietary pre-administration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA pre-administration to rats inhibited hemolysis by Aβ1-42. This activity was accompanied by increased DHA levels and membrane fluidity and decreased cholesterol level, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species in the RBCs of the DHA-pretreated rats, suggesting that the antioxidative property of DHA may rescue RBCs from oxidative damage by Aβ1-42. The level of caveolin-1 was augmented in the DRMs of DHA-pretreated rats. Binding between Aβ1-42 and DRMs of RBC significantly increased in DHA-rats. When fluorescently labeled Aβ1-42 (TAMRA-Aβ1-42) was directly infused into the bloodstream, it again occupied the caveolin-1-containing DRMs of the RBCs from the DHA-rats to a greater extent, indicating that circulating Aβs interact with the caveolin-1-rich lipid rafts of DRMs and the interaction is stronger in the DHA-enriched RBCs. The levels of TAMRA-Aβ1-42 also increased in liver DRMs, whereas it decreased in plasma of DHA-pretreated rats. DHA might help clearance of circulating Aβs by increased lipid raft-dependent degradation pathways and implicate to therapies in Alzheimer's disease.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Caveolin 1; Cell Shape; Cholesterol; Detergents; Diet; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Liver; Male; Membrane Microdomains; Peptide Fragments; Rats, Wistar; Rhodamines; Solutions; Spectrometry, Fluorescence

Human red blood cells (RBCs) are emerging as a highly biocompatible microparticulate drug delivery system. So far, drugs have commonly been loaded into freshly isolated RBCs using rather disruptive methods based on hypotonic shock, and assessment of damage was restricted to hemolysis. Here, we investigated loading of RBCs from blood bank units with enzymes of various molecular weights using hypotonic dialysis (HD), pretreatment with chlorpromazine (CPZ) and fusion with liposomes. The latter two techniques have received little attention in RBC loading so far. Along with loading efficiency, all methods were tested for the induction of side effects. Very importantly, next to hemolysis, we also addressed morphological changes and phosphatidyl serine (PS) exposure, which has been recognized as a critical parameter associated with premature RBC removal and induction of transfusion-related pathologies. The efficiency of loading using hypotonic dialysis decreased with the molecular weight of the enzyme. For liposomes and chlorpromazine, loading efficiencies were higher and independent of enzyme molecular weights. While hypotonic dialysis always induced a high degree of hemolysis, irreversible modifications in the morphology of the cells and PS exposure, the side effects that were induced by loading using CPZ and liposomes were limited. In particular, PS exposure, although high immediately after treatment, returned to physiological levels after recovery. Retention and deformability studies using a spleen-mimicking device showed that RBCs treated with CPZ and liposomes behave like physiological RBCs, while HD led to very fragile and poorly deformable RBCs.

Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; beta-Galactosidase; Chlorpromazine; Dialysis; Drug Carriers; Erythrocytes; Fluorescent Dyes; Hemolysis; Horseradish Peroxidase; Humans; Hypotonic Solutions; Phosphatidylserines; Rhodamines; Xanthine Oxidase