4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and Metabolic-Diseases

4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is one of the quantitatively most important products of lipid peroxidation. Due to its high toxicity it is quickly metabolized, however, a small share of HNE avoids enzymatic detoxification and reacts with biomolecules including proteins. The formation of HNE-protein-adducts is one of the accompanying processes in oxidative stress or redox disbalance. The modification of proteins might occur at several amino acids side chains, leading to a variety of products and having effects on the protein function and fate. This review summarizes current knowledge on the formation of HNE-modified proteins, their fate in mammalian cells and their potential role as a damaging agents during oxidative stress. Furthermore, the potential of HNE-modified proteins as biomarkers for several diseases are highlighted.

Topics: Alcohol Dehydrogenase; Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; Aldehydes; Animals; Biomarkers; Glutathione Transferase; Heat-Shock Proteins; Humans; Hydrolysis; Lipid Peroxidation; Metabolic Diseases; Oxidative Stress; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Proteolysis