4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis

Oxidative stress is involved in various and numerous pathological states including several age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Peroxidation of the membrane lipid bilayer is one of the major sources of free radical-mediated injury that directly damages neurons causing increased membrane rigidity, decreased activity of membrane-bound enzymes, impairment of membrane receptors and altered membrane permeability and eventual cell death. Moreover, the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids leads to the formation of aldehydes, which can act as toxic by-products. One of the most abundant and cytotoxic lipid -derived aldehydes is 4-hydroxy 2-nonenal (HNE). HNE toxicity is mainly due to the alterations of cell functions by the formation of covalent adducts of HNE with proteins. A key marker of lipid peroxidation, HNE-protein adducts, were found to be elevated in brain tissues and body fluids of Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis subjects and/or models of the respective age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Although only a few proteins were identified as common targets of HNE modification across all these listed disorders, a high overlap of these proteins occurs concerning the alteration of common pathways, such as glucose metabolism or mitochondrial function that are known to contribute to cognitive decline. Within this context, despite the different etiological and pathological mechanisms that lead to the onset of different neurodegenerative diseases, the formation of HNE-protein adducts might represent the shared leit-motif, which aggravates brain damage contributing to disease specific clinical presentation and decline in cognitive performance observed in each case.

Topics: Aging; Aldehydes; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Apolipoproteins E; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Glucose; Humans; Huntington Disease; Lipid Peroxidation; Mitochondria; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Oxidative Stress; Parkinson Disease; Protein Processing, Post-Translational

Accurate patient stratification into prognostic categories and targeting Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)-associated pathways may pave the way for promising trials. We evaluated blood-based prognostic indicators using an array of pathological markers. Plasma samples were collected as part of a large, phase III clinical trial (Mitotarget/TRO19622) at months 1, 6, 12 and 18. The ALSFRS-r score was used as a proxy of disease progression to assess the predictive value of candidate biological indicators. First, established clinical predictors were evaluated in all 512 patients. Subsequently, pathologic markers, such as proxies of neuronal integrity (Neurofilament light chain and phosphorylated heavy chain), DNA oxidation (8-oxo-2'-desoxyguanosine), lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, isoprostane), inflammation (interleukin-6) and iron status (ferritin, hepcidin, transferrin) were assessed in a subset of 109 patients that represented the whole cohort. Markers of neuronal integrity, DNA and lipid oxidation, as well as iron status at baseline are accurate predictors of disability at 18-month follow-up. The composite scores of these markers in association with established clinical predictors enable the accurate forecasting of functional decline. The identified four biomarkers are all closely associated with 'ferroptosis', a recently discovered form of programmed cell death with promising therapeutic targets. The predictive potential of these pathophysiology-based indicators may offer superior patient stratification for future trials, individualised patient care and resource allocation.

Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Adult; Aldehydes; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Biomarkers; Disease Progression; Female; Ferritins; Ferroptosis; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Iron; Isoprostanes; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Middle Aged; Neurofilament Proteins; Neurons; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis

SK-PC-B70M, an oleanolic-glycoside saponins fraction extracted from the root of Pulsatilla koreana, carries active ingredient(s) that protects the cytotoxicity induced by Aβ(1-42) in SK-N-SH cells. It was recently demonstrated that SK-PC-B70M improved scopolamine-induced deficits of memory consolidation and spatial working memory in rats, and reduced Aβ levels and plaque deposition in the brains of the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer disease. In the present study, we investigated whether SK-PC-B70M produces helpful effects on the pathology of the G93A-SOD1 transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Administration of SK-PC-B70M (100 or 400 mg/kg/day) from 8 weeks to 16 weeks of age attenuated neurological deficits of G93A-SOD1 mice in several motor-function-related behavioral tests. SK-PC-B70M treatment significantly suppressed the accumulation of the by-products of lipid peroxidation, malonedialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), in the spinal cord of G93A-SOD1 mice. Moreover, histologic analysis stained with cresyl violet or anti-choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) revealed that SK-PC-B70M suppressed neuronal loss in the ventral horn of the spinal cords of G93A-SOD1 mice. These results suggest that SK-PC-B70M affords a beneficial effect on neurologic deficits of G93A-SOD1 ALS mice.

Topics: Aldehydes; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Animals; Anterior Horn Cells; Cell Survival; Choline O-Acetyltransferase; Disease Models, Animal; Lipid Peroxidation; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Motor Activity; Saponins; Spinal Cord; Superoxide Dismutase

Zinc dyshomeostasis may trigger oxidative stress, which is likely the key mechanism of neuronal death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including familial forms such as G93A SOD-1 ALS. Since zinc binding by G93A SOD-1 is weaker than by normal SOD-1, we assessed whether labile zinc levels are altered in the spinal cords of G93A SOD-1 transgenic (Tg) mice. Whereas no zinc-containing cells were found in wild-type (WT) mice, neurons and astrocytes with high levels of labile zinc appeared in G93A SOD-1 Tg mice, in correlation with motoneuron degeneration. The level of HNE, an endogenous neurotoxic molecule, was increased around zinc-accumulating cells and mSOD-1 positive cells, suggesting a link between HNE, SOD-1 mutation and zinc accumulation. Moreover, exposure of cultured spinal neurons and astrocytes from G93A SOD-1 Tg mice to HNE increased labile zinc levels, and exposure to zinc increased 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) levels, to a greater degree than in WT neurons and astrocytes. Administration of the zinc chelator TPEN extended survival in G93A SOD-1 Tg mice. These results indicate that zinc dyshomeostasis occurs in the spinal cords of Tg mice, and that this dyshomeostasis may contribute to motoneuron degeneration.

Topics: Aldehydes; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Animals; Astrocytes; Chelating Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Homeostasis; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Motor Neurons; Mutation; Nerve Degeneration; Oxidative Stress; Spinal Cord; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxide Dismutase-1; Survival Rate; Up-Regulation; Zinc

The causes of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) are unknown. A bulk of evidence supports the hypothesis that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction can be implicated in ALS pathogenesis. METHODS =: We assessed, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in plasma of 49 ALS patients and 8 controls, the amount of oxidized proteins (AOPP, advanced oxidation protein products), the total antioxidant capacity (FRA, the ferric reducing ability), and, in CSF, two oxidation products, the 4-hydroxynonenal and the sum of nitrites plus nitrates.. The FRA was decreased (p = 0.003) in CSF, and AOPP were increased in both CSF (p = 0.0039) and plasma (p = 0.001) of ALS patients. The content of AOPP was differently represented in CSF of ALS clinical subsets, resulting in increase in the common and pseudopolyneuropathic forms (p < 0.001) and nearly undetectable in the bulbar form, as in controls. The sum of nitrites plus nitrates and 4-hydroxynonenal were unchanged in ALS patients compared with controls.. Our results, while confirming the occurrence of oxidative stress in ALS, indicate how its effects can be stratified and therefore implicated differently in the pathogenesis of different clinical forms of ALS.

Topics: Aged; Aldehydes; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Analysis of Variance; Antioxidants; Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; Female; Humans; Iron-Sulfur Proteins; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrates; Nitrites; Oxidation-Reduction

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an age-related, fatal motor neuron degenerative disease occurring both sporadically (sALS) and heritably (fALS), with inherited cases accounting for approximately 10% of diagnoses. Although multiple mechanisms likely contribute to the pathogenesis of motor neuron injury in ALS, recent advances suggest that oxidative stress may play a significant role in the amplification, and possibly the initiation, of the disease. Lipid peroxidation is one of the several outcomes of oxidative stress. Since the central nervous system (CNS) is enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids, it is particularly vulnerable to membrane-associated oxidative stress. Peroxidation of cellular membrane lipids or circulating lipoprotein molecules generates highly reactive aldehydes, among which is 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). HNE levels are increased in spinal cord motor neurons of ALS patients, indicating that lipid peroxidation is associated with the motor neuron degeneration in ALS. In the present study, we used a parallel proteomic approach to identify HNE-modified proteins in the spinal cord tissue of a model of fALS, G93A-SOD1 transgenic mice, in comparison to the nontransgenic mice. We found three significantly HNE-modified proteins in the spinal cord of G93A-SOD1 transgenic mice: dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (DRP-2), heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70), and possibly alpha-enolase. These results support the role of oxidative stress as a major mechanism in the pathogenesis of ALS. Structural alteration and activity decline of functional proteins may consistently contribute to the neurodegeneration process in ALS.

Topics: Aldehydes; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Lipid Peroxidation; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Oxidative Stress; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Proteomics; Spinal Cord; Superoxide Dismutase

Markers of oxidative stress and immune activation are significantly elevated in postmortem ALS CNS tissue, although the relevance to pathogenesis is unclear.. To determine the degree and distribution of oxidative stress and immune activation in living ALS patients and whether these levels correlate with the rate of progression or extent of disease.. Serum and CSF samples from sporadic ALS (sALS) patients were assayed for 4-hydroxy-2,3-nonenal (HNE), a lipid peroxidation product, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1alpha (MCP-1alpha), a beta-chemokine, by high-performance liquid chromatography and ELISA and compared with levels measured in disease and normal control subjects by one-way analysis of variance. SALS serum levels were analyzed in relation to rate of progression, stage of disease, and drug therapy.. HNE levels were significantly elevated in the sera and spinal fluid of sALS patients compared with control populations and positively correlated with extent of disease but not rate of progression. MCP-1alpha levels were also elevated in the sera of sALS patients, with the exception of the neurodegenerative disease control subjects, but decreased with advancing disease. CSF MCP-1alpha levels were not different between the sampled populations. There was no correlation between serum HNE and MCP-1alpha levels in sALS patients and extent of disease. However, an inverse relationship between HNE and MCP-1alpha was demonstrable in vitro. Low levels of HNE stimulated release of MCP-1alpha from cultured human macrophages, whereas high levels inhibited release of MCP-1alpha.. These data confirm the presence of increased oxidative stress and immune activation in ALS patients. HNE is also suggested as a possible biomarker of disease.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aldehydes; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Biomarkers; Chemokine CCL2; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Macrophages; Male; Middle Aged; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Oxidative Stress

Cdk5, a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) family, is predominantly active in neurons, where its activity is tightly regulated by the binding of its neuronal activators p35 and p39. Cdk5 is implicated in regulating the proper neuronal function; a deregulation of cdk5 has been found associated with Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. As oxidative stress products have been seen co-localized with pathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases, we studied the effect of oxidative stress on the cdk5 enzyme in human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells. We evaluated the effects of 4-hydroxynonenal and Ascorbate plus FeSO(4) on cdk5 activity and on the expression of cdk5 and p35 proteins. We report here that oxidative stress stimulates cdk5 activity and induces an upregulation of its regulatory and catalytic subunit expression in IMR-32 vital cells, showing that the cdk5 enzyme is involved in the signaling pathway activated by oxidative stress.

Topics: Aldehydes; Alzheimer Disease; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Cell Survival; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases; Enzyme Activation; Ferrous Compounds; Humans; Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neuroblastoma; Oxidative Stress; Signal Transduction; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Up-Regulation

To assess a role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we analyzed the immunohistochemical localization of 8-hydroxy2'-deoxyguanosine (OHdG) as a nucleic acid oxidation product, acrolein-protein adduct and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-protein adduct as lipid peroxidation products, Nepsiloncarboxymethyl-lysine (CML) as a lipid peroxidation or protein glycoxidation product, pentosidine as a protein glycoxidation product, and imidazolone and pyrraline as nonoxidative protein glycation products in the spinal cord of three familial ALS patients with superoxide dismutase(SOD 1) A4V mutation, six sporadic ALS patients, and six age-matched control individuals. The spinal cord sections of the control cases did not show any distinct immunoreactivities for these examined products. In the familial ALS cases, intense immunoreactivities for pyrraline and CML were confined to the characteristic Lewy body-like hyaline inclusions, and imidazolone immunoreactivity was located in the cytoplasm of the residual motor neurons. No significant immunoreactivities for other examined products were detected in the familial ALS spinal cords. In the sporadic ALS cases, intense immunoreactivities for pentosidine, CML and HNE-protein adduct were seen in the cytoplasm of the degenerated motor neurons, and OHdG immunoreactivity was located in the cell nuclei of the residual neurons and glial cells. The present results indicate that oxidative reactions are involved in the disease processes of sporadic ALS, while there is no evidence for increased oxidative damage except for CML deposition in the familial ALS spinal cords. Furthermore, it is likely that the accumulation of pyrraline and imidazolone supports a nonoxidative mechanism in SOD1-related motor neuron degeneration.

Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Acrolein; Adult; Aged; Aldehydes; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Arginine; Deoxyguanosine; Glycosylation; Humans; Imidazoles; Lipid Peroxidation; Lysine; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Neurons; Oxidative Stress; Spinal Cord; Superoxide Dismutase

A marker of lipid peroxidation 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) was elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a patient with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) compared with that of most patients with other neurological diseases. Such elevations of HNE were sufficient to kill cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-differentiated motor neuron hybrid cells in vitro, and anti-oxidants prevented this HNE-dependent cell death. These data suggest that oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are associated with and may promote motor neuron degeneration in sALS.

Topics: Aldehydes; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Humans; Hybrid Cells; Motor Neurons; Nervous System Diseases

We report increased modification of proteins by 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), a product of membrane lipid peroxidation, in the lumbar spinal cord of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients versus that of neurologically normal controls. By immunohistochemistry, HNE-protein modification was detected in ventral horn motor neurons, and immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that one of the proteins modified by HNE was the astrocytic glutamate transporter EAAT2. Given that the function of proteins modified by HNE can be severely compromised as previously demonstrated for glutamate transporters in cortical synaptosome preparations, our findings suggest a scenario in which oxidative stress leads to the production of HNE, impairment of glutamate transport, and excitotoxic motor neuron degeneration in ALS.

Topics: Aged; Aldehydes; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Autopsy; Cross-Linking Reagents; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lipid Peroxidation; Middle Aged; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Spinal Cord