4-butyrolactone has been researched along with Chemical Dependence in 43 studies
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 1 (2.33) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 23 (53.49) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 19 (44.19) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Chevillard, L; Dargan, P; Dines, AM; Eyer, F; Galicia, M; Giraudon, I; Heyerdahl, F; Homar, C; Hovda, KE; Jürgens, G; Kabata, PM; Lee, C; Liakoni, E; Liechti, M; Markey, G; Mégarbane, B; Miró, Ò; Moughty, A; O'Connor, N; O'Donohoe, P; Paasma, R; Pedersen, CB; Persett, PS; Põld, K; Puiguriguer, J; Rabe, C; Sein Anand, J; Vallersnes, OM; Waring, WS; Wood, DM; Yates, C | 1 |
| Kliner, M; Tomkins, A; Vivancos, R; Ward, C | 1 |
| Desai, M; Edmundson, C; Glass, R; Heinsbroek, E; Hope, V; Mohammed, H; White, M | 1 |
| Gafos, M; Maxwell, S; Shahmanesh, M | 1 |
| Free, C; Hickson, F; Kohli, M; Reid, D; Weatherburn, P | 1 |
| Beck, R; Matanović, SM; Zibar, L | 1 |
| Dargan, PI; Dines, AM; Galicia, M; Giraudon, I; Heyerdahl, F; Hovda, KE; Miró, Ò; Wood, DM; Yates, C | 1 |
| Brunt, TM; van Amsterdam, JG; van den Brink, W | 1 |
| Lundahl, MK; Norbergh, KG; Olovsson, KJ; Rönngren, Y | 1 |
| Claridge, H; Corazza, O; Corkery, JM; Elliott, S; Goodair, C; Loi, B; Schifano, F | 1 |
| Beurmanjer, H; Dijkstra, BA; Kamal, RM; Schellekens, A; van Noorden, MS; Wannet, W | 1 |
| Kröner, L; Lenz, D; Rothschild, MA | 1 |
| Brown, PR; Gibson, KM; Goodwin, AK; Jakobs, C; Jansen, EE; Weerts, EM | 1 |
| Dittrich, K; Hefele, B; Naumann, N; Rascher, W; Trollmann, R | 1 |
| Arditti, J; Glaizal, M; Hayek-Lanthois, M; Spadari, M; Tichadou, L | 1 |
| Duketis, E; Holtmann, M; Maier, J; Poustka, F; Radeloff, D; Schirman, S; Wagner, A; Wöckel, L; Zepf, FD | 1 |
| Button, J; Dargan, PI; Davies, S; George, S; Holt, DW; Ramsey, J; Wood, DM | 1 |
| Bell, J; Collins, R | 1 |
| Bai, X; France, CP; Gerak, LR | 1 |
| Blayac, JP; Boulenger, JP; Capdevielle, D; Deddouche, C; Eiden, C; Peyrière, H | 1 |
| Bramness, JG; Haugland, S | 1 |
| Hakimi, R | 1 |
| Boyd, JJ; Kuisma, MJ; Randell, TT | 1 |
| Dematteis, M; Mallaret, M; Pennel, L | 1 |
| Kołodziej, M; Krajewska, A; Kwiecień-Obara, E; Majewska, M; Szponar, J | 1 |
| Cuddy, ML | 1 |
| Palmer, RB | 1 |
| Nelson, LS; Tarabar, AF | 1 |
| Pfeifer, HR; Stohler, R | 1 |
| Couper, FJ; Logan, BK | 1 |
| Gibson, KM; Snead, OC | 1 |
| Brown, PR; Froestl, W; Gibson, KM; Goodwin, AK; Griffiths, RR; Jakobs, C; Weerts, EM | 1 |
| Coop, A; Koek, W; Mercer, SL | 1 |
| Maher, TJ; Towiwat, P; Unchern, S; Werawattanachai, N | 1 |
| Ashraf, T; Clarke, S; Dargan, PI; Greene, SL; Holt, DW; Ramsey, J; Shather, Z; Trivedy, C; Warren-Gash, C; Wood, DM | 1 |
| Greter, J; Knudsen, K; Verdicchio, M | 1 |
| Quang, LS; Shannon, M | 1 |
| Gensert, K | 1 |
| Goss, J | 1 |
| Berkowicz, A; Druid, H; Eklund, A; Eriksson, A; Hallgren, N; Persson, SA | 1 |
| Rosenkranz, HS | 1 |
| Andersen, MB; Netterstrøm, B | 1 |
17 review(s) available for 4-butyrolactone and Chemical Dependence
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Sexualised drug use in the United Kingdom (UK): A review of the literature.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Methamphetamine; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Sodium Oxybate; Substance-Related Disorders; United Kingdom; Unsafe Sex | 2018 |
Chemsex behaviours among men who have sex with men: A systematic review of the literature.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Cocaine; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Ketamine; Male; Methamphetamine; Prevalence; Risk-Taking; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Substance-Related Disorders; Unsafe Sex | 2019 |
GHB, GBL and 1,4-BD addiction.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Animals; Butylene Glycols; Humans; Hydroxybutyrates; Substance-Related Disorders | 2014 |
Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), gamma butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD; BDO): A literature review with a focus on UK fatalities related to non-medical use.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Butylene Glycols; Female; Humans; Male; Sodium Oxybate; Substance-Related Disorders; United Kingdom | 2015 |
Pharmacological Treatment in γ-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) Dependence: Detoxification and Relapse Prevention.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Animals; Humans; Inactivation, Metabolic; Secondary Prevention; Sodium Oxybate; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders | 2017 |
[Withdrawal syndrome after abuse of GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) and its physiological precursors - its relevance for child and adolescent psychiatrists].
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Butylene Glycols; Child; Critical Care; Delusions; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Interactions; Humans; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Sodium Oxybate; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders | 2009 |
[Abuse of γ-hydroxybutyrate].
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Citric Acid Cycle; Drug Overdose; Europe; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Norway; Sodium Oxybate; Solvents; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders | 2011 |
[Current knowledge on gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1 ,4-butanediol (1,4-BD)].
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Butylene Glycols; Humans; Hydroxybutyrates; Illicit Drugs; Knowledge; Models, Biological; Substance-Related Disorders | 2012 |
[Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its lactone (GBL) as psychoactive substances].
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Acidosis; Amnesia, Retrograde; Drug Overdose; Euphoria; Humans; Sodium Oxybate; Solvents; Substance Abuse Detection; Substance-Related Disorders | 2012 |
Common drugs of abuse--Part II.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Catha; Designer Drugs; Dibenzothiazepines; Diterpenes; Diterpenes, Clerodane; DOM 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine; Drug and Narcotic Control; Flunitrazepam; Hallucinogens; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Ketamine; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Methamphetamine; Motivation; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; Phencyclidine; Phenylpropanolamine; Piperazines; Psilocybin; Quetiapine Fumarate; Sodium Oxybate; Substance-Related Disorders; United States | 2004 |
Gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol: abused analogues of gamma-hydroxybutyrate.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Body Temperature Regulation; Butylene Glycols; GABA Modulators; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Seizures; Sodium Oxybate; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders | 2004 |
The gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Humans; Sodium Oxybate; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders | 2004 |
[Is GHB use in Switzerland on the rise?].
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Administration, Oral; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Brain; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Sodium Oxybate; Solvents; Substance-Related Disorders; Switzerland; Time Factors | 2004 |
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Animals; Butylene Glycols; Humans; Hydroxybutyrates; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, Dopamine; Receptors, GABA; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders | 2005 |
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone, and 1,4-butanediol: a case report and review of the literature.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adjuvants, Anesthesia; Adolescent; Butylene Glycols; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Humans; Lorazepam; Seizures; Sodium Oxybate; Structure-Activity Relationship; Substance-Related Disorders; Treatment Outcome | 2000 |
[GHB--dangerous, addictive and uncontrollable "party drug"].
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Accidents, Traffic; Adult; Butylene Glycols; Drug and Narcotic Control; Fatal Outcome; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Sodium Oxybate; Substance-Related Disorders | 2001 |
Computational toxicology and the generation of mechanistic hypotheses: gamma-butyrolactone.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Animals; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6; Forecasting; Humans; Isoenzymes; Models, Chemical; Rodentia; Salmonella; Solvents; Structure-Activity Relationship; Substance-Related Disorders; Toxicity Tests | 2001 |
26 other study(ies) available for 4-butyrolactone and Chemical Dependence
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Intoxication by gamma hydroxybutyrate and related analogues: Clinical characteristics and comparison between pure intoxication and that combined with other substances of abuse.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Consciousness; Drug Interactions; Drug Overdose; Emergency Service, Hospital; Europe; Female; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Intubation, Intratracheal; Male; Motor Activity; Prospective Studies; Respiration, Artificial; Severity of Illness Index; Sodium Oxybate; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome | 2017 |
How can those engaging in chemsex best be supported? An online survey to gain intelligence in Greater Manchester.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Coinfection; Harm Reduction; Hepatitis C; HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Internet; London; Male; Methamphetamine; Middle Aged; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Sexual Partners; Sodium Oxybate; Substance-Related Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires; Unsafe Sex; Young Adult | 2018 |
Cross-sectional analysis of chemsex drug use and gonorrhoea diagnosis among men who have sex with men in the UK.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Gonorrhea; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Hydroxybutyrates; Illicit Drugs; Male; Methamphetamine; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Substance-Related Disorders; United Kingdom; Young Adult | 2019 |
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, gamma-butyrolactone, and 1,4-butanediol addiction: a serious health threat.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Butylene Glycols; Female; Humans; Hydroxybutyrates; Male; Middle Aged; Solvents; Substance-Related Disorders | 2019 |
Clinical relevance of ethanol coingestion in patients with GHB/GBL intoxication.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Aggression; Alcohol Drinking; Consciousness; Consciousness Disorders; Emergency Service, Hospital; Ethanol; Europe; Female; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Intensive Care Units; Length of Stay; Male; Patient Admission; Registries; Risk Factors; Sodium Oxybate; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors; Young Adult | 2019 |
Nurse's perspectives on care provided for patients with gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and gamma-butyrolactone abuse.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Female; Hospital Units; Humans; Hydroxybutyrates; Inpatients; Interviews as Topic; Male; Middle Aged; Practice Patterns, Nurses'; Psychiatric Nursing; Scandinavian and Nordic Countries; Substance-Related Disorders | 2014 |
Intoxications due to ingestion of gamma-butyrolactone: organ distribution of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and gamma-butyrolactone.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Brain; Female; Humans; Hydroxybutyrates; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Substance-Related Disorders; Tissue Distribution | 2008 |
Behavioral effects and pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) precursors gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) in baboons.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Animals; Area Under Curve; Behavior, Animal; Butylene Glycols; Conditioning, Operant; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Food; GABA Modulators; Male; Motor Skills; Papio; Prodrugs; Reward; Sodium Oxybate; Substance-Related Disorders | 2009 |
Fast-in, fast-out.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adolescent; Emergency Treatment; Europe; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Substance Abuse Detection; Substance-Related Disorders; Unconsciousness | 2009 |
[A new drug of abuse: Gammabutyrolactone (GBL)].
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Female; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult | 2009 |
The first reported UK fatality related to gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) ingestion.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Male; Substance-Related Disorders; United Kingdom | 2009 |
Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) dependence and withdrawal.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Ambulatory Care; Baclofen; Delirium; Diazepam; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Muscle Relaxants, Central; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; Recurrence; Solvents; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult | 2011 |
The discriminative stimulus effects of midazolam are resistant to modulation by morphine, amphetamine, dizocilpine, and γ-butyrolactone in rhesus monkeys.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Amphetamine; Animals; Codependency, Psychological; Discrimination, Psychological; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Macaca mulatta; Male; Midazolam; Morphine; Reinforcement, Psychology; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors | 2011 |
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome-like reaction precipitated by antipsychotics in a patient with gamma-butyrolactone withdrawal.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Clonazepam; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hallucinations; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Injections, Intramuscular; Loxapine; Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome; Psychomotor Agitation; Solvents; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders | 2011 |
["Harmless" drug from the hardware store].
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Alcoholic Intoxication; Consciousness Disorders; Emergencies; Female; Humans; Music; Social Environment; Solvents; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult | 2011 |
Temporal differences in γ-hydroxybutyrate overdoses involving injecting drug users versus recreational drug users in Helsinki: a retrospective study.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Drug Overdose; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Finland; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Retrospective Studies; Sodium Oxybate; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Substance-Related Disorders; Urban Population; Young Adult | 2012 |
Addicted to driving under the influence--a GHB/GBL case report.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Automobile Driving; Behavior; GABA Modulators; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Sodium Oxybate; Substance Abuse Detection; Substance-Related Disorders | 2004 |
Chronic intragastric administration of gamma-butyrolactone produces physical dependence in baboons.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Catheters, Indwelling; Conditioning, Operant; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Flumazenil; Food; GABA Antagonists; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists; GABA-B Receptor Antagonists; Male; Motor Skills; Muscle Relaxation; Organophosphorus Compounds; Papio anubis; Receptors, GABA-A; Receptors, GABA-B; Sleep; Sodium Oxybate; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Substance-Related Disorders; Time Factors | 2006 |
Cataleptic effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), its precursor gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), and GABAB receptor agonists in mice: differential antagonism by the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP35348.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Animals; Baclofen; Catalepsy; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; GABA Agonists; GABA Antagonists; GABA-B Receptor Agonists; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Narcolepsy; Organophosphorus Compounds; Receptors, GABA-B; Sodium Oxybate; Substance-Related Disorders | 2007 |
Neuropharmacological profile of tetrahydrofuran in mice.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Butylene Glycols; Furans; Hydroxybutyrates; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Motor Activity; Receptors, GABA; Substance-Related Disorders | 2007 |
WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Advisory Committees; Azabicyclo Compounds; Buprenorphine; Butorphanol; Catha; Dronabinol; Drug and Narcotic Control; Drug Evaluation; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Hydroxybutyrates; Ketamine; Piperazines; Psychotropic Drugs; Substance-Related Disorders; Thebaine; Tramadol; World Health Organization | 2006 |
Medical and legal confusion surrounding gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and its precursors gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4BD).
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Aged; Butylene Glycols; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Length of Stay; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Sodium Oxybate; Substance-Related Disorders | 2008 |
High mortality rates among GHB abusers in Western Sweden.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adolescent; Adult; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Butylene Glycols; Cause of Death; Female; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Male; Police; Sodium Oxybate; Substance Abuse Detection; Substance-Related Disorders; Sweden | 2008 |
More on gamma-butyrolactone (GBL/GHB) toxicity.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Dietary Supplements; GABA Modulators; Humans; Substance-Related Disorders | 2001 |
Designer drugs. Assess & manage patients intoxicated with ecstasy, GHB or rohypnol--the three most commonly abused designer drugs.
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Designer Drugs; Education, Continuing; Emergency Medical Services; Emergency Treatment; Flunitrazepam; Humans; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; Physical Examination; Substance-Related Disorders; United States | 2001 |
[Unconsciousness after ingestion of nail varnish].
Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Adult; Bradycardia; Cosmetics; Humans; Male; Paint; Substance-Related Disorders; Unconsciousness | 1992 |