3-nitrotyrosine and Prostatic-Hyperplasia

Carboxypeptidase-D (CPD) cleaves C-terminal arginine for conversion to nitric oxide (NO) by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Prolactin (PRL) and androgens stimulate CPD gene transcription and expression, which increases intracellular production of NO to promote viability of prostate cancer (PCa) cells in vitro. The current study evaluated whether hormonal upregulation of CPD and NO promote PCa cell viabilty in vivo, by correlating changes in expression of CPD and nitrotyrosine residues (products of NO action) with proliferation marker Ki67 and associated proteins during PCa development and progression.. Fresh prostate tissues, obtained from 40 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or PCa, were flash-frozen at the time of surgery and used for RT-qPCR analysis of CPD, androgen receptor (AR), PRL receptor (PRLR), eNOS, and Ki67 levels. Archival paraffin-embedded tissues from 113 men with BPH or PCa were used for immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of CPD, nitrotyrosines, phospho-Stat5 (for activated PRLR), AR, eNOS/iNOS, and Ki67.. RT-qPCR and IHC analyses showed strong AR and PRLR expression in benign and malignant prostates. CPD mRNA levels increased ∼threefold in PCa compared to BPH, which corresponded to a twofold increase in Ki67 mRNA levels. IHC analysis showed a progressive increase in CPD from 11.4 ± 2.1% in benign to 21.8 ± 3.2% in low-grade (P = 0.007), 40.7 ± 4.0% in high-grade (P < 0.0001) and 50.0 ± 9.5% in castration-recurrent PCa (P < 0.0001). Immunostaining for nitrotyrosines and Ki67 mirrored these increases during PCa progression. CPD, nitrotyrosines, and Ki67 tended to co-localize, as did phospho-Stat5.. CPD, nitrotyrosine, and Ki67 levels were higher in PCa than in benign and tended to co-localize, along with phospho-Stat5. The strong correlation in expression of these proteins in benign and malignant prostate tissues, combined with abundant AR and PRLR, supports in vitro evidence that the CPD-Arg-NO pathway is involved in the regulation of PCa cell proliferation. It further highlights a role for PRL in the development and progression of PCa.

Topics: Carboxypeptidases; Humans; Ki-67 Antigen; Male; Neoplasm Grading; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Phosphorylation; Prolactin; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Receptors, Androgen; Receptors, Prolactin; Signal Transduction; STAT5 Transcription Factor; Testosterone; Tyrosine; Up-Regulation

Partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) results in cellular damage due to ischemia and reperfusion injury. Our study seeks to establish how early this damage can occur and the role that nitric oxide may play in its pathophysiology. Surgical PBOO (1, 3, and 7 days) were performed on male New Zealand White rabbits. Half of the animals were premedicated for 3 days with N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester(l-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase before obstruction. Bladder weight increased with duration of PBOO but was significantly lower at 3 and 7 days in animals treated with l-NAME compared with their untreated counterparts. Contractile function decreased progressively with PBOO duration. At 1 day postobstruction, bladder contractility was significantly lower in the l-NAME rabbits than in the untreated rabbits. At 3 and 7 days, contractility of the l-NAME bladders was equal or higher than the untreated bladders. The level of hypoxia at 1 day after obstruction was significantly higher in the l-NAME-treated animals than in the untreated controls but equal at 3 and 7 days obstruction. Increased nitrotyrosine was seen by Western blot in all obstructed animals. However, the amount was significantly less in the l-NAME-treated animals at 3 and especially at 7 days. Nerve density decreased progressively after obstruction; however, it decreased to a significantly lesser degree in the l-NAME-treated bladders than in the untreated groups. These results suggest that l-NAME pretreatment enhanced ischemic damage at 1 day after obstruction but protected the bladder from nitric oxide-generated free radical damage at the later time periods by inhibiting the generation of nitrotyrosine.

Topics: Animals; In Vitro Techniques; Male; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Organ Size; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Rabbits; Reperfusion Injury; Tyrosine; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction