3-nitrotyrosine and Carcinoma--Papillary

Metastasis to regional lymph nodes is a common step in the progression of cancer. Recent evidence suggests that tumor production of CXCR4 promotes lymph node metastasis. Nitric oxide (NO) may also increase metastatic ability in human cancers.. Nitrite/nitrate levels and functional CXCR4 expression were assessed in K1 and B-CPAP papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells after induction and/or inhibition of NO synthesis. CXCR4 expression was also analyzed in primary human PTC. The relationship between nitrotyrosine levels, which are a biomarker for peroxynitrate formation from NO in vivo, CXCR4 expression, and lymph node status was also analyzed.. Production of nitrite/nitrate and functional CXCR4 expression in both cell lines was increased by treatment with the NO donor DETA NONOate. The NOS inhibitor L-NAME eliminated this increase. Positive CXCR4 immunostaining was observed in 60.7% (34/56) of PTCs. CXCR4 expression was significantly correlated with nitrotyrosine levels and lymph node metastasis in human PTC.. Our data indicate that NO stimulates CXCR4 expression in vitro. Formation of the NO biomarker nitrotyrosine was also correlated with CXCR4 expression and lymph node metastasis in human PTC. NO may induce lymph node metastasis via CXCR4 induction in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Topics: Carcinoma, Papillary; Cell Line, Tumor; Chemokine CXCL12; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lymphatic Metastasis; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitrates; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Donors; Nitrites; Nitroso Compounds; Receptors, CXCR4; RNA, Messenger; Thyroid Neoplasms; Tyrosine

Vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) plays an important role in lymph node metastasis via lymphangiogenesis in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Although PTC metastasizes to regional lymph nodes at a high frequency, the regulation of VEGF-D expression is largely unknown.. Nitrite/nitrate levels and VEGF-D production were assessed in K1 papillary thyroid carcinoma cells after induction and/or inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Formation of nitrotyrosine, a biomarker for peroxynitrate formation from NO in vivo, was analyzed in primary human PTC.. The production of nitrite/nitrate and VEGF-D in K1 cells was increased by treatment with the NO donor, (Z)-1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (DETA NONOate). The NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester inhibited the increase in nitrate/nitrite and eliminated the increase in VEGF-D. High-grade nitrotyrosine staining was observed in 51.8% (29 of 56) of PTCs. Nitrotyrosine levels were significantly correlated with VEGF-D immunoreactivity and lymph node metastasis.. Our data showed a role for NO in stimulating VEGF-D expression in vitro. The formation of its biomarker, nitrotyrosine, was also correlated with VEGF-D expression in human PTC. NO may induce lymph node metastasis via VEGF-D stimulation in PTC.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carcinoma, Papillary; Cell Line, Tumor; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Donors; Nitric Oxide Synthase; RNA, Messenger; Thyroid Neoplasms; Tyrosine; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D

Our aim was to study the role of oxidant and nitric oxide (NO)-derived damage in human breast carcinomas by studying the expression of nitrotyrosine in tumor tissue. To elucidate whether nitrotyrosine levels associate with NO synthesis and have an effect on antioxidative enzyme response or angiogenesis, we also studied the expression of all three nitric oxide synthases (NOS), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the tumors. A large set of breast cancer samples in microarray blocks were stained with antibodies to nitrotyrosine, iNOS, eNOS, nNOS, MnSOD, catalase and VEGF. Nitrotyrosine expression was seen in 56% of the cases. There was a close relationship between the expression of nitrotyrosine and all three NOS isoforms (for all p<0.0005), catalase (p<0.0005) and MnSOD (p=0.043), in addition enlarged tumor size was in association with high nitrotyrosine (p=0.046), eNOS (p=0.005) and VEGF (p=0.046) levels. Our findings suggest that NO-derived oxidative damage takes place and its level associates to NOS synthesis in human breast cancer. The current results also imply the attempt of cells to hedge against effects of NO by increasing their MnSOD and catalase expression.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Papillary; Catalase; Female; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Middle Aged; Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Oxidants; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Protein Isoforms; Superoxide Dismutase; Tyrosine; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive cell signal that controls vascular tone and is generated by inducible (iNOS), endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal (nNOS) NO synthase (NOS). We hypothesized that NO could be important for growth of thyroid tumors and tested this hypothesis, by staining 41 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), 9 follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), and 15 benign thyroid lesions for iNOS, eNOS and nitrotyrosine (N-TYR). Staining intensity was determined by 2 blinded, independent examiners, and quantified from grade 1 (absent) to grade 4 (intense). Average N-TYR staining of benign adenomas (2.5+/-0.42, p=0.009), PTC (3.10+/-0.12, p=0.001), FTC (2.44+/-0.30, p=0.001), and autoimmune lesions (3.25+/-0.48, p=0.019) were greater than that of multinodular goiter (1.0 for all 3) and surrounding normal thyroid (1.1+/-0.1). Average iNOS staining of benign adenomas (2.6+/-0.37), PTC (2.7+/-0.16), FTC (2.4+/-0.26) and autoimmune lesions (3.5+/-0.29) were all greater than that of surrounding normal thyroid (1.1+/-0.1, p<0.008), but there were too few multinodular goiters to achieve a significant difference (no.=2, 3.0+/-1.0). Average eNOS staining of benign adenomas (2.9+/-0.40), multinodular goiters (3.5+/-0.5), PTC (3.24+/-0.18), FTC (3.5+/-0.50), and autoimmune lesions (2.8+/-0.6) were also greater than that of surrounding normal thyroid (mean=1.4+/-0.2, p<0.001). N-TYR staining correlated with that of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, r=0.36, p=0.007) and the number of lymphocytes/high power field (r=0.39, p=0.004). Recurrent disease developed only from carcinoma with moderate-intense N-TYR staining, but there were too few recurrent tumors to achieve statistical significance (p=0.08). We conclude that NO is produced by benign adenomas, PTC and FTC suggesting that NO could be important in vascularization of thyroid tumors and autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma, Follicular; Adolescent; Adult; Carcinoma, Papillary; Child; Humans; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; Thyroid Neoplasms; Tyrosine