3-hydroxybutyric acid and Insulin Resistance studies

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.
3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.

Insulin Resistance: Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"3 ng/mL, means +/- SE), the clinical and metabolic effects of benfluorex (B), a lipid-lowering drug able to improve insulin sensitivity."	9.08	Benfluorex in obese noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients poorly controlled by insulin: a double blind study versus placebo. ( Camisasca, R; Cassisa, C; Pacchioni, M; Piatti, PM; Pontiroli, AE; Pozza, G, 1996)
"The effects of dietary energy level and 2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD) injection on feed intake, body fatness, blood biomarkers and TZD concentrations, genes related to insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) protein in subcutaneous AT (SAT) were evaluated in Holstein cows."	7.81	Insulin Sensitivity in Adipose and Skeletal Muscle Tissue of Dairy Cows in Response to Dietary Energy Level and 2,4-Thiazolidinedione (TZD). ( Drackley, JK; Hosseini, A; Iqbal, Z; Kesser, J; Loor, JJ; Mora, O; Sauerwein, H; Tariq, MR; Trevisi, E; Trindade da Rosa, F, 2015)
"Overweight patients with hyperlipidemia (serum triglyceride ≥ 1."	6.80	Mangiferin supplementation improves serum lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. ( Du, S; Jiang, S; Li, Y; Na, L; Niu, Y; Sun, C; Zhang, Q; Zhang, W, 2015)
"Insulin resistance was evaluated using an intravenous glucose tolerance test and intravenous insulin challenge test (IVICT) in a subgroup of cows (n = 20/treatment) at 10 and 11 DIM, respectively."	5.51	Effects of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) treatment on health, metabolism, and lactation performance in Holstein cattle IV: Insulin resistance, dry matter intake, and blood parameters. ( Batista, CP; Bicalho, RC; Bringhenti, L; Lima, FS; McDonough, SP; Meira, EBS; Zinicola, M, 2019)
"Euglycaemic ketoacidosis has been reported after sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor treatment."	5.48	Degree of ketonaemia and its association with insulin resistance after dapagliflozin treatment in type 2 diabetes. ( Baek, SI; Choi, SH; Jang, HC; Kim, KM; Lee, DH; Lim, S; Min, SH; Moon, JH; Oh, TJ; Park, KS, 2018)
"The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing, and new experimental models are required to investigate the diverse aspects of these polygenic diseases, which are intimately linked in terms of aetiology."	5.37	Effect of trans-fat, fructose and monosodium glutamate feeding on feline weight gain, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, adipokine and lipid profile. ( Al-Mohanna, FA; Bakheet, R; Burrows, J; Collison, KS; Inglis, A; Makhoul, NJ; Milgram, NW; Mondreal, R; Saleh, SM; Zaidi, MZ, 2011)
" Plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, GIP, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), free fatty acids (FFAs), and D-3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were measured during 4-h postprandial periods and 3-h exercise periods, and their areas under the curve (AUCs) were analyzed by mixed-model ANOVA, and insulin resistance during fasting and meal tolerance tests within each diet was estimated using homeostasis-model assessment (HOMA-IR)."	5.22	Third Exposure to a Reduced Carbohydrate Meal Lowers Evening Postprandial Insulin and GIP Responses and HOMA-IR Estimate of Insulin Resistance. ( Borer, KT; Lin, PJ, 2016)
"3 ng/mL, means +/- SE), the clinical and metabolic effects of benfluorex (B), a lipid-lowering drug able to improve insulin sensitivity."	5.08	Benfluorex in obese noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients poorly controlled by insulin: a double blind study versus placebo. ( Camisasca, R; Cassisa, C; Pacchioni, M; Piatti, PM; Pontiroli, AE; Pozza, G, 1996)
"CR induces lipid insufficiency and stress, resulting in global physiological insulin resistance except muscle and enhances glycogen metabolism, culminating in the stability of blood glucose manifests in increased FBG, which compensates for insufficient blood ketones."	4.12	Calorie Restriction Enhanced Glycogen Metabolism to Compensate for Lipid Insufficiency. ( Gu, Y; Hu, L; Wei, L; Xia, X; Yin, J; Zong, Y, 2022)
" As alterations in hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogen metabolism are hallmarks that characterize insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, we tested whether imposed changes in the extracellular redox state could modulate these processes."	3.81	The extracellular redox state modulates mitochondrial function, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen synthesis in murine hepatocytes. ( Corkey, BE; Jones Iv, AR; Kleckner, AS; Liesa, M; Nocito, L; Yoo, EJ, 2015)
"The effects of dietary energy level and 2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD) injection on feed intake, body fatness, blood biomarkers and TZD concentrations, genes related to insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) protein in subcutaneous AT (SAT) were evaluated in Holstein cows."	3.81	Insulin Sensitivity in Adipose and Skeletal Muscle Tissue of Dairy Cows in Response to Dietary Energy Level and 2,4-Thiazolidinedione (TZD). ( Drackley, JK; Hosseini, A; Iqbal, Z; Kesser, J; Loor, JJ; Mora, O; Sauerwein, H; Tariq, MR; Trevisi, E; Trindade da Rosa, F, 2015)
" We further demonstrate that activation of FXR in db/db mice repressed hepatic gluconeogenic genes and increased hepatic glycogen synthesis and glycogen content by a mechanism that involves enhanced insulin sensitivity."	3.73	Activation of the nuclear receptor FXR improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic mice. ( Barrera, G; Edwards, PA; Gonzalez, FJ; Lee, FY; Lee, H; Vales, C; Willson, TM; Zhang, Y, 2006)
"Previous studies have underlined the importance of the carnitine shuttle system and its dysfunction both in normal pregnancy and in type 1 and 2 diabetes."	3.73	Gestational diabetes exhibits lack of carnitine deficiency despite relatively low carnitine levels and alterations in ketogenesis. ( Anagnou, NP; Anogianaki, N; Bikouvarakis, S; Evangeliou, A; Koumantakis, E; Maropoulos, G; Pappa, KI; Salamalekis, E, 2005)
"Overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis (glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase) in muscle and adipose tissue of transgenic mice was previously shown to result in insulin resistance and hyperleptinemia."	3.72	Activation of the hexosamine signaling pathway in adipose tissue results in decreased serum adiponectin and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. ( Cooksey, RC; Gulve, EA; Hazel, M; Jones, D; McClain, DA; Neidigh, JL; Parker, G; Witherbee, B, 2004)
"In women with ovarian or endometrial cancer, a KD results in selective loss of fat mass and retention of lean mass."	2.87	A Ketogenic Diet Reduces Central Obesity and Serum Insulin in Women with Ovarian or Endometrial Cancer. ( Alvarez, RD; Arend, RC; Bevis, KS; Cohen, CW; Fontaine, KR; Gower, BA; Huh, WK; Kim, KH; Leath, CA; Straughn, JM, 2018)
"Nine individuals with type 1 diabetes from a previously published cohort were investigated twice at Aarhus University Hospital using a 120 min infusion of insulin (3."	2.84	Metabolic effects of insulin in a human model of ketoacidosis combining exposure to lipopolysaccharide and insulin deficiency: a randomised, controlled, crossover study in individuals with type 1 diabetes. ( Jessen, N; Kampmann, U; Møller, N; Rittig, N; Svart, MV; Voss, TS, 2017)
"Randomized placebo-controlled trial: 15 ± 2 days before expected calving, the treatment group received an injection of DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate at a dosage of 6 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 0."	2.82	Effect of Parenteral Antioxidant Supplementation During the Dry Period on Postpartum Glucose Tolerance in Dairy Cows. ( Abuelo, A; Alves-Nores, V; Benedito, JL; Castillo, C; Hernandez, J; Muiño, R, 2016)
"Overweight patients with hyperlipidemia (serum triglyceride ≥ 1."	2.80	Mangiferin supplementation improves serum lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. ( Du, S; Jiang, S; Li, Y; Na, L; Niu, Y; Sun, C; Zhang, Q; Zhang, W, 2015)
"Insulin sensitivity was not altered, whereas the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and key lipogenic genes increased with the HF and HFHP diets (P < 0."	2.74	High protein intake reduces intrahepatocellular lipid deposition in humans. ( Boesch, C; Bortolotti, M; Cariou, B; Chetiveaux, M; Debard, C; Faeh, D; Ith, M; Kreis, R; Krempf, M; Lê, KA; Schneiter, P; Stefanoni, N; Tappy, L; Vermathen, P; Vidal, H, 2009)
"Acipimox blunted the increase in glucose after oral glucose loading and decreased incremental glucose concentration (from 579 +/- 76 to 445 +/- 65 mmol/min/L, P less than ."	2.67	Effect of acute inhibition of lipolysis on operation of the glucose-fatty acid cycle in hepatic cirrhosis. ( Alberti, KG; Farrer, M; Fulcher, GR; Johnson, AJ; Record, CO, 1992)
"Recently developed understanding of the mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of niacin, along with progress in reducing the chief side effect of flushing, should enhance the use of this valuable agent for cardiovascular prevention."	2.44	Niacin in cardiovascular prevention: mechanisms, efficacy, and safety. ( Guyton, JR, 2007)
"Ketones increased with hyperlipidemia and were subsequently reduced with hyperinsulinemia during the clamp procedure (Saline: Basal = 0."	1.91	Ketogenic propensity is differentially related to lipid-induced hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. ( Axelrod, CL; Belmont, KP; Dantas, WS; Kirwan, JP; Mey, JT; Vandagmansar, B, 2023)
"Insulin resistance was evaluated using an intravenous glucose tolerance test and intravenous insulin challenge test (IVICT) in a subgroup of cows (n = 20/treatment) at 10 and 11 DIM, respectively."	1.51	Effects of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) treatment on health, metabolism, and lactation performance in Holstein cattle IV: Insulin resistance, dry matter intake, and blood parameters. ( Batista, CP; Bicalho, RC; Bringhenti, L; Lima, FS; McDonough, SP; Meira, EBS; Zinicola, M, 2019)
"Euglycaemic ketoacidosis has been reported after sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor treatment."	1.48	Degree of ketonaemia and its association with insulin resistance after dapagliflozin treatment in type 2 diabetes. ( Baek, SI; Choi, SH; Jang, HC; Kim, KM; Lee, DH; Lim, S; Min, SH; Moon, JH; Oh, TJ; Park, KS, 2018)
"The resulting hyperglycemia is very difficult to treat, and patients are at risk for early morbidity and mortality from complications of diabetes."	1.46	Glucagon receptor inhibition normalizes blood glucose in severe insulin-resistant mice. ( Cavino, K; Cheng, X; Gromada, J; Kim, SY; Krumm, E; Murphy, AJ; Na, E; Okamoto, H; Yancopoulos, GD, 2017)
" Myocardial insulin sensitivity was assessed as dose-response of Akt phosphorylation."	1.43	Impact of high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet on myocardial substrate oxidation, insulin sensitivity, and cardiac function after ischemia-reperfusion. ( Douglas, SL; Liu, J; Lloyd, SG; Sham, S; Tate, JM; Wang, P, 2016)
"Insulin resistance is a homeorhetic adaptation to parturition in dairy cows transitioning from late pregnancy to early lactation."	1.42	Plasma ceramides are elevated in overweight Holstein dairy cows experiencing greater lipolysis and insulin resistance during the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. ( Bandaru, VV; Dorskind, JM; Haughey, NJ; McFadden, JW; Rico, JE, 2015)
"The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing, and new experimental models are required to investigate the diverse aspects of these polygenic diseases, which are intimately linked in terms of aetiology."	1.37	Effect of trans-fat, fructose and monosodium glutamate feeding on feline weight gain, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, adipokine and lipid profile. ( Al-Mohanna, FA; Bakheet, R; Burrows, J; Collison, KS; Inglis, A; Makhoul, NJ; Milgram, NW; Mondreal, R; Saleh, SM; Zaidi, MZ, 2011)
"Glycogen was determined in m vastus lateralis and concentrations of insulin and triacylglycerol in serum and glucose, fatty acid and beta-hydroxy-butyrate in plasma was measured."	1.31	Prolonged adaptation to fat-rich diet and training; effects on body fat stores and insulin resistance in man. ( Helge, JW, 2002)
"Although it is well established that hypercortisolism causes insulin resistance, the mechanisms responsible for impaired insulin action in Cushing's syndrome are unclear."	1.30	Insulin action and hepatic glucose cycling in Cushing's syndrome. ( Atkinson, AB; Bell, PM; Ennis, C; Harper, R; Heaney, AP; Rooney, DP; Sheridan, B, 1997)
" A plasma glucose level of 300 mg dl-1 was not achieved until the total dosage of insulin amounted to 91,580 units at hour 25."	1.28	Transient extreme insulin resistance in shock during diabetic ketoacidosis. ( Hasumi, S; Omori, Y; Shimizu, Y; Wasada, T; Yokoyama, H; Yoshino, H, 1992)
"Peripheral insulin resistance is a feature of essential hypertension, but there is little information about hepatic insulin sensitivity."	1.28	Insulin action and hepatic glucose cycling in essential hypertension. ( Atkinson, AB; Bell, NP; Bell, PM; Ennis, CN; Neely, RD; Rooney, DP; Sheridan, B; Trimble, ER, 1992)
"Twenty-six adolescents with IDDM and 34 healthy siblings underwent measurement of their overnight GH secretory profiles (20."	1.28	Impact of increased growth hormone secretion on carbohydrate metabolism in adolescents with diabetes. ( Dunger, DB; Edge, JA; Holly, JM; Matthews, DR; Pal, R; Taylor, AM, 1991)
"In summary, hypertriglyceridemia is associated with insulin resistance as it relates to muscle glucose utilization."	1.28	Insulin resistance and action in hypertriglyceridemia. ( Shumak, S; Steiner, G; Zinman, B; Zuniga-Guarjardo, S, 1991)

Research

Studies (106)

Authors

Clinical Trials (11)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Liver Fibrosis Score

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	10 (9.43)	18.7374
1990's	15 (14.15)	18.2507
2000's	27 (25.47)	29.6817
2010's	43 (40.57)	24.3611
2020's	11 (10.38)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Hare, KS	1
Penner, GB	1
Steele, MA	1
Wood, KM	1
Hu, L	1
Xia, X	1
Zong, Y	1
Gu, Y	1
Wei, L	1
Yin, J	1
Høgild, ML	1
Hjelholt, AJ	1
Hansen, J	1
Pedersen, SB	1
Møller, N	3
Wojtaszewski, JFP	1
Johannsen, M	2
Jessen, N	3
Jørgensen, JOL	1
Wang, S	1
Neumann, D	1
Westenbrink, BD	1
Schianchi, F	1
Wong, LY	1
Sun, A	1
Strzelecka, A	1
Glatz, JFC	1
Luiken, JJFP	1
Nabben, M	1
Vanacker, N	1
Hooper, HB	1
Blouin, R	1
Lacasse, P	1
Escobar-Morreale, HF	1
Martínez-García, MÁ	1
Insenser, M	1
Cañellas, N	1
Correig, X	1
Luque-Ramírez, M	1
Mey, JT	1
Vandagmansar, B	1
Dantas, WS	1
Belmont, KP	1
Axelrod, CL	1
Kirwan, JP	1
Zinicola, M	1
Batista, CP	1
Bringhenti, L	1
Meira, EBS	1
Lima, FS	1
McDonough, SP	1
Bicalho, RC	1
Hasegawa, R	1
Iwase, I	1
Takagi, T	1
Kondo, M	1
Matsui, M	1
Kawashima, C	1
West, KA	1
Kanu, C	1
Maric, T	1
McDonald, JAK	1
Nicholson, JK	1
Li, JV	1
Johnson, MR	1
Holmes, E	1
Savvidou, MD	1
Chalmeh, A	1
Pourjafar, M	1
Badiei, K	1
Jalali, M	1
Mazrouei Sebdani, M	1
McCabe, CJ	1
Suarez-Trujillo, A	1
Teeple, KA	1
Casey, TM	1
Boerman, JP	1
Moros, G	1
Boutsikou, T	1
Fotakis, C	1
Iliodromiti, Z	1
Sokou, R	1
Katsila, T	1
Xanthos, T	1
Iacovidou, N	1
Zoumpoulakis, P	1
Svart, MV	1
Rittig, N	2
Kampmann, U	1
Voss, TS	1
Kołodziejski, PA	1
Pruszyńska-Oszmałek, E	1
Strowski, MZ	1
Nowak, KW	1
Lowe, WL	1
Bain, JR	1
Nodzenski, M	1
Reisetter, AC	1
Muehlbauer, MJ	1
Stevens, RD	1
Ilkayeva, OR	1
Lowe, LP	1
Metzger, BE	1
Newgard, CB	1
Scholtens, DM	1
Maurer, M	1
Peinhopf, W	1
Gottschalk, J	1
Einspanier, A	1
Koeller, G	1
Wittek, T	1
Min, SH	1
Oh, TJ	1
Baek, SI	1
Lee, DH	1
Kim, KM	1
Moon, JH	1
Choi, SH	1
Park, KS	1
Jang, HC	1
Lim, S	1
Jaakson, H	1
Karis, P	1
Ling, K	1
Ilves-Luht, A	1
Samarütel, J	1
Henno, M	1
Jõudu, I	1
Waldmann, A	1
Reimann, E	1
Pärn, P	1
Bruckmaier, RM	2
Gross, JJ	2
Kaart, T	1
Kass, M	1
Ots, M	1
Cohen, CW	1
Fontaine, KR	1
Arend, RC	1
Alvarez, RD	1
Leath, CA	1
Huh, WK	1
Bevis, KS	1
Kim, KH	1
Straughn, JM	1
Gower, BA	1
Thomsen, HH	1
Møller, AB	1
Jørgensen, JO	1
Salin, S	1
Vanhatalo, A	1
Jaakkola, S	1
Elo, K	1
Taponen, J	1
Boston, RC	1
Kokkonen, T	1
Horst, EA	1
Kvidera, SK	1
Dickson, MJ	1
McCarthy, CS	1
Mayorga, EJ	1
Al-Qaisi, M	1
Ramirez, HA	1
Keating, AF	1
Baumgard, LH	1
Davis, AN	2
Rico, JE	3
Myers, WA	1
Coleman, MJ	1
Clapham, ME	1
Haughey, NJ	2
McFadden, JW	3
Pires, JAA	1
Pawlowski, K	1
Rouel, J	1
Delavaud, C	1
Foucras, G	1
Germon, P	1
Leroux, C	1
Samii, SS	1
Mathews, AT	1
Orndorff, CL	1
Aromeh, LO	1
Norvezh, F	1
Razi Jalali, M	1
Tabandeh, MR	1
Hajikolaei, MRH	1
Gooraninejad, S	1
Duehlmeier, R	1
Noldt, S	1
Ganter, M	1
Wittrock, JA	1
Duffield, TF	1
LeBlanc, SJ	1
Murata, Y	1
Nishio, K	1
Mochiyama, T	1
Konishi, M	1
Shimada, M	1
Ohta, H	1
Itoh, N	1
Sadek, KM	1
Shaheen, H	1
Nocito, L	1
Kleckner, AS	1
Yoo, EJ	1
Jones Iv, AR	1
Liesa, M	1
Corkey, BE	1
Li, D	1
Zhang, Y	2
Liu, Y	1
Sun, R	1
Xia, M	1
Na, L	1
Zhang, Q	1
Jiang, S	1
Du, S	1
Zhang, W	1
Li, Y	1
Sun, C	1
Niu, Y	1
Giesbertz, P	1
Padberg, I	1
Rein, D	1
Ecker, J	1
Höfle, AS	1
Spanier, B	1
Daniel, H	1
Bandaru, VV	1
Dorskind, JM	1
Minuti, A	1
Palladino, A	1
Khan, MJ	1
Alqarni, S	1
Agrawal, A	1
Piccioli-Capelli, F	1
Hidalgo, F	1
Cardoso, FC	1
Trevisi, E	2
Loor, JJ	2
Hosseini, A	2
Tariq, MR	1
Trindade da Rosa, F	1
Kesser, J	1
Iqbal, Z	1
Mora, O	1
Sauerwein, H	2
Drackley, JK	1
Abuelo, A	1
Alves-Nores, V	1
Hernandez, J	1
Muiño, R	1
Benedito, JL	1
Castillo, C	1
Liu, J	1
Wang, P	1
Douglas, SL	1
Tate, JM	1
Sham, S	1
Lloyd, SG	1
Prodanović, R	1
Korićanac, G	1
Vujanac, I	1
Djordjević, A	1
Pantelić, M	1
Romić, S	1
Stanimirović, Z	1
Kirovski, D	1
Carneiro, L	1
Geller, S	1
Hébert, A	1
Repond, C	1
Fioramonti, X	1
Leloup, C	1
Pellerin, L	1
Lin, PJ	1
Borer, KT	1
Guyot, H	1
Detilleux, J	1
Lebreton, P	1
Garnier, C	1
Bonvoisin, M	1
Rollin, F	1
Sandersen, C	1
Okamoto, H	1
Cavino, K	1
Na, E	1
Krumm, E	1
Kim, SY	1
Cheng, X	1
Murphy, AJ	1
Yancopoulos, GD	1
Gromada, J	1
Hodson, L	1
Bhatia, L	1
Scorletti, E	1
Smith, DE	1
Jackson, NC	1
Shojaee-Moradie, F	1
Umpleby, M	1
Calder, PC	1
Byrne, CD	1
Maki, KC	1
Mustad, V	1
Dicklin, MR	1
Geohas, J	1
Schreurs, M	1
van Dijk, TH	1
Gerding, A	1
Havinga, R	1
Reijngoud, DJ	1
Kuipers, F	1
Bortolotti, M	1
Kreis, R	1
Debard, C	1
Cariou, B	1
Faeh, D	1
Chetiveaux, M	1
Ith, M	1
Vermathen, P	1
Stefanoni, N	1
Lê, KA	1
Schneiter, P	1
Krempf, M	1
Vidal, H	1
Boesch, C	1
Tappy, L	1
Song, H	1
Wohltmann, M	1
Bao, S	1
Ladenson, JH	1
Semenkovich, CF	1
Turk, J	1
Lucidi, P	1
Rossetti, P	1
Porcellati, F	1
Pampanelli, S	1
Candeloro, P	1
Andreoli, AM	1
Perriello, G	1
Bolli, GB	1
Fanelli, CG	1
Seifert, EL	1
Fiehn, O	1
Bezaire, V	1
Bickel, DR	1
Wohlgemuth, G	1
Adams, SH	1
Harper, ME	1
Collison, KS	1
Zaidi, MZ	1
Saleh, SM	1
Inglis, A	1
Mondreal, R	1
Makhoul, NJ	1
Bakheet, R	1
Burrows, J	1
Milgram, NW	1
Al-Mohanna, FA	1
Behrendt, C	1
Regenhard, P	1
Mielenz, M	1
Ivarsson, N	1
Zhang, SJ	1
Katz, A	1
Srivastava, S	1
Kashiwaya, Y	1
King, MT	1
Baxa, U	1
Tam, J	1
Niu, G	1
Chen, X	1
Clarke, K	1
Veech, RL	1
Helge, JW	1
Chalasani, N	1
Gorski, JC	1
Asghar, MS	1
Asghar, A	1
Foresman, B	1
Hall, SD	1
Crabb, DW	1
Hazel, M	1
Cooksey, RC	1
Jones, D	1
Parker, G	1
Neidigh, JL	1
Witherbee, B	1
Gulve, EA	1
McClain, DA	1
Fuehrlein, BS	1
Rutenberg, MS	1
Silver, JN	1
Warren, MW	1
Theriaque, DW	1
Duncan, GE	1
Stacpoole, PW	1
Brantly, ML	1
Dai, T	1
Abou-Rjaily, GA	1
Al-Share', QY	1
Yang, Y	1
Fernström, MA	1
Deangelis, AM	1
Lee, AD	1
Sweetman, L	1
Amato, A	1
Pasquali, M	1
Lopaschuk, GD	1
Erickson, SK	1
Najjar, SM	1
Pravettoni, D	1
Doll, K	1
Hummel, M	1
Cavallone, E	1
Re, M	1
Belloli, AG	1
Ravikumar, B	1
Carey, PE	1
Snaar, JE	1
Deelchand, DK	1
Cook, DB	1
Neely, RD	2
English, PT	1
Firbank, MJ	1
Morris, PG	1
Taylor, R	1
Adams, LA	1
Angulo, P	1
Sanyal, AJ	1
Mofrad, PS	1
Contos, MJ	1
Sargeant, C	1
Luketic, VA	1
Sterling, RK	1
Stravitz, RT	1
Shiffman, ML	1
Clore, J	1
Mills, AS	1
Bugianesi, E	1
Gastaldelli, A	1
Vanni, E	1
Gambino, R	1
Cassader, M	1
Baldi, S	1
Ponti, V	1
Pagano, G	1
Ferrannini, E	1
Rizzetto, M	1
Pappa, KI	1
Anagnou, NP	1
Salamalekis, E	1
Bikouvarakis, S	1
Maropoulos, G	1
Anogianaki, N	1
Evangeliou, A	1
Koumantakis, E	1
Ferrer-Lorente, R	1
Cabot, C	1
Fernández-López, JA	1
Alemany, M	1
Monti, LD	1
Setola, E	1
Fragasso, G	1
Camisasca, RP	1
Lucotti, P	1
Galluccio, E	1
Origgi, A	1
Margonato, A	1
Piatti, P	1
de Graaf-Roelfsema, E	1
Tharasanit, T	1
van Dam, KG	1
Keizer, HA	1
van Breda, E	1
Wijnberg, ID	1
Stout, TA	1
van der Kolk, JH	1
Lee, FY	1
Barrera, G	1
Lee, H	1
Vales, C	1
Gonzalez, FJ	1
Willson, TM	1
Edwards, PA	1
Johnston, CS	1
Tjonn, SL	1
Swan, PD	1
White, A	1
Hutchins, H	1
Sears, B	1
Sweazea, KL	1
McMurtry, JP	1
Braun, EJ	1
Guyton, JR	1
Ferenci, P	1
Bratusch-Marrain, P	2
Waldhäusl, WK	2
Nowotny, P	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
The Role of ATGL and G0/G1 Switch Gene Complex in Lipopolysaccaride (LPS) Induced Ketosis - a Controlled, Randomised, Clinical Experimental Study[NCT02157155]		9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Completed
A Phase 2 Open Label Randomized Controlled Trial Determir Vs Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) In Pregnant Women: DETERMINE Study[NCT05124457]	Phase 2	336 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-02-01	Recruiting
Targeted Disruption to Cancer Metabolism Through Dietary Macronutrient Modification[NCT03171506]		57 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-11-09	Completed
Effects of Free Fatty Acids and 3-hydroxybutyrate on Protein, Glucose, Lipid Metabolism and Intracellular Signals; a Study on Muscle Wasting and Metabolism During Acute Inflammation and Potential Anabolic Mechanisms.[NCT01752348]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-02-28	Completed
Effect of Purified Anthocyanin on Oxidative Stress and Glycemic Control in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial[NCT02317211]	Early Phase 1	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-02-28	Completed
The Effects of Purified n-3 Fatty Acids on Serum Fibrosis Markers and Cardiovascular Risk Markers in a Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial in Patients With Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease[NCT00760513]	Phase 4	103 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-01	Completed
Study of the Role of Insulin Resistance in the Pathogenesis of the Metabolic Syndrome and of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis[NCT00523562]		41 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-07-31	Completed
Health Benefits of Aerobic and Resistance Training in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes[NCT00458133]		262 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Completed
Fish Oil and Diet for the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH)[NCT00845845]	Phase 2	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-03-31	Terminated (stopped due to Terminated due to low enrollment.)
Effect of a 2-Day Bed Rest on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetic Patients[NCT00508599]		16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-05-31	Completed
Modulating Physiologic Effects Of Phospholipid Metabolism In Obesity And Diabetes; AIM 4: Composition and Function of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Persons With the Metabolic Syndrome[NCT02122666]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2014-03-31	Active, not recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

The Liver Fibrosis Score is an algorithmically derived score of liver fibrosis comprising measurements of tissue matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), hyaluronic acid (HA) and the amino terminal end of procollagen III (PIIINP) (see Guha et al. in Reference section). The Score represents a number on a numerical scale from 0 to 20. High values of the score (measured in arbitrary units) indicate high probability of advanced liver fibrosis, low scores indicate low probability of advanced liver fibrosis. Change in Liver Fibrosis Score was used to test the intervention. Change in liver fibrosis score represented the change in measurement as calculated as the arithmetic difference between the end value minus the baseline value of the Liver Fibrosis Score. The change in Liver Fibrosis Score can therefore be negative (representing an improvement in liver fibrosis between baseline and end of study) or be positive, (representing a worsening a liver fibrosis between baseline and end of study. (NCT00760513)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 months

NAFLD Fibrosis Score

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Omega 3 Fatty Acid (Fish Oil)	0.3
Dummy Pill	0.2

The NAFLD fibrosis score represented a validated algorithmically-derived measure of liver fibrosis as reported in Angulo et al (see reference section). The Score is derived from anthropometric and biochemical measurements in subjects. The NAFLD fibrosis score represents an arbitrary number with no units from -5.0 to +5.0. High positive NAFLD fibrosis scores indicate a high probability of advanced liver fibrosis. Negative scores represent a low probability of advanced liver fibrosis. The change in NAFLD fibrosis score (measured in arbitrary units) was used to test the effect of the intervention and represented the arithmetic difference in the end minus baseline measurements of this score. Thus, a negative change in the Score in the Table represented an improvement in liver fibrosis score between baseline and the end of the study. A positive change in the Score in the Table represented a worsening in liver fibrosis score between baseline and end of the study. (NCT00760513)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 months

Percentage of Liver Fat

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Omega 3 Fatty Acid (Fish Oil)	0.8
Dummy Pill	0.8

Percentage of liver fat was measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy at baseline and end of study. High percentage values indicate a lot of liver fat (scale from 0 to 100%). Change in liver fat percentage represented the arithmetical difference between end of study liver fat percentage minus baseline measurement of liver fat percentage change in liver fat percentage was used to test whether the intervention decreased liver fat percentage. A negative change value in liver fat percentage indicates a response to therapy. A positive change value indicates no response to therapy. (NCT00760513)
Timeframe: Baseline and 18 months

Article	Year
Ketone Body Infusion Abrogates Growth Hormone-Induced Lipolysis and Insulin Resistance. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2023, 02-15, Volume: 108, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Technique; Growth Hormone;	2023
Effect of intravenous lipid infusion on biomarkers of insulin resistance and immune functions of dry and nonpregnant dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 2023, Volume: 106, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Fatty Acids, Non	2023
Chronic prepartum light-dark phase shifts in cattle disrupt circadian clocks, decrease insulin sensitivity and mammary development, and are associated with lower milk yield through 60 days postpartum. Journal of dairy science, 2021, Volume: 104, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Circadian Clocks; Darkness; Fatty Acids, None	2021
Metabolic effects of insulin in a human model of ketoacidosis combining exposure to lipopolysaccharide and insulin deficiency: a randomised, controlled, crossover study in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia, 2017, Volume: 60, Issue:7 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Biopsy; Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1;	2017
A Ketogenic Diet Reduces Central Obesity and Serum Insulin in Women with Ovarian or Endometrial Cancer. The Journal of nutrition, 2018, 08-01, Volume: 148, Issue:8 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Body Composition; Body Fluid Compartments; Diet, Ketogenic; Endometrial Neopl	2018
Effects of 3-hydroxybutyrate and free fatty acids on muscle protein kinetics and signaling during LPS-induced inflammation in humans: anticatabolic impact of ketone bodies. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2018, 10-01, Volume: 108, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Biomarkers; Blotting, Western; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glucose Cla	2018
Purified anthocyanin supplementation reduces dyslipidemia, enhances antioxidant capacity, and prevents insulin resistance in diabetic patients. The Journal of nutrition, 2015, Volume: 145, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Aged; Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Apolipoprotein B-48; Apolipoprotein C-III;	2015
Mangiferin supplementation improves serum lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Scientific reports, 2015, May-19, Volume: 5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Blood Glucose; Carnitine; Cholesterol, HDL; Dietary Supplement	2015
Effect of Parenteral Antioxidant Supplementation During the Dry Period on Postpartum Glucose Tolerance in Dairy Cows. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2016, Volume: 30, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; alpha-Tocopherol; Animals; Antioxidants; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Fatty Acids,	2016
Third Exposure to a Reduced Carbohydrate Meal Lowers Evening Postprandial Insulin and GIP Responses and HOMA-IR Estimate of Insulin Resistance. PloS one, 2016, Volume: 11, Issue:10 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Aged; Blood Glucose; Dietary Carbohydrates; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism;	2016
Docosahexaenoic acid enrichment in NAFLD is associated with improvements in hepatic metabolism and hepatic insulin sensitivity: a pilot study. European journal of clinical nutrition, 2017, Volume: 71, Issue:8 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Biomarkers; Cohort Studies; Dietary Supplements; Docosahexaenoic Acids	2017
Postprandial metabolism with 1,3-diacylglycerol oil versus equivalent intakes of long-chain and medium-chain triacylglycerol oils. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 2009, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Aged; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Chylomicrons; Cross-Over Studie	2009
High protein intake reduces intrahepatocellular lipid deposition in humans. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2009, Volume: 90, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Bile Acids and Salts; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Fats; Dietary Protei	2009
Differential metabolic effects of saturated versus polyunsaturated fats in ketogenic diets. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2004, Volume: 89, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Cholesterol, LDL; Diet; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsatu	2004
A pilot study of vitamin E versus vitamin E and pioglitazone for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2004, Volume: 2, Issue:12 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Alanine Transaminase; Antioxidants; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fatty Acids, N	2004
Metabolic and endothelial effects of trimetazidine on forearm skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes and ischemic cardiomyopathy. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2006, Volume: 290, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Aged; Blood Glucose; Citric Acid; Cross-Over Studies; Cyclic GMP; Diabetes Me	2006
Ketogenic low-carbohydrate diets have no metabolic advantage over nonketogenic low-carbohydrate diets. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2006, Volume: 83, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Arachidonic Acid; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Cholesterol, LDL;	2006
Benfluorex in obese noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients poorly controlled by insulin: a double blind study versus placebo. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1996, Volume: 81, Issue:10 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Appetite Depressants; Body Weight; C-Peptide; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mel	1996
The effects on insulin action in adult hypopituitarism of recombinant human GH therapy individually titrated for six months. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2001, Volume: 86, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Blood Glucose; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glycerol; Growth Ho	2001
Extended effects of evening meal carbohydrate-to-fat ratio on fasting and postprandial substrate metabolism. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2002, Volume: 75, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Cholecystokinin	2002
Effect of acute inhibition of lipolysis on operation of the glucose-fatty acid cycle in hepatic cirrhosis. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1992, Volume: 41, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Aged; Blood Glucose; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glucose Toleran	1992
Insulin sensitivity in third trimester pregnancy. A randomized study of dietary effects. British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 1988, Volume: 95, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adolescent; Adult; Blood Glucose; Dietary Fiber; Female; Glycerol; Humans; Hy	1988

Article	Year
Oversupplying metabolizable protein during late gestation to beef cattle does not influence ante- or postpartum glucose-insulin kinetics but does affect prepartum insulin resistance indices and colostrum insulin content. Journal of animal science, 2022, May-01, Volume: 100, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Colostrum; Diet; Female; Glu	2022
Calorie Restriction Enhanced Glycogen Metabolism to Compensate for Lipid Insufficiency. Molecular nutrition & food research, 2022, Volume: 66, Issue:20 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Caloric Restriction; Corticosterone; Fatty Acids, Non	2022
Ketone Body Exposure of Cardiomyocytes Impairs Insulin Sensitivity and Contractile Function through Vacuolar-Type H International journal of molecular sciences, 2022, Oct-26, Volume: 23, Issue:21 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Amino Acids; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Insulin Resistan	2022
Serum metabolomics profiling by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry of the response to single oral macronutrient challenges in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared with male and female controls. Biology of sex differences, 2023, 09-22, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Amino Acids; Female; Glucose; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Lysine; Magnetic Re	2023
Ketogenic propensity is differentially related to lipid-induced hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance. Acta physiologica (Oxford, England), 2023, Volume: 239, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Glucose Clamp Technique; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Insulin; Insulin Res	2023
Effects of recombinant bovine interleukin-8 (rbIL-8) treatment on health, metabolism, and lactation performance in Holstein cattle IV: Insulin resistance, dry matter intake, and blood parameters. Journal of dairy science, 2019, Volume: 102, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Apoptosis; Cattle; Cell Proliferation; Diet; Eating; Fatty Acids; Fe	2019
Insulin resistance: Relationship between indices during late gestation in dairy cows and effects on newborn metabolism. Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho, 2019, Volume: 90, Issue:12 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cattle; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Insuli	2019
Longitudinal metabolic and gut bacterial profiling of pregnant women with previous bariatric surgery. Gut, 2020, Volume: 69, Issue:8 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Amino Acids; Birth Weight; Body Mass Index; Clostridiales; Creatinine;	2020
Intravenous Administration of Butaphosphan and Cyanocobalamin Combination to Late-Pregnant Dairy Cows Reduces Their Insulin Resistance After Calving. Biological trace element research, 2021, Volume: 199, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Administration, Intravenous; Animals; Blood Glucose; Butylamines; Cattle; Die	2021
Insights into intrauterine growth restriction based on maternal and umbilical cord blood metabolomics. Scientific reports, 2021, 04-09, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Amino Acids; Female; Fetal Blood; Fetal Growth Retardation; Gestationa	2021
Long-term obestatin treatment of mice type 2 diabetes increases insulin sensitivity and improves liver function. Endocrine, 2017, Volume: 56, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adenylate Kinase; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Hi	2017
Maternal BMI and Glycemia Impact the Fetal Metabolome. Diabetes care, 2017, Volume: 40, Issue:7 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adiposity; Adult; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; Birth Weight; Blood Glucose; B	2017
Effects of different dosages of propylene glycol in dry cows and cows in early lactation. The Journal of dairy research, 2017, Volume: 84, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Bilirubin; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2017
Degree of ketonaemia and its association with insulin resistance after dapagliflozin treatment in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes & metabolism, 2018, Volume: 44, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Adult; Aged; Benzhydryl Compounds; Case-Control Studies; Diabe	2018
Adipose tissue insulin receptor and glucose transporter 4 expression, and blood glucose and insulin responses during glucose tolerance tests in transition Holstein cows with different body condition. Journal of dairy science, 2018, Volume: 101, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Cattle; Fatty Acids	2018
Effects of dry period energy intake on insulin resistance, metabolic adaptation, and production responses in transition dairy cows on grass silage-based diets. Journal of dairy science, 2018, Volume: 101, Issue:12 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Diet; Energy Intake; Energy Metabo	2018
Effects of continuous and increasing lipopolysaccharide infusion on basal and stimulated metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. Journal of dairy science, 2019, Volume: 102, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cattle; Diet; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified	2019
Circulating low-density lipoprotein ceramide concentrations increase in Holstein dairy cows transitioning from gestation to lactation. Journal of dairy science, 2019, Volume: 102, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Weight; Breast Feeding; Cattle; Ceramides; Fatt	2019
Undernutrition modified metabolic responses to intramammary lipopolysaccharide but had limited effects on selected inflammation indicators in early-lactation cows. Journal of dairy science, 2019, Volume: 102, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Diet; Eating; Energy Metabolism; Escherichia	2019
Effects of body condition score on direct and indirect measurements of insulin sensitivity in periparturient dairy cows. Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience, 2019, Volume: 13, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Cattle; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glucose; Gl	2019
Serum Apelin-36 alteration in late pregnancy and early lactation of dairy cows and its association with negative energy balance markers. Research in veterinary science, 2019, Volume: 125 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Apelin; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Energy Metabolism; Fatty	2019
Pancreatic insulin release and peripheral insulin sensitivity in German black headed mutton and Finish Landrace ewes: evaluation of the role of insulin resistance in the susceptibility to ovine pregnancy toxemia. Domestic animal endocrinology, 2013, Volume: 44, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Genetic Predispos	2013
Short communication: validation of a point-of-care glucometer for use in dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 2013, Volume: 96, Issue:7 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Dairying; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Ins	2013
Fgf21 impairs adipocyte insulin sensitivity in mice fed a low-carbohydrate, high-fat ketogenic diet. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:7 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adipocytes; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricte	2013
Biochemical efficacy of vitamin D in ameliorating endocrine and metabolic disorders in diabetic rats. Pharmaceutical biology, 2014, Volume: 52, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, T	2014
The extracellular redox state modulates mitochondrial function, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen synthesis in murine hepatocytes. PloS one, 2015, Volume: 10, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Animals; Cysteine; Cystine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucone	2015
Metabolite profiling in plasma and tissues of ob/ob and db/db mice identifies novel markers of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 2015, Volume: 58, Issue:9 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Acids; Gas Chromato	2015
Plasma ceramides are elevated in overweight Holstein dairy cows experiencing greater lipolysis and insulin resistance during the transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. Journal of dairy science, 2015, Volume: 98, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Ceramides;	2015
Abundance of ruminal bacteria, epithelial gene expression, and systemic biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation are altered during the peripartal period in dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 2015, Volume: 98, Issue:12 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Butyrivibrio; Cattle; Cell Proliferation;	2015
Repeatability of metabolic responses to a nutrient deficiency in early and mid lactation and implications for robustness of dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 2015, Volume: 98, Issue:12 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Blood Gluco	2015
Insulin Sensitivity in Adipose and Skeletal Muscle Tissue of Dairy Cows in Response to Dietary Energy Level and 2,4-Thiazolidinedione (TZD). PloS one, 2015, Volume: 10, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Animal Feed; Animals; Biopsy; Blood Glucose; Body	2015
Impact of high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet on myocardial substrate oxidation, insulin sensitivity, and cardiac function after ischemia-reperfusion. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2016, 07-01, Volume: 311, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Citric Acid Cycle; Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, High-Fat; Do	2016
Obesity-driven prepartal hepatic lipid accumulation in dairy cows is associated with increased CD36 and SREBP-1 expression. Research in veterinary science, 2016, Volume: 107 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; CD36 Antigens; Fatty Acids;	2016
Hypothalamic sensing of ketone bodies after prolonged cerebral exposure leads to metabolic control dysregulation. Scientific reports, 2016, 10-06, Volume: 6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Carotid Arteries; Eating; Gene Expres	2016
Comparison of Various Indices of Energy Metabolism in Recumbent and Healthy Dairy Cows. PloS one, 2017, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Dairying; Energy Metabolism; Fatty Acids, Non	2017
Glucagon receptor inhibition normalizes blood glucose in severe insulin-resistant mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2017, 03-07, Volume: 114, Issue:10 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Glucagon; Glucagon-S	2017
Soraphen, an inhibitor of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase system, improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in mice fed a high-fat diet. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2009, Volume: 11, Issue:10 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; Animals; Cholesterol; Diet; Dietary Fats; Glucose Cla	2009
Mice deficient in group VIB phospholipase A2 (iPLA2gamma) exhibit relative resistance to obesity and metabolic abnormalities induced by a Western diet. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2010, Volume: 298, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Cholesterol; Dietary Fats; Fatty Ac	2010
Mechanisms of insulin resistance after insulin-induced hypoglycemia in humans: the role of lipolysis. Diabetes, 2010, Volume: 59, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Blood Glucose; Epinephrine; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fatty Acids, Nonester	2010
Long-chain fatty acid combustion rate is associated with unique metabolite profiles in skeletal muscle mitochondria. PloS one, 2010, Mar-24, Volume: 5, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Chromatography, Gas; Fatty Acids; Female; Insulin Resistance; Ketone	2010
Effect of trans-fat, fructose and monosodium glutamate feeding on feline weight gain, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, adipokine and lipid profile. The British journal of nutrition, 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Absorptiometry, Photon; Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Animals; Bioma	2011
Differential effects of propionate or β-hydroxybutyrate on genes related to energy balance and insulin sensitivity in bovine white adipose tissue explants from a subcutaneous and a visceral depot. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, 2012, Volume: 96, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cattle; Cell Differentiation; Energy Met	2012
AICAR reverses ketone body mediated insulin resistance in isolated oxidative muscle. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2011, Nov-04, Volume: 414, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; Animals; Glucose; GTPase-Activating Proteins; In	2011
Mitochondrial biogenesis and increased uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue of mice fed a ketone ester diet. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2012, Volume: 26, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Animals; Diet; Eating; Electron Transport Chain Comple	2012
Prolonged adaptation to fat-rich diet and training; effects on body fat stores and insulin resistance in man. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 2002, Volume: 26, Issue:8 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adaptation, Physiological; Adipose Tissue; Adult; Anthropometry; Blood Glucos	2002
Hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 activity in nondiabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2003, Volume: 37, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Chlorzoxazone; Cholesterol, HDL; Cytoc	2003
Activation of the hexosamine signaling pathway in adipose tissue results in decreased serum adiponectin and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Endocrinology, 2004, Volume: 145, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adiponectin; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Blood Glucose; Deoxyglucose; Fasting; F	2004
Interaction between altered insulin and lipid metabolism in CEACAM1-inactive transgenic mice. The Journal of biological chemistry, 2004, Oct-22, Volume: 279, Issue:43 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation; Biotin; Carcinoembryonic An	2004
Insulin resistance and abomasal motility disorders in cows detected by use of abomasoduodenal electromyography after surgical correction of left displaced abomasum. American journal of veterinary research, 2004, Volume: 65, Issue:10 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Abomasum; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Electromyography;	2004
Real-time assessment of postprandial fat storage in liver and skeletal muscle in health and type 2 diabetes. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2005, Volume: 288, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Chylomicrons; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Die	2005
Treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: antioxidants or insulin sensitizers? Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2004, Volume: 2, Issue:12 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Alanine Transaminase; Antioxidants; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fatty Acids, N	2004
Insulin resistance in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: sites and mechanisms. Diabetologia, 2005, Volume: 48, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adipose Tissue; Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; C-Peptide; Calorimetr	2005
Gestational diabetes exhibits lack of carnitine deficiency despite relatively low carnitine levels and alterations in ketogenesis. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2005, Volume: 17, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Carnitine; Case-Control Studies; Diabete	2005
Combined effects of oleoyl-estrone and a beta3-adrenergic agonist (CL316,243) on lipid stores of diet-induced overweight male Wistar rats. Life sciences, 2005, Sep-02, Volume: 77, Issue:16 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Blood Glucose; Dioxo	2005
Effects of short- and long-term recombinant equine growth hormone and short-term hydrocortisone administration on tissue sensitivity to insulin in horses. American journal of veterinary research, 2005, Volume: 66, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cross-Over Studies; Drug Interactions; Fatty Acids, N	2005
Activation of the nuclear receptor FXR improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2006, Jan-24, Volume: 103, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adenoviridae; Animals; Blood Glucose; Blotting, Northern; Blotting, Western;	2006
Inhibition of lipolysis does not affect insulin sensitivity to glucose uptake in the mourning dove. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology, 2006, Volume: 144, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Columbidae; Fatty Acids; Female; Insulin; Insulin Res	2006
Impaired plasma amino-acid clearance in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and portocaval shunt--its relation to insulin resistance. European journal of clinical investigation, 1984, Volume: 14, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Amino Acids; Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Catecholamines; Fatty Acids, No	1984
Differential effects of insulin therapy on hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia, 1982, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Aged; Diabetes Mellitus; Erythrocytes; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Gl	1982
A new antidiabetic agent, BRL 49653, reduces lipid availability and improves insulin action and glucoregulation in the rat. Diabetes, 1994, Volume: 43, Issue:10 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adipose Tissue; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Animals; Biological Availability; Bloo	1994
The effect of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I on ketone body, lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations and its use to treat ketoacidosis in severe insulin resistance. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 1994, Volume: 11, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Adolescent; Apolipoproteins; Diabetic Ketoacidosis; Humans; Hy	1994
Inhibitory effect of pregnancy on counterregulatory hormone responses to hypoglycemia in awake rat. Diabetes, 1993, Volume: 42, Issue:10 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Blood Glucose; Epinephrine; Fasting; Female; G	1993
Insulin action and hepatic glucose cycling in Cushing's syndrome. Clinical endocrinology, 1997, Volume: 46, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Aged; Cushing Syndrome; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glucose; G	1997
Insulin sensitivity and insulin response in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme, 1997, Volume: 29, Issue:8 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hy	1997
Insulin resistance: the link between metabolic disorders and cystic ovarian disease in high yielding dairy cows? Animal reproduction science, 1999, Aug-16, Volume: 56, Issue:3-4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Gl	1999
Fuel homeostasis during physical inactivity induced by bed rest. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2000, Volume: 85, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Basal Metabolism; Bed Rest; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Mass	2000
Gender factors affect fatty acids-induced insulin resistance in nonobese humans: effects of oral steroidal contraception. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2001, Volume: 86, Issue:7 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Absorptiometry, Photon; Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; C-Peptide; Ca	2001
The effect of pivalate treatment of pregnant rats on body mass and insulin levels in the adult offspring. Life sciences, 2001, Aug-31, Volume: 69, Issue:15 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blood Glucose; Carnitine; Female; Hyperinsulinism;	2001
Chronic exposure to beta-hydroxybutyrate impairs insulin action in primary cultures of adult cardiomyocytes. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2001, Volume: 281, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Glucose; Glucose Transporter Type 1; Glucose Transp	2001
Transient extreme insulin resistance in shock during diabetic ketoacidosis. Endocrinologia japonica, 1992, Volume: 39, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Blood Glucose; Diabetic Ketoacidosis; Erythrocytes	1992
What if Minkowski had been ageusic? An alternative angle on diabetes. Science (New York, N.Y.), 1992, Oct-30, Volume: 258, Issue:5083 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Adipose Tissue; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diab	1992
Insulin action and hepatic glucose cycling in essential hypertension. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1992, Volume: 41, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Blood Glucose; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Glucose; Glucose Clamp Tec	1992
Impact of increased growth hormone secretion on carbohydrate metabolism in adolescents with diabetes. Acta paediatrica Scandinavica. Supplement, 1991, Volume: 377 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adolescent; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carrier Proteins; Child; Diabetes Mellit	1991
Insulin resistance and action in hypertriglyceridemia. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 1991, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Blood Glucose; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glucagon; Glucose Clamp Tec	1991
Insulin resistance of puberty: a defect restricted to peripheral glucose metabolism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1991, Volume: 72, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adolescent; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; Blood Glucose; Child; Fatty Acids, N	1991
Role of free fatty acids in hepatic insulin resistance during late pregnancy in conscious rabbits. The American journal of physiology, 1991, Volume: 260, Issue:6 Pt 1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Fatty Acids, Nonesterifie	1991
Effects of pancreas transplantation on metabolic and hormonal profiles in IDDM patients. Diabetes, 1989, Volume: 38 Suppl 1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Blood Glucose; Circadian Rhythm; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1	1989
Normal insulin sensitivity during the phase of glucose intolerance but insulin resistance at the onset of diabetes in the spontaneously diabetic BB rat. Diabetologia, 1989, Volume: 32, Issue:12 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Crosses, Genetic; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Ep	1989
Reversal of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes following initiation of insulin treatment. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 1986, Volume: 3, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Female; Growth Ho	1986
Failure of hyperketonemia to alter basal and insulin-mediated glucose metabolism in man. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme, 1986, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Bicarbonates; Blood Glucose; Glucose; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentrati	1986
Changes in insulin sensitivity and clearance in anorexia nervosa. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1986, Volume: 35, Issue:12 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Anorexia Nervosa; Body Weight; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Gly	1986
Effect of stress hormones on splanchnic substrate and insulin disposal after glucose ingestion in healthy humans. Diabetes, 1987, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Adult; Blood Glucose; C-Peptide; Epinephrine; Fatty Acids, Non	1987
Insulin-mediated glucose uptake in nondialyzed and dialyzed uremic insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Diabetes, 1985, Volume: 34, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Dose-Response Relationship,	1985

3-hydroxybutyric acid and Insulin Resistance