3-hydroxybutyric acid and Disease Models, Animal studies

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.
3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.

Disease Models, Animal: Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"d-β-hydroxybutyrate and melatonin (BHB/MLT) infusion improves survival in hemorrhagic shock models."	7.88	Evaluation of novel formulations of d-β-hydroxybutyrate and melatonin in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. ( Beilman, GJ; Mulier, KE; Suryanarayanan, R; Thakral, S; Wolf, A, 2018)
"Acute seizures were induced in three groups of C57Bl/6 mice by inhalation exposure to flurothyl gas."	7.85	Synergistic protection against acute flurothyl-induced seizures by adjuvant treatment of the ketogenic diet with the type 2 diabetes drug pioglitazone. ( Matthews, SA; Simeone, KA; Simeone, TA, 2017)
"Treatment with a combination of D-β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and melatonin (M) improves survival in hemorrhagic shock models."	7.85	D-β-Hydroxybutyrate and melatonin for treatment of porcine hemorrhagic shock and injury: a melatonin dose-ranging study. ( Beilman, GJ; Mulier, KE; Muratore, SL; Wolf, A, 2017)
"The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a ketogenic diet would increase the resistance of rats to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures and to understand the relation of ketonemia to seizure resistance."	7.70	A ketogenic diet increases the resistance to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in the rat. ( Bough, KJ; Eagles, DA, 1999)
"Previous studies in rat models of hemorrhagic shock have suggested a benefit."	5.38	Treatment with beta-hydroxybutyrate and melatonin is associated with improved survival in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock. ( Beilman, GJ; Greenberg, JJ; Lexcen, DR; Luzcek, E; Mulier, KE, 2012)
"The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing, and new experimental models are required to investigate the diverse aspects of these polygenic diseases, which are intimately linked in terms of aetiology."	5.37	Effect of trans-fat, fructose and monosodium glutamate feeding on feline weight gain, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, adipokine and lipid profile. ( Al-Mohanna, FA; Bakheet, R; Burrows, J; Collison, KS; Inglis, A; Makhoul, NJ; Milgram, NW; Mondreal, R; Saleh, SM; Zaidi, MZ, 2011)
"In individuals with type 1 diabetes, hypoglycemia is a common consequence of overinsulinization."	5.36	Insulin-induced hypoglycemia increases hepatic sensitivity to glucagon in dogs. ( An, Z; Cherrington, AD; Farmer, B; Farmer, T; Irimia, JM; Lautz, M; Ramnanan, CJ; Rivera, N; Roach, PJ; Smith, M; Snead, W, 2010)
"Pentoxifylline promotes gut ketogenesis following trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation."	5.30	Pentoxifylline increases gut ketogenesis following trauma and hemorrhagic shock. ( Chaudry, IH; Wang, P; Wang, W, 1998)
" Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) is a chronic infectious disease characterized by large skin ulcerations caused by mycolactone, the major virulence factor of the bacillus."	4.02	Ketogenic Diet Impairment of Mycobacterium ulcerans Growth and Toxin Production and Enhancement of Host Response to Infection in an Experimental Mouse Model. ( Croue, A; Esnault, L; Foulon, M; Homedan, C; Kempf, M; Malloci, M; Marion, E; Marsollier, L; Mery, A; Robbe-Saule, M; Saint-André, JP, 2021)
"The sympathoadrenal counterregulatory response to hypoglycemia is critical for individuals with type 1 diabetes due to impaired ability to produce glucagon."	4.02	Slow but Steady-The Responsiveness of Sympathoadrenal System to a Hypoglycemic Challenge in Ketogenic Diet-Fed Rats. ( Cohen, M; Farnham, MM; Nedoboy, PE, 2021)
"d-β-hydroxybutyrate and melatonin (BHB/MLT) infusion improves survival in hemorrhagic shock models."	3.88	Evaluation of novel formulations of d-β-hydroxybutyrate and melatonin in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. ( Beilman, GJ; Mulier, KE; Suryanarayanan, R; Thakral, S; Wolf, A, 2018)
"Acute seizures were induced in three groups of C57Bl/6 mice by inhalation exposure to flurothyl gas."	3.85	Synergistic protection against acute flurothyl-induced seizures by adjuvant treatment of the ketogenic diet with the type 2 diabetes drug pioglitazone. ( Matthews, SA; Simeone, KA; Simeone, TA, 2017)
"Treatment with a combination of D-β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and melatonin (M) improves survival in hemorrhagic shock models."	3.85	D-β-Hydroxybutyrate and melatonin for treatment of porcine hemorrhagic shock and injury: a melatonin dose-ranging study. ( Beilman, GJ; Mulier, KE; Muratore, SL; Wolf, A, 2017)
" It is notable that thresholds to flurothyl-induced seizures were restored to more normal levels in both mouse lines after 2 weeks on the KD."	3.77	Protective effect of the ketogenic diet in Scn1a mutant mice. ( Borges, K; Catterall, WA; Dutton, SB; Escayg, A; Jumbo-Lucioni, P; Kalume, F; Sawyer, NT, 2011)
"Fasting increases c-Fos expression in neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) in lean, but not in hyperleptinemic mice with late-onset obesity (LOO)."	3.76	Reduced fasting-induced activation of hypothalamic arcuate neurons is associated with hyperleptinemia and increased leptin sensitivity in obese mice. ( Becskei, C; Lutz, TA; Riediger, T, 2010)
"The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that a ketogenic diet would increase the resistance of rats to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures and to understand the relation of ketonemia to seizure resistance."	3.70	A ketogenic diet increases the resistance to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in the rat. ( Bough, KJ; Eagles, DA, 1999)
"In cancer patients with hypersplenism-related thrombocytopenia, PSAE is a safe intervention that effects a durable elevation in platelet counts across a range of malignancies and following the re-initiation of chemotherapy."	2.73	( Aasbrenn, M; Abd El-Aty, AM; Abdu, A; Abraha, HB; Achour, A; Acquaroni, M; Addeo, P; Agback, P; Agback, T; Al-Alwan, M; Al-Mazrou, A; Al-Mohanna, F; Aliste, M; Almquist, J; Andel, J; Ando, M; Angelov, A; Annuar, MSM; Antwi, K; Arroliga, AC; Arruda, SLM; Asch, SM; Averous, G; Ayaz, S; Ayer, GB; Bachellier, P; Ball, S; Banijamali, AR; Barden, TC; Bartoncini, S; Bedanie, G; Bellò, M; Benić, F; Berhe, GG; Bertiger, G; Beumer, JH; Bhandari, B; Bond, DS; Boules, M; Braüner Christensen, J; Brown-Johnson, C; Burgstaller, S; Cao, L; Capasso, C; Carlevato, R; Carvalho, AE; Ceci, F; Chagas, ATA; Chavan, SG; Chen, AP; Chen, HC; Chen, J; Chen, Q; Chen, Y; Chen, YF; Christ, ER; Chu, CW; Covey, JM; Coyne, GO'; Cristea, MC; Currie, MG; Dahdal, DN; Dai, L; Dang, Z; de Abreu, NL; de Carvalho, KMB; de la Plaza Llamas, R; Deandreis, D; Del Prete, S; Dennis, JA; Deur, J; Díaz Candelas, DA; Divyapriya, G; Djanani, A; Dodig, D; Doki, Y; Doroshow, JH; Dos Santos, RC; Durairaj, N; Dutra, ES; Eguchi, H; Eisterer, W; Ekmann, A; Elakkad, A; Evans, WE; Fan, W; Fang, Z; Faria, HP; Farris, SG; Fenoll, J; Fernandez-Botran, R; Flores, P; Fujita, J; Gan, L; Gandara, DR; Gao, X; Garcia, AA; Garrido, I; Gebru, HA; Gerger, A; Germano, P; Ghamande, S; Ghebeh, H; Giver Jensen, T; Go, A; Goichot, B; Goldwater, M; Gontero, P; Greil, R; Gruenberger, B; Guarneri, A; Guo, Y; Gupta, S; Haxholdt Lunn, T; Hayek, AJ; He, ML; Hellín, P; Hepprich, M; Hernández de Rodas, E; Hill, A; Hndeya, AG; Holdsworth, LM; Hookey, L; Howie, W; Hu, G; Huang, JD; Huang, SY; Hubmann, E; Hwang, SY; Imamura, H; Imperiale, A; Jiang, JQ; Jimenez, JL; Jin, F; Jin, H; Johnson, KL; Joseph, A; Juwara, L; Kalapothakis, E; Karami, H; Karayağiz Muslu, G; Kawabata, R; Kerwin, J; Khan, I; Khin, S; Kidanemariam, HG; Kinders, RJ; Klepov, VV; Koehler, S; Korger, M; Kovačić, S; Koyappayil, A; Kroll, MH; Kuban, J; Kummar, S; Kung, HF; Kurokawa, Y; Laengle, F; Lan, J; Leal, HG; Lee, MH; Lemos, KGE; Li, B; Li, G; Li, H; Li, X; Li, Y; Li, Z; Liebl, W; Lillaz, B; Lin, F; Lin, L; Lin, MCM; Lin, Y; Lin, YP; Lipton, RB; Liu, J; Liu, W; Liu, Z; Lu, J; Lu, LY; Lu, YJ; Ludwig, S; Luo, Y; Ma, L; Ma, W; Machado-Coelho, GLL; Mahmoodi, B; Mahoney, M; Mahvash, A; Mansour, FA; Mao, X; Marinho, CC; Masferrer, JL; Matana Kaštelan, Z; Melendez-Araújo, MS; Méndez-Chacón, E; Miletić, D; Miller, B; Miller, E; Miller, SB; Mo, L; Moazzen, M; Mohammadniaei, M; Montaz-Rosset, MS; Mousavi Khaneghah, A; Mühlethaler, K; Mukhopadhyay, S; Mulugeta, A; Nambi, IM; Navarro, S; Nazmara, S; Neumann, HJ; Newman, EM; Nguyen, HTT; Nicolato, AJPG; Nicolotti, DG; Nieva, JJ; Nilvebrant, J; Nocentini, A; Nugent, K; Nunez-Rodriguez, DL; Nygren, PÅ; Oberli, A; Oderda, M; Odisio, B; Oehler, L; Otludil, B; Overman, M; Özdemir, M; Pace, KA; Palm, H; Parchment, RE; Parise, R; Passera, R; Pavlovic, J; Pecherstorfer, M; Peng, Z; Pérez Coll, C; Petzer, A; Philipp-Abbrederis, K; Pichler, P; Piekarz, RL; Pilati, E; Pimentel, JDSM; Posch, F; Prager, G; Pressel, E; Profy, AT; Qi, P; Qi, Y; Qiu, C; Rajasekhar, B; Ramia, JM; Raynor, HA; Reis, VW; Reubi, JC; Ricardi, U; Riedl, JM; Romano, F; Rong, X; Rubinstein, L; Rumboldt, Z; Sabir, S; Safaeinili, N; Sala, BM; Sandoval Castillo, L; Sau, M; Sbhatu, DB; Schulte, T; Scott, V; Shan, H; Shao, Y; Shariatifar, N; Shaw, JG; She, Y; Shen, B; Shernyukov, A; Sheth, RA; Shi, B; Shi, R; Shum, KT; Silva, JC; Singh, A; Sinha, N; Sirajudeen, AAO; Slaven, J; Sliwa, T; Somme, F; Song, S; Steinberg, SM; Subramaniam, R; Suetta, C; Sui, Y; Sun, B; Sun, C; Sun, H; Sun, Y; Supuran, CT; Surger, M; Svartz, G; Takahashi, T; Takeno, A; Tam, AL; Tang, Z; Tanner, JA; Tannich, E; Taye, MG; Tekle, HT; Thomas, GJ; Tian, Y; Tobin, JV; Todd Milne, G; Tong, X; Une, C; Vela, N; Venkateshwaran, U; Villagrán de Tercero, CI; Wakefield, JD; Wampfler, R; Wan, M; Wang, C; Wang, J; Wang, L; Wang, S; Waser, B; Watt, RM; Wei, B; Wei, L; Weldemichael, MY; Wellmann, IA; Wen, A; Wild, D; Wilthoner, K; Winder, T; Wing, RR; Winget, M; Wöll, E; Wong, KL; Wong, KT; Wu, D; Wu, Q; Wu, Y; Xiang, T; Xiang, Z; Xu, F; Xu, L; Yamasaki, M; Yamashita, K; Yan, H; Yan, Y; Yang, C; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, N; Yang, Y; Yau, P; Yu, M; Yuan, Q; Zhan, S; Zhang, B; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, N; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X; Zheng, BJ; Zheng, H; Zheng, W; Zhou, H; Zhou, X; Zhu, S; Zimmer, DP; Zionts, D; Zitella, A; Zlott, J; Zolfaghari, K; Zuo, D; Zur Loye, HC; Žuža, I, 2007)
" These issues are being addressed by designing and synthesizing orally bioavailable multimers of betaOHB with improved pharmacokinetics."	2.43	KTX 0101: a potential metabolic approach to cytoprotection in major surgery and neurological disorders. ( Heal, DJ; Martin, KF; Smith, SL, 2005)
"Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that can cause acute cardiovascular events."	1.62	Ketone Body 3-Hydroxybutyrate Ameliorates Atherosclerosis via Receptor Gpr109a-Mediated Calcium Influx. ( Chen, GQ; Chen, J; Cui, ZJ; Li, Y; Li, ZH; Wang, W; Wu, FQ; Zhang, SJ; Zhang, YD, 2021)
"Muscle weakness is a complication of critical illness which hampers recovery."	1.62	Altered cholesterol homeostasis in critical illness-induced muscle weakness: effect of exogenous 3-hydroxybutyrate. ( Derde, S; Derese, I; Ghesquière, B; Goossens, C; Langouche, L; Van den Berghe, G; Van Veldhoven, PP; Vander Perre, S; Weckx, R, 2021)
") clearly suppressed the absorption rate and IL-1β production in the placenta induced by LPS in pregnant mice."	1.62	β-hydroxybutyrate suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated placental inflammation and lipopolysaccharide-induced fetal absorption. ( Henmi, Y; Hirata, Y; Iwata, H; Karasawa, T; Komiyama, H; Kuwayama, T; Shimazaki, S; Shirasuna, K; Suzuki, S; Takahashi, H; Takahashi, M, 2021)
"KEKS-supplemented food-generated ketosis may increase adenosine levels, and may thus modulate both neuroinflammatory processes and epileptic activity through adenosine receptors (such as A1Rs and A2ARs)."	1.62	Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. ( Ari, C; Brunner, B; D'Agostino, DP; Kovács, Z, 2021)
"Growth of primary breast tumors and lung metastases were inhibited, and lifespans were longer in the KD mice compared to mice on the SD (p<0."	1.56	The effect of a ketogenic diet and synergy with rapamycin in a mouse model of breast cancer. ( Feinman, RD; Fine, EJ; Fineberg, S; Pearlman, A; Zou, Y, 2020)
" In this study, we tested the changes in blood glucose and ketone (βHB) levels in response to acute, sub-chronic, and chronic administration of various ketogenic compounds in either a post-exercise or rested state."	1.51	Exogenous Ketones Lower Blood Glucose Level in Rested and Exercised Rodent Models. ( Ari, C; Bharwani, S; D'Agostino, DP; Diamond, DM; Goldhagen, CR; Kindy, MS; Koutnik, AP; Kovács, Z; Murdun, C; Park, C; Rogers, C, 2019)
"Huntington's disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, where dysfunction and loss of striatal and cortical neurons are central to the pathogenesis of the disease."	1.48	Integrative Characterization of the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease Reveals Dysfunctional Astrocyte Metabolism. ( Aldana, BI; Andersen, JV; Nielsen, ML; Nørremølle, A; Santos, A; Skotte, NH; Waagepetersen, HS; Willert, CW, 2018)
"Systemic ketosis (approx."	1.48	Exogenous β-Hydroxybutyrate Treatment and Neuroprotection in a Suckling Rat Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. ( Kim, KS; Lee, BS; Woo, CW; Woo, DC, 2018)
"Kabuki syndrome is a Mendelian intellectual disability syndrome caused by mutations in either of two genes (KMT2D and KDM6A) involved in chromatin accessibility."	1.46	A ketogenic diet rescues hippocampal memory defects in a mouse model of Kabuki syndrome. ( Benjamin, JS; Bjornsson, HT; Carosso, GA; Goff, LA; Hansen, KD; Huso, DL; Pilarowski, GO; Vernon, HJ; Zhang, L, 2017)
"Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that affects approximately 50 million people worldwide."	1.46	Reduction of epileptiform activity in ketogenic mice: The role of monocarboxylate transporters. ( Becker, HM; Deitmer, JW; Forero-Quintero, LS, 2017)
"Stroke was induced in mice by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 90 minutes, followed by reperfusion."	1.46	Hepatic Ketogenesis Induced by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice. ( Berressem, D; Eckert, GP; Klein, J; Koch, K; Konietzka, J; Thinnes, A, 2017)
"We found that the KD postpones disease progression by delaying the onset of severe seizures and increases the lifespan of these mutant mice by 47%."	1.43	Ketogenic diet treatment increases longevity in Kcna1-null mice, a model of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. ( Matthews, SA; Rho, JM; Simeone, KA; Simeone, TA, 2016)
"The time of first seizure onset in group 1 was 109."	1.43	Fasting time duration modulates the onset of insulin-induced hypoglycemic seizures in mice. ( Afrin, MR; Arumugam, S; Harima, M; Karuppagounder, V; Miyashita, S; Nakamura, M; Nakamura, T; Pitchaimani, V; Sreedhar, R; Suzuki, H; Suzuki, K; Thandavarayan, RA; Ueno, K; Watanabe, K, 2016)
"Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) are uniquely predisposed to mucormycosis, an angioinvasive fungal infection with high mortality."	1.43	Bicarbonate correction of ketoacidosis alters host-pathogen interactions and alleviates mucormycosis. ( Edwards, JE; Filler, SG; French, S; Gebremariam, T; Ibrahim, AS; Kontoyiannis, DP; Lin, L; Liu, M, 2016)
"Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) is responsible for 60%-80% of dementia cases, and the most opportune time for preventive intervention is in the earliest stage of its preclinical phase."	1.43	Ketones block amyloid entry and improve cognition in an Alzheimer's model. ( Dharshaun, T; Eisenberg, D; Gao, M; Han, P; Maalouf, M; Reiman, EM; Ryan, C; Schweizer, FE; Shi, J; Whitelegge, J; Wu, J; Yin, JX; Zhao, M, 2016)
"PTZ) seizure tests in mice."	1.42	Acute anticonvulsant effects of capric acid in seizure tests in mice. ( Czuczwar, SJ; Gasior, M; Nieoczym, D; Socała, K; Wlaź, P; Żarnowska, I; Żarnowski, T, 2015)
"Previous studies in rat models of hemorrhagic shock have suggested a benefit."	1.38	Treatment with beta-hydroxybutyrate and melatonin is associated with improved survival in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock. ( Beilman, GJ; Greenberg, JJ; Lexcen, DR; Luzcek, E; Mulier, KE, 2012)
"The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing, and new experimental models are required to investigate the diverse aspects of these polygenic diseases, which are intimately linked in terms of aetiology."	1.37	Effect of trans-fat, fructose and monosodium glutamate feeding on feline weight gain, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, adipokine and lipid profile. ( Al-Mohanna, FA; Bakheet, R; Burrows, J; Collison, KS; Inglis, A; Makhoul, NJ; Milgram, NW; Mondreal, R; Saleh, SM; Zaidi, MZ, 2011)
"Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by neurological, behavioral and metabolic dysfunction, and ketogenic diets have been shown to increase energy molecules and mitochondrial function."	1.37	A ketogenic diet delays weight loss and does not impair working memory or motor function in the R6/2 1J mouse model of Huntington's disease. ( Geiger, JD; Kawamura, M; Masino, SA; Ross, JL; Ruiz, TL; Ruskin, DN, 2011)
"However, chronic in vitro ketosis abolished hippocampal network hyperexcitability following a metabolic insult, hypoxia, demonstrating for the first time a direct link between metabolic resistance and better control of excessive, synchronous, abnormal electrical activity."	1.36	Chronic in vitro ketosis is neuroprotective but not anti-convulsant. ( Abdelmalik, P; Carlen, PL; Samoilova, M; Velumian, AA; Weisspapir, M, 2010)
"Although 2-DG protects against seizures in the 6-Hz seizure test, it promotes seizures in some other models."	1.36	Anticonvulsant and proconvulsant actions of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. ( French, A; Gasior, M; Hartman, AL; Rogawski, MA; Yankura, J, 2010)
"Rats fed a KD had a higher seizure threshold (longer latency to flurothyl-induced seizure activity) than rats fed a standard diet (SD); this effect was seen when KD was in place at the time of seizure testing (3 and 6 weeks following FPI), but was absent when KD had been replaced by SD at time of testing."	1.36	Does ketogenic diet alter seizure sensitivity and cell loss following fluid percussion injury? ( Campos, L; Delance, A; Lyeth, BG; Nguyen, DV; Poon, CC; Schwartzkroin, PA; Van, KC; Wenzel, HJ, 2010)
"In individuals with type 1 diabetes, hypoglycemia is a common consequence of overinsulinization."	1.36	Insulin-induced hypoglycemia increases hepatic sensitivity to glucagon in dogs. ( An, Z; Cherrington, AD; Farmer, B; Farmer, T; Irimia, JM; Lautz, M; Ramnanan, CJ; Rivera, N; Roach, PJ; Smith, M; Snead, W, 2010)
"Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a leading genetic cause of infant death."	1.36	Effect of diet on the survival and phenotype of a mouse model for spinal muscular atrophy. ( Butchbach, ME; Lorson, CL; Marston, J; McCrone, JT; Rhoades, S; Rose, FF; Sinnott, R, 2010)
"As L-carnitine plays a pivotal role in the balanced metabolism of fatty acids and carbohydrates, this study was carried out to investigate whether long-term mildronate treatment could influence glucose levels and prevent diabetic complications in an experimental model of type 2 diabetes in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats."	1.35	Protective effects of mildronate in an experimental model of type 2 diabetes in Goto-Kakizaki rats. ( Cirule, H; Dambrova, M; Grinberga, S; Kalvinsh, I; Kuka, J; Liepinsh, E; Skapare, E; Svalbe, B; Vilskersts, R; Zvejniece, L, 2009)
"The behavior in four mouse seizure models, plasma d-beta-hydroxybutyrate (d-BHB) and glucose levels were determined after feeding control diet, 4:1 and 6:1 KDs with matched vitamins, minerals and antioxidants."	1.35	Anticonvulsant profile of a balanced ketogenic diet in acute mouse seizure models. ( Borges, K; Samala, R; Willis, S, 2008)
"Cancer cachexia affects intermediary metabolism with intense and general catabolism."	1.34	Beta-hydoxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation affects Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats in a time-dependent manner. ( Caperuto, EC; Colquhoun, A; Costa Rosa, LF; Seelaender, MC; Tomatieli, RV, 2007)
""Threshold doses" and "latency to seizure" data provided conflicting measures of seizure threshold."	1.33	A comparison of the ability of a 4:1 ketogenic diet and a 6.3:1 ketogenic diet to elevate seizure thresholds in adult and young rats. ( Abdelmalik, PA; Burnham, WM; Clarke, J; Likhodii, S; Nylen, K, 2005)
"Acetone has been shown to have broad-spectrum anticonvulsant actions in animal seizure models and has been hypothesized to play a role in the anticonvulsant mechanism of the ketogenic diet (KD)."	1.33	A ketogenic diet and diallyl sulfide do not elevate afterdischarge thresholds in adult kindled rats. ( Burnham, WM; Hum, KM; Likhodii, SS; Nylen, K, 2006)
"This rat dry eye model, established by repeated JB treatment in desiccating conditions, induced abnormal tear dynamics and superficial punctate keratopathy similar to that in humans."	1.33	D-beta-hydroxybutyrate protects against corneal epithelial disorders in a rat dry eye model with jogging board. ( Imagawa, T; Nakamura, S; Nakashima, H; Shibuya, M; Tsubota, K; Uehara, M, 2005)
"Our results suggest that genetic susceptibility plays an important role in inducing underdevelopment and NTD in cultured CDs embryos in sub-teratogenic medium and in protecting the CDr embryos under the same conditions."	1.32	Reduced SOD activity and increased neural tube defects in embryos of the sensitive but not of the resistant Cohen diabetic rats cultured under diabetic conditions. ( Ornoy, A; Weksler-Zangen, S; Yaffe, P, 2003)
"Pentoxifylline promotes gut ketogenesis following trauma-hemorrhage and resuscitation."	1.30	Pentoxifylline increases gut ketogenesis following trauma and hemorrhagic shock. ( Chaudry, IH; Wang, P; Wang, W, 1998)
"Experimental ketosis was induced by feeding calves a diet containing 1,3 butanediol for 9 or 10 days."	1.27	Suppression of mitogenic response of bovine lymphocytes during experimental ketosis in calves. ( Hoy, DA; Klucinski, W; Littledike, ET; Targowski, SP, 1985)

Research

Studies (138)

Authors

Clinical Trials (9)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Reported Change in Seizure Frequency From Baseline at 4 Years

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	7 (5.07)	18.7374
1990's	9 (6.52)	18.2507
2000's	29 (21.01)	29.6817
2010's	57 (41.30)	24.3611
2020's	36 (26.09)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Hirata, Y	1
Shimazaki, S	1
Suzuki, S	1
Henmi, Y	1
Komiyama, H	1
Kuwayama, T	1
Iwata, H	1
Karasawa, T	1
Takahashi, M	1
Takahashi, H	1
Shirasuna, K	1
Ma, X	1
Dong, Z	1
Liu, J	5
Ma, L	2
Sun, X	1
Gao, R	1
Pan, L	1
Zhang, J	4
A, D	1
An, J	1
Hu, K	1
Sun, A	1
Ge, J	1
Li, Z	3
Zhang, S	1
Zhang, Y	3
Chen, J	4
Wu, F	1
Liu, G	1
Chen, GQ	3
Janicot, R	1
Shao, LR	1
Stafstrom, CE	1
Brunner, B	1
Ari, C	2
D'Agostino, DP	2
Kovács, Z	2
Mank, MM	1
Reed, LF	1
Walton, CJ	1
Barup, MLT	1
Ather, JL	1
Poynter, ME	1
Zhang, L	4
Shi, J	2
Du, D	2
Niu, N	1
Liu, S	1
Yang, X	1
Lu, P	1
Shen, X	1
Shi, N	1
Yao, L	1
Zhang, R	1
Hu, G	2
Lu, G	1
Zhu, Q	1
Zeng, T	1
Liu, T	1
Xia, Q	1
Huang, W	1
Xue, J	1
Huang, C	1
Wang, J	3
Liu, H	1
Huang, R	1
Yan, X	1
Song, M	1
Tan, G	1
Zhi, F	1
Whatley, EG	1
Truong, TT	1
Wilhelm, D	1
Harvey, AJ	1
Gardner, DK	1
Wang, Z	1
Li, T	3
Du, M	1
Xu, L	2
Song, H	1
Sato, S	1
Yu, Z	1
Sakai, M	1
Motoike, IN	1
Saigusa, D	1
Hirayama, R	1
Kikuchi, Y	1
Abe, T	1
Kinoshita, K	1
Koshiba, S	1
Tomita, H	1
Lee, YK	1
Oh, TJ	1
Lee, JI	1
Choi, BY	1
Cho, HC	1
Jang, HC	1
Choi, SH	1
Murdun, C	1
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Goldhagen, CR	1
Rogers, C	1
Park, C	1
Bharwani, S	1
Diamond, DM	1
Kindy, MS	1
Sternberg, F	1
Leitner, J	1
Aminzadeh-Gohari, S	1
Weber, DD	1
Sanio, P	1
Koller, A	1
Feichtinger, RG	2
Weiss, R	1
Kofler, B	2
Lang, R	1
Torres, JA	1
Kruger, SL	1
Broderick, C	1
Amarlkhagva, T	1
Agrawal, S	1
Dodam, JR	1
Mrug, M	1
Lyons, LA	1
Weimbs, T	1
Xue, Y	1
Guo, C	1
Hu, F	1
Zhu, W	2
Mao, S	1
Nambu, H	1
Takada, S	1
Fukushima, A	1
Matsumoto, J	1
Kakutani, N	1
Maekawa, S	1
Shirakawa, R	1
Nakano, I	1
Furihata, T	1
Katayama, T	1
Yamanashi, K	1
Obata, Y	1
Saito, A	1
Yokota, T	1
Kinugawa, S	1
Wu, Y	2
Gong, Y	1
Luan, Y	1
Li, Y	4
Yue, Z	1
Yuan, B	1
Sun, J	1
Xie, C	1
Li, L	1
Zhen, J	1
Jin, X	1
Zheng, Y	2
Wang, X	1
Xie, L	1
Wang, W	4
Krishnan, M	1
Hwang, JS	1
Kim, M	1
Kim, YJ	1
Seo, JH	1
Jung, J	1
Ha, E	1
Kajitani, N	2
Iwata, M	2
Miura, A	2
Tsunetomi, K	2
Yamanashi, T	2
Matsuo, R	2
Nishiguchi, T	2
Fukuda, S	1
Nagata, M	2
Shibushita, M	2
Yamauchi, T	1
Pu, S	1
Shirayama, Y	2
Watanabe, K	3
Kaneko, K	2
Goudarzi, A	1
Hosseinmardi, N	1
Salami, S	1
Mehdikhani, F	1
Derakhshan, S	1
Aminishakib, P	1
Odorcyk, FK	1
Duran-Carabali, LE	1
Rocha, DS	1
Sanches, EF	1
Martini, AP	1
Venturin, GT	1
Greggio, S	1
da Costa, JC	1
Kucharski, LC	1
Zimmer, ER	1
Netto, CA	1
Yang, N	1
Tanner, JA	1
Zheng, BJ	1
Watt, RM	1
He, ML	1
Lu, LY	1
Jiang, JQ	1
Shum, KT	1
Lin, YP	1
Wong, KL	1
Lin, MCM	1
Kung, HF	1
Sun, H	1
Huang, JD	1
Marinho, CC	1
Nicolato, AJPG	1
Reis, VW	1
Dos Santos, RC	1
Silva, JC	1
Faria, HP	1
Machado-Coelho, GLL	1
Sun, Y	2
Zhang, N	1
Guo, Y	1
Sun, B	1
Liu, W	1
Zhou, H	1
Yang, C	1
Wei, L	2
Ball, S	1
Dennis, JA	1
Bedanie, G	1
Nugent, K	1
Hayek, AJ	1
Scott, V	1
Yau, P	1
Zolfaghari, K	1
Goldwater, M	1
Almquist, J	1
Arroliga, AC	1
Ghamande, S	1
Wu, Q	2
Ma, W	1
Shi, R	1
Zhang, B	1
Mao, X	1
Zheng, W	2
Sbhatu, DB	1
Berhe, GG	1
Hndeya, AG	1
Abraha, HB	1
Abdu, A	1
Gebru, HA	1
Taye, MG	1
Mulugeta, A	1
Weldemichael, MY	1
Tekle, HT	1
Kidanemariam, HG	1
Surger, M	1
Angelov, A	1
Liebl, W	1
Hookey, L	1
Bertiger, G	1
Johnson, KL	1
Boules, M	1
Ando, M	1
Dahdal, DN	1
Riedl, JM	1
Posch, F	1
Prager, G	1
Eisterer, W	1
Oehler, L	1
Sliwa, T	1
Wilthoner, K	1
Petzer, A	1
Pichler, P	1
Hubmann, E	1
Winder, T	1
Burgstaller, S	1
Korger, M	1
Andel, J	1
Greil, R	1
Neumann, HJ	1
Pecherstorfer, M	1
Philipp-Abbrederis, K	1
Djanani, A	1
Gruenberger, B	1
Laengle, F	1
Wöll, E	1
Gerger, A	1
Evans, WE	1
Raynor, HA	1
Howie, W	1
Lipton, RB	1
Thomas, GJ	1
Wing, RR	1
Pavlovic, J	1
Farris, SG	1
Bond, DS	1
Hepprich, M	1
Antwi, K	1
Waser, B	1
Reubi, JC	1
Wild, D	1
Christ, ER	1
Braüner Christensen, J	1
Aasbrenn, M	1
Sandoval Castillo, L	1
Ekmann, A	1
Giver Jensen, T	1
Pressel, E	1
Haxholdt Lunn, T	1
Suetta, C	1
Palm, H	1
Mansour, FA	1
Al-Mazrou, A	1
Al-Mohanna, F	1
Al-Alwan, M	1
Ghebeh, H	1
Brown-Johnson, C	1
Safaeinili, N	1
Zionts, D	1
Holdsworth, LM	1
Shaw, JG	1
Asch, SM	1
Mahoney, M	1
Winget, M	1
Luo, Y	1
Shan, H	1
Gao, X	1
Qi, P	1
Li, B	1
Rong, X	1
Shen, B	1
Zhang, H	1
Lin, F	1
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Fang, Z	1
Peng, Z	1
Jimenez, JL	1
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Klepov, VV	1
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Zur Loye, HC	1
Acquaroni, M	1
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Otludil, B	1
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Hill, A	1
Elakkad, A	1
Kuban, J	1
Sabir, S	1
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Huang, SY	1
Mahvash, A	1
Miller, E	1
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Overman, M	1
Tam, AL	1
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Sheth, RA	1
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Guarneri, A	1
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Wang, L	3
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Short Term Induction of Ketosis in PKD[NCT04472624]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-07-01	Completed
Keto-diet for Intubated Critical Care COVID-19 (KICC-COVID19)[NCT04358835]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-09-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to Study did not begin enrollment, multiple competing studies at same institution)
COVID-19 Vaccination in Subjects With Obesity: Impact of Metabolic Health and the Role of a Ketogenic Diet[NCT05163743]		24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-05-23	Recruiting
A Pilot Study Evaluating a Ketogenic Diet Concomitant to Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma[NCT05119010]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-03-24	Recruiting
An Open-Label Trial of Triheptanoin in Patients With Glucose Transporter Type-1 Deficiency Syndrome (GLUT1 DS)[NCT02036853]	Phase 2	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-02-20	Completed
Prospective Evaluation of Infants With Spinal Muscular Atrophy: SPOT SMA[NCT02831296]		1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2016-02-29	Recruiting
Phase I/II Prospective Trial for Newly Diagnosed GBM, With Upfront Gross or Subtotal Resection, Followed by Ketogenic Diet With Radiotherapy and Concurrent Temodar(R) Chemotherapy Followed by Adjuvant Temodar(R) Chemotherapy.[NCT02046187]	Phase 1/Phase 2	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-31	Terminated (stopped due to excessive protocol deviations due to strict nature of diet requirements)
A Modified Ketogenic, Anti-Inflammatory Diet for Patients With High-Grade Gliomas[NCT05373381]		10 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-18	Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind Multicenter Pilot Study vs. Placebo for the Evaluation of Efficacy and Tolerability of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Administered by Oral Route as Add on Treatment in Patients Affected by Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis[NCT00877604]	Phase 2	34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-06-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

A seizure diary was used to track date, type, number, and unusual presentation of seizures. Subjects were given a seizure diary at screening to record daily seizure activity for incremental periods of time. Unless otherwise waived, subjects complete this form daily during the screening period and for two weeks prior to each subsequent study visit. The table below represents the change in seizure frequency from baseline for each time point. (NCT02036853)
Timeframe: Baseline and four yrs

Reported Change in Seizure Frequency From Baseline at 5 Years

Intervention	seizures/two weeks (Mean)
Schedule A	-8.3
Schedule B	-80.3

Reported Change in Seizures Frequency From Baseline at 1 Year

Intervention	seizures/two weeks (Mean)
Schedule A	23

Reported Change in Seizures Frequency From Baseline at 13 Weeks

Intervention	seizures/two weeks (Mean)
Schedule A	-6.5
Schedule B	-110.5

Reported Change in Seizures Frequency From Baseline at 18 Months

Intervention	seizures/two weeks (Mean)
Schedule A	4.4
Schedule B	189.5

Reported Change in Seizures Frequency From Baseline at 2 Years

Intervention	seizures/two weeks (Mean)
Schedule A	-5.8
Schedule B	-112.7

Reported Change in Seizures Frequency From Baseline at 26 Weeks

Intervention	seizures/two weeks (Mean)
Schedule A	-6
Schedule B	-61.25

Reported Change in Seizures Frequency From Baseline at 3 Years

Intervention	seizures/two weeks (Mean)
Schedule A	-5.6
Schedule B	-78

The Proportion of Responder Patients in the Two Treatment Groups According the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS)-R Slope.

Intervention	seizures/two weeks (Mean)
Schedule A	-0.8
Schedule B	-77

Responder patients were defined as those subjects showing an improvement of at least 15% in the ALSFRS-R slope during the treatment period as compared to the lead-in period. (NCT00877604)
Timeframe: 1 year

Reviews

Trials

Other Studies

132 other studies available for 3-hydroxybutyric acid and Disease Models, Animal

Article	Year
Nutritional or pharmacological activation of HCA(2) ameliorates neuroinflammation. Trends in molecular medicine, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adenylyl Cyclases; Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Diet, Ketogenic; Dimethyl	2015
KTX 0101: a potential metabolic approach to cytoprotection in major surgery and neurological disorders. CNS drug reviews, 2005,Summer, Volume: 11, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Brain Infarction; Cell Death; Disease Models	2005
Mouse embryos in culture: models for understanding diabetes-induced embryopathies and gene function. The International journal of developmental biology, 1997, Volume: 41, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Culture Techniques; Disease Models, Animal; Embryonic and Fetal Deve	1997
Mechanisms of congenital malformations in diabetic pregnancy. Biology of the neonate, 1987, Volume: 51, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Congenital Abnormalities; Diabetes Mellitus, Experime	1987

Article	Year
β-hydroxybutyrate suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated placental inflammation and lipopolysaccharide-induced fetal absorption. Journal of reproductive immunology, 2021, Volume: 148 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infl	2021
β-Hydroxybutyrate Exacerbates Hypoxic Injury by Inhibiting HIF-1α-Dependent Glycolysis in Cardiomyocytes-Adding Fuel to the Fire? Cardiovascular drugs and therapy, 2022, Volume: 36, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Glucose; Glycolysis; Humans; Hypoxia; Hypoxi	2022
Applications and Mechanism of 3-Hydroxybutyrate (3HB) for Prevention of Colonic Inflammation and Carcinogenesis as a Food Supplement. Molecular nutrition & food research, 2021, Volume: 65, Issue:24 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Azoxymethane; Carcinogenesis; Colitis; Colon; Colonic Neoplasms; Dex	2021
2-deoxyglucose and β-hydroxybutyrate fail to attenuate seizures in the betamethasone-NMDA model of infantile spasms. Epilepsia open, 2022, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Betamethasone; Deoxyg	2022
Adenosine Receptors Modulate the Exogenous Ketogenic Supplement-Evoked Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide-Generated Increase in Absence Epileptic Activity in WAG/Rij Rats. Nutrients, 2021, Nov-15, Volume: 13, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Dietary Supplements; Disease Models, Ani	2021
Therapeutic ketosis decreases methacholine hyperresponsiveness in mouse models of inherent obese asthma. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, 2022, 02-01, Volume: 322, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Asthma; Bronchial Hyperreactivity; Diet, High-Fat; Diet, Ketogenic;	2022
Ketogenesis acts as an endogenous protective programme to restrain inflammatory macrophage activation during acute pancreatitis. EBioMedicine, 2022, Volume: 78 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Animals; Ceruletide; China; Disease Models, Animal	2022
Ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate ameliorates colitis by promoting M2 macrophage polarization through the STAT6-dependent signaling pathway. BMC medicine, 2022, 04-15, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Colitis; Dextran Sulfate; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Inflammati	2022
β-hydroxybutyrate reduces blastocyst viability via trophectoderm-mediated metabolic aberrations in mice. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 2022, 08-25, Volume: 37, Issue:9 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blastocyst; Disease Models, Animal; Embryo Culture Techniques; Embry	2022
β-hydroxybutyrate improves cognitive impairment caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion via amelioration of neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier damage. Brain research bulletin, 2023, Volume: 193 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Ischemia; Cognitive Dysfunction; Disease	2023
Decreased β-hydroxybutyrate and ketogenic amino acid levels in depressed human adults. The European journal of neuroscience, 2023, Volume: 57, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Amino Acids; Animals; Cohort Studies; Disease Models, Animal; Humans;	2023
Complementary effects of dapagliflozin and lobeglitazone on metabolism in a diet-induced obese mouse model. European journal of pharmacology, 2023, Oct-15, Volume: 957 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Benzhydryl Compounds; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet	2023
Exogenous Ketones Lower Blood Glucose Level in Rested and Exercised Rodent Models. Nutrients, 2019, Oct-01, Volume: 11, Issue:10 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Animals; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Butylene Glycols; Carbohyd	2019
The Influence of Ketogenic Diets on Psoriasiform-Like Skin Inflammation. The Journal of investigative dermatology, 2020, Volume: 140, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Biopsy; Blood Glucose; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Fatt	2020
Ketosis Ameliorates Renal Cyst Growth in Polycystic Kidney Disease. Cell metabolism, 2019, 12-03, Volume: 30, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Cats; Cysts; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progre	2019
PPARA/RXRA signalling regulates the fate of hepatic non-esterified fatty acids in a sheep model of maternal undernutrition. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and cell biology of lipids, 2020, Volume: 1865, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Alitretinoin; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fe	2020
Empagliflozin restores lowered exercise endurance capacity via the activation of skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation in a murine model of heart failure. European journal of pharmacology, 2020, Jan-05, Volume: 866 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Benzhydryl Compounds; Blood Glucose; Disease Models,	2020
BHBA treatment improves cognitive function by targeting pleiotropic mechanisms in transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2020, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; Animals; Cell Line; Cognit	2020
β-hydroxybutyrate Impedes the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease and Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Deficient Mice. Nutrients, 2020, Feb-13, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Aorta; Apolipoproteins	2020
Prefrontal cortex infusion of beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, produces antidepressant-like effects in a rodent model of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology reports, 2020, Volume: 40, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Corticosterone; Depression; Disease Models, A	2020
Starvation promotes histone lysine butyrylation in the liver of male but not female mice. Gene, 2020, Jun-30, Volume: 745 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acyl Coenzyme A; Acylation; Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal	2020
Differential glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate metabolism confers an intrinsic neuroprotection to the immature brain in a rat model of neonatal hypoxia ischemia. Experimental neurology, 2020, Volume: 330 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Disease Models, Animal; Glucose; Hypoxia-Ischemia,	2020
Response of spike-wave discharges in aged APP/PS1 Alzheimer model mice to antiepileptic, metabolic and cholinergic drugs. Scientific reports, 2020, 07-16, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Action Potentials; Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Atropine; Dis	2020
Dietary carbohydrates restriction inhibits the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Cardiovascular research, 2021, 09-28, Volume: 117, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animal Feed; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Diet, High-Protein Low-Carbohydrate; D	2021
Targeting Mitochondria-Inflammation Circuit by β-Hydroxybutyrate Mitigates HFpEF. Circulation research, 2021, 01-22, Volume: 128, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; 3T3 Cells; Acetyl Coenzyme A; Acetylation; Aged; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory A	2021
The effect of a ketogenic diet and synergy with rapamycin in a mouse model of breast cancer. PloS one, 2020, Volume: 15, Issue:12 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Blood Glucose; Breast Neoplasms; Diet, Ketoge	2020
Beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenous NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, attenuates anxiety-related behavior in a rodent post-traumatic stress disorder model. Scientific reports, 2020, 12-10, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Anxiety; Disease Models, Animal; Inflammasomes; Injections, Subcutan	2020
Salidroside simultaneously reduces de novo lipogenesis and cholesterol biosynthesis to attenuate atherosclerosis in mice. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2021, Volume: 134 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Anticholesteremic Agents; Atherosclerosis; Cholesterol; Diet, High-F	2021
A new ketogenic formulation improves functional outcome and reduces tissue loss following traumatic brain injury in adult mice. Theranostics, 2021, Volume: 11, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetylation; Animals; Ataxia; Brain; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Diet, Ketogen	2021
Sex-specific effects of ketogenic diet after pre-exposure to a high-fat, high-sugar diet in rats. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 2021, 03-10, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adiposity; Animals; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Corticosterone; Diet, High-Fat	2021
Ketogenic diets inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis and induce cardiac fibrosis. Signal transduction and targeted therapy, 2021, 02-09, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetylation; Animals; Apoptosis; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Fas	2021
Acutely increased β-hydroxybutyrate plays a role in the prefrontal cortex to escape stressful conditions during the acute stress response. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2021, 05-21, Volume: 554 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Immobilization; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57	2021
Ketogenic Diet Impairment of Mycobacterium ulcerans Growth and Toxin Production and Enhancement of Host Response to Infection in an Experimental Mouse Model. The Journal of infectious diseases, 2021, 12-01, Volume: 224, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Buruli Ulcer; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Macrolides; M	2021
Ketone Body 3-Hydroxybutyrate Ameliorates Atherosclerosis via Receptor Gpr109a-Mediated Calcium Influx. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2021, Volume: 8, Issue:9 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Atherosclerosis; Calcium; Disease Models, Animal; Ketone Bodies; Mic	2021
Altered cholesterol homeostasis in critical illness-induced muscle weakness: effect of exogenous 3-hydroxybutyrate. Critical care (London, England), 2021, 07-17, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Cholesterol; Critical Illness; Disease Mode	2021
Increased Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Level Is Not Sufficient for the Neuroprotective Effect of Long-Term Ketogenic Diet in an Animal Model of Early Parkinson's Disease. Exploration of Brain and Liver Energy Metabolism Markers. International journal of molecular sciences, 2021, Jul-14, Volume: 22, Issue:14 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Brain; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons	2021
Slow but Steady-The Responsiveness of Sympathoadrenal System to a Hypoglycemic Challenge in Ketogenic Diet-Fed Rats. Nutrients, 2021, Jul-29, Volume: 13, Issue:8 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adrenal Glands; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, Anim	2021
D-β-hydroxybutyrate promotes functional recovery and relieves pain hypersensitivity in mice with spinal cord injury. British journal of pharmacology, 2017, Volume: 174, Issue:13 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Hypersensitivity; Laminectomy; Locomotion; M	2017
Hepatic Ketogenesis Induced by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice. Journal of the American Heart Association, 2017, Apr-05, Volume: 6, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Animals; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Citric Acid; Die	2017
The ketogenic diet metabolite beta-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) reduces incidence of seizure-like activity (SLA) in a K Epilepsy research, 2017, Volume: 133 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Anticonvulsants; Disease Models, Anim	2017
Synergistic protection against acute flurothyl-induced seizures by adjuvant treatment of the ketogenic diet with the type 2 diabetes drug pioglitazone. Epilepsia, 2017, Volume: 58, Issue:8 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Convulsants; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Mo	2017
Reduction of epileptiform activity in ketogenic mice: The role of monocarboxylate transporters. Scientific reports, 2017, 07-07, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy	2017
Metabolic phenotyping in the mouse model of urinary tract infection shows that 3-hydroxybutyrate in plasma is associated with infection. PloS one, 2017, Volume: 12, Issue:10 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Female; Metabolomics; Mice; Phenotype;	2017
The modification of the ketogenic diet mitigates its stunting effects in rodents. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 2018, Volume: 43, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Corticosterone; Diet, Ketogenic; Dietary	2018
D-β-Hydroxybutyrate and melatonin for treatment of porcine hemorrhagic shock and injury: a melatonin dose-ranging study. BMC research notes, 2017, Nov-29, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Antioxidants; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Dr	2017
Development and in vivo evaluation of a novel lyophilized formulation for the treatment of hemorrhagic shock. International journal of pharmaceutics, 2018, Feb-15, Volume: 537, Issue:1-2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Disease Models, Anima	2018
Exogenous β-Hydroxybutyrate Treatment and Neuroprotection in a Suckling Rat Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Developmental neuroscience, 2018, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Hypoxia-Ischemia, B	2018
Integrative Characterization of the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease Reveals Dysfunctional Astrocyte Metabolism. Cell reports, 2018, 05-15, Volume: 23, Issue:7 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetates; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Energy Metaboli	2018
Evaluation of novel formulations of d-β-hydroxybutyrate and melatonin in a rat model of hemorrhagic shock. International journal of pharmaceutics, 2018, Sep-05, Volume: 548, Issue:1 Topics: 2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Disease Model	2018
Imaging the Effects of β-Hydroxybutyrate on Peri-Infarct Neurovascular Function and Metabolism. Stroke, 2018, Volume: 49, Issue:9 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Animals; Astrocytes; Blood Glucose; Brain; Brain Ischemia; Cel	2018
The failing heart utilizes 3-hydroxybutyrate as a metabolic stress defense. JCI insight, 2019, 02-21, Volume: 4, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Dogs; Energy Metabolism	2019
Increased ketone body oxidation provides additional energy for the failing heart without improving cardiac efficiency. Cardiovascular research, 2019, 09-01, Volume: 115, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetylation; Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain; Adaptation, Physiological; A	2019
β-hydroxybutyrate attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury through its anti-pyroptotic effects. Kidney international, 2019, Volume: 95, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetylation; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Epigenesis, Genetic; Forkhead B	2019
PHBHHx Facilitated the Residence, Survival and Stemness Maintain of Transplanted Neural Stem Cells in Traumatic Brain Injury Rats. Biomacromolecules, 2019, 09-09, Volume: 20, Issue:9 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Astrocytes; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Caproates; Cell Differentiati	2019
Hypermetabolism and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in mesenteric arteries of type 2 diabetes mellitus db/db mice. Diabetes & vascular disease research, 2019, Volume: 16, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Angiopathies; Disease Models, An	2019
Ketogenic diets and thermal pain: dissociation of hypoalgesia, elevated ketones, and lowered glucose in rats. The journal of pain, 2013, Volume: 14, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cognition Disorders; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models,	2013
Caloric restriction reduces edema and prolongs survival in a mouse glioma model. Journal of neuro-oncology, 2013, Volume: 114, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Brain Edema; Brain Neoplasms; Caloric Restriction; Cell Line, Tumor;	2013
3-Hydroxybutyrate methyl ester as a potential drug against Alzheimer's disease via mitochondria protection mechanism. Biomaterials, 2013, Volume: 34, Issue:30 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Apolipoproteins E; Apoptos	2013
Ketogenic diet improves forelimb motor function after spinal cord injury in rodents. PloS one, 2013, Volume: 8, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Coumaric Acids; Diet, Ketogenic;	2013
The effect of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) and human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) on axonal regeneration in experimental sciatic nerve damage. The International journal of neuroscience, 2014, Volume: 124, Issue:9 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Axons; Caproates; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Electromy	2014
Glucose reduces the anticonvulsant effects of the ketogenic diet in EL mice. Epilepsy research, 2014, Volume: 108, Issue:7 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Caloric Restrictio	2014
Reduced glucose utilization underlies seizure protection with dietary therapy in epileptic EL mice. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2014, Volume: 39 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Brain; Caloric Restriction; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, Animal;	2014
Acute anticonvulsant effects of capric acid in seizure tests in mice. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 2015, Mar-03, Volume: 57 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Blood Glucose; Brain; Caprylates; Decanoic Acids; D	2015
Inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) protects against ischemic brain injury. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Brain Ischemia; Cell Death; Cell Hypoxia; Cell Line, Tumor; Cells, C	2015
Anti-inflammatory effects of BHBA in both in vivo and in vitro Parkinson's disease models are mediated by GPR109A-dependent mechanisms. Journal of neuroinflammation, 2015, Jan-17, Volume: 12 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Cells, Cultured;	2015
The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nature medicine, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Aged; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Caspase 1; Cryopyrin-Associated Perio	2015
The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nature medicine, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Aged; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Caspase 1; Cryopyrin-Associated Perio	2015
The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nature medicine, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Aged; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Caspase 1; Cryopyrin-Associated Perio	2015
The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nature medicine, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Aged; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Caspase 1; Cryopyrin-Associated Perio	2015
The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nature medicine, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Aged; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Caspase 1; Cryopyrin-Associated Perio	2015
The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nature medicine, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Aged; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Caspase 1; Cryopyrin-Associated Perio	2015
The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nature medicine, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Aged; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Caspase 1; Cryopyrin-Associated Perio	2015
The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nature medicine, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Aged; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Caspase 1; Cryopyrin-Associated Perio	2015
The ketone metabolite β-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nature medicine, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adult; Aged; Animals; Carrier Proteins; Caspase 1; Cryopyrin-Associated Perio	2015
Acute hypoglycemia results in reduced cortical neuronal injury in the developing IUGR rat. Pediatric research, 2015, Volume: 78, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Temperature; Cerebral Cortex; Disease Models, An	2015
Ketone bodies mediate antiseizure effects through mitochondrial permeability transition. Annals of neurology, 2015, Volume: 78, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Ele	2015
β-Hydroxybutyrate attenuates NMDA-induced spasms in rats with evidence of neuronal stabilization on MR spectroscopy. Epilepsy research, 2015, Volume: 117 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Infant, Newb	2015
Ketones block amyloid entry and improve cognition in an Alzheimer's model. Neurobiology of aging, 2016, Volume: 39 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Cognition;	2016
Ketogenic diet exposure during the juvenile period increases social behaviors and forebrain neural activation in adult Engrailed 2 null mice. Physiology & behavior, 2016, 07-01, Volume: 161 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Autistic Disorder; Biogenic Monoa	2016
A ketogenic diet increases transport and oxidation of ketone bodies in RG2 and 9L gliomas without affecting tumor growth. Neuro-oncology, 2016, Volume: 18, Issue:8 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models,	2016
Bicarbonate correction of ketoacidosis alters host-pathogen interactions and alleviates mucormycosis. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2016, 06-01, Volume: 126, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Diabetic Ketoacidosis; Disease Models, Animal; Endoplasmic Reticulum	2016
Ketogenic diet treatment increases longevity in Kcna1-null mice, a model of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2016, Volume: 57, Issue:8 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blood Glucose;	2016
Fasting time duration modulates the onset of insulin-induced hypoglycemic seizures in mice. Epilepsy research, 2016, Volume: 125 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Disease Models, Animal; Fasting; Hypoglycemia; Infusi	2016
Tridecanoin is anticonvulsant, antioxidant, and improves mitochondrial function. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2017, Volume: 37, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antioxidants; Blood Glucose; Brain; Decanoates; Dis	2017
Regulation of brain PPARgamma2 contributes to ketogenic diet anti-seizure efficacy. Experimental neurology, 2017, Volume: 287, Issue:Pt 1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Age Factors; Anilides; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anticonvulsants; Blood Gluc	2017
A ketogenic diet rescues hippocampal memory defects in a mouse model of Kabuki syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2017, 01-03, Volume: 114, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Abnormalities, Multiple; Animals; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Fa	2017
Anticonvulsant profile of a balanced ketogenic diet in acute mouse seizure models. Epilepsy research, 2008, Volume: 81, Issue:2-3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antioxidants; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Conv	2008
Dietary restriction started after spinal cord injury improves functional recovery. Experimental neurology, 2008, Volume: 213, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Caloric Restriction; Cytoprotecti	2008
The effect of the ketogenic diet on hippocampal GluR5 and Glu(6 mRNA expression and Q/R site editing in the kainate-induced epilepsy model. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2008, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Base Sequence; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight;	2008
Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist, exerts anticonvulsive properties. Epilepsia, 2009, Volume: 50, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Body Weight; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models,	2009
Protective effects of mildronate in an experimental model of type 2 diabetes in Goto-Kakizaki rats. British journal of pharmacology, 2009, Volume: 157, Issue:8 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Administration, Oral; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Agents; Carnitin	2009
Effect of diet on the survival and phenotype of a mouse model for spinal muscular atrophy. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2010, Jan-01, Volume: 391, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Diet; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Male; Mice; Mic	2010
A novel scoring system for prognostic prediction in d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure BALB/c mice. BMC gastroenterology, 2009, Dec-30, Volume: 9 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Biomarkers; Disease Models, Animal; Galactosamine; Lipopolysaccharid	2009
Chronic in vitro ketosis is neuroprotective but not anti-convulsant. Journal of neurochemistry, 2010, Volume: 113, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cytoprotection; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, A	2010
Anticonvulsant and proconvulsant actions of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Epilepsia, 2010, Volume: 51, Issue:8 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antimetabolites; Blood Glucos	2010
Reduced fasting-induced activation of hypothalamic arcuate neurons is associated with hyperleptinemia and increased leptin sensitivity in obese mice. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2010, Volume: 299, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus; Blood Glucose; Dietary Fats; Diseas	2010
Does ketogenic diet alter seizure sensitivity and cell loss following fluid percussion injury? Epilepsy research, 2010, Volume: 92, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Brain Injuries; CD11b Antigen; Cell Count; Cell Death; Diet, Ketogen	2010
Insulin-induced hypoglycemia increases hepatic sensitivity to glucagon in dogs. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2010, Volume: 120, Issue:12 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Disease Mo	2010
Effect of trans-fat, fructose and monosodium glutamate feeding on feline weight gain, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, adipokine and lipid profile. The British journal of nutrition, 2011, Volume: 106, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Absorptiometry, Photon; Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Animals; Bioma	2011
A ketogenic diet delays weight loss and does not impair working memory or motor function in the R6/2 1J mouse model of Huntington's disease. Physiology & behavior, 2011, Jul-06, Volume: 103, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Age Factors; Animals; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans	2011
Protective effect of the ketogenic diet in Scn1a mutant mice. Epilepsia, 2011, Volume: 52, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Convulsants; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response	2011
Treatment with beta-hydroxybutyrate and melatonin is associated with improved survival in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock. Resuscitation, 2012, Volume: 83, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Antioxidants; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Therapy, Combination; Mal	2012
The ketogenic diet is an effective adjuvant to radiation therapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Brain; Combined Modality Therapy; Diet, Ketogenic; Di	2012
The ketogenic diet is an effective adjuvant to radiation therapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Brain; Combined Modality Therapy; Diet, Ketogenic; Di	2012
The ketogenic diet is an effective adjuvant to radiation therapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Brain; Combined Modality Therapy; Diet, Ketogenic; Di	2012
The ketogenic diet is an effective adjuvant to radiation therapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Brain; Combined Modality Therapy; Diet, Ketogenic; Di	2012
The ketogenic diet is an effective adjuvant to radiation therapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Brain; Combined Modality Therapy; Diet, Ketogenic; Di	2012
The ketogenic diet is an effective adjuvant to radiation therapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Brain; Combined Modality Therapy; Diet, Ketogenic; Di	2012
The ketogenic diet is an effective adjuvant to radiation therapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Brain; Combined Modality Therapy; Diet, Ketogenic; Di	2012
The ketogenic diet is an effective adjuvant to radiation therapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Brain; Combined Modality Therapy; Diet, Ketogenic; Di	2012
The ketogenic diet is an effective adjuvant to radiation therapy for the treatment of malignant glioma. PloS one, 2012, Volume: 7, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Brain; Combined Modality Therapy; Diet, Ketogenic; Di	2012
Ketogenic diet reduces Smac/Diablo and cytochrome c release and attenuates neuronal death in a mouse model of limbic epilepsy. Brain research bulletin, 2012, Nov-01, Volume: 89, Issue:3-4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; Carrier Protein	2012
Upregulated expression of brain enzymatic markers of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid metabolism in a rat model of the metabolic syndrome. BMC neuroscience, 2012, Oct-30, Volume: 13 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Blood Glucose; Brain; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic F	2012
Effect of melatonin and nifedipine on some antioxidant enzymes and different energy fuels in the blood and brain of global ischemic rats. Journal of pineal research, 2002, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Antioxidants; Blood; Brain; Calcium Channel Blockers; Disease Models	2002
An anticonvulsant profile of the ketogenic diet in the rat. Epilepsy research, 2002, Volume: 50, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Bicuculline; Convulsants; Dietary Fats; Disease Mod	2002
Effect of fasting on vascular contractility in lean and obese Zucker rats. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2003, Volume: 22, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Blood Pressure; Disease Models, Animal; Epinephrine	2003
Reduced SOD activity and increased neural tube defects in embryos of the sensitive but not of the resistant Cohen diabetic rats cultured under diabetic conditions. Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology, 2003, Volume: 67, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Animals; Catalase; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Disease Models,	2003
Hepatoprotective action of PGE1 analogue estimated by measuring the concentrations of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie, 2003, Volume: 55, Issue:2-3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Alanine Transaminase; Ani	2003
Increased cerebral uptake and oxidation of exogenous betaHB improves ATP following traumatic brain injury in adult rats. Journal of neurochemistry, 2004, Volume: 90, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Brain; Brain Injuries; Carbon Dioxide; Carbo	2004
The antidepressant properties of the ketogenic diet. Biological psychiatry, 2004, Dec-15, Volume: 56, Issue:12 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Antidepressive Agents; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Depression; Di	2004
Response of apolipoprotein E3-Leiden transgenic mice to dietary fatty acids: combining liver proteomics with physiological data. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2005, Volume: 19, Issue:7* Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Apolipoprotein E3; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Blood Glucose	2005
A retinoid X receptor antagonist, HX531, improves leptin resistance without increasing plasma leptin level in KK-Ay mice under normal dietary conditions. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2005, Volume: 54, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Benzoates; Biphenyl Compounds; Body Temperature; Bod	2005
D-beta-hydroxybutyrate protects against corneal epithelial disorders in a rat dry eye model with jogging board. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2005, Volume: 46, Issue:7 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blinking; Corneal Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Dry Eye Syndrome	2005
Global cerebral blood flow and metabolism during acute hyperketonemia in the awake and anesthetized rat. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 2006, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acute Disease; Anesthesia; Animals; Brain; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Disea	2006
A comparison of the ability of a 4:1 ketogenic diet and a 6.3:1 ketogenic diet to elevate seizure thresholds in adult and young rats. Epilepsia, 2005, Volume: 46, Issue:8 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Age Factors; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Dietary Fats; Disease Model	2005
Role of adiponectin in the protective action of dietary saturated fat against alcoholic fatty liver in mice. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 2005, Volume: 42, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase; Adiponectin; Animals; Cholesterol; Dietary Fats; Dise	2005
Similar patterns of mitochondrial vulnerability and rescue induced by genetic modification of alpha-synuclein, parkin, and DJ-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans. The Journal of biological chemistry, 2005, Dec-30, Volume: 280, Issue:52 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; alpha-Synuclein; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified;	2005
Influence of caloric restriction on motor behavior, longevity, and brain lipid composition in Sandhoff disease mice. Journal of neuroscience research, 2006, May-01, Volume: 83, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Age Factors; Animals; Antigens, CD; Antigens, Differentiation; Antigens, Diff	2006
A ketogenic diet and diallyl sulfide do not elevate afterdischarge thresholds in adult kindled rats. Epilepsy research, 2006, Volume: 71, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Acetone; Allyl Compounds; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Antic	2006
Beta-hydoxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation affects Walker 256 tumor-bearing rats in a time-dependent manner. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 2007, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Composition; Cachexia; Carcinoma 256, Walker; D	2007
Effect of ketogenic diet on hippocampus mossy fiber sprouting and GluR5 expression in kainic acid induced rat model. Chinese medical journal, 2006, Nov-20, Volume: 119, Issue:22 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Disease Model	2006
Calorie-restricted ketogenic diet increases thresholds to all patterns of pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures: critical importance of electroclinical assessment. Epilepsia, 2008, Volume: 49, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Caloric Restriction; Cerebral Cortex; Di	2008
Efficacy of the ketogenic diet in the 6-Hz seizure test. Epilepsia, 2008, Volume: 49, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; Diet	2008
Pentoxifylline increases gut ketogenesis following trauma and hemorrhagic shock. Critical care medicine, 1998, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase; Animal Feed; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty A	1998
Markers of cellular dysoxia during orthotopic liver transplantation in pigs. Intensive care medicine, 1998, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Animals; Biomarkers; Carnitine; Cell Hypoxia; Cytosol; Disease	1998
Metabolic adaptation to experimentally increased glucose demand in ruminants. Journal of animal science, 1998, Volume: 76, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Ac	1998
A ketogenic diet increases the resistance to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in the rat. Epilepsia, 1999, Volume: 40, Issue:2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Disease Models, Animal; Epileps	1999
Requirement for the heart-type fatty acid binding protein in cardiac fatty acid utilization. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 1999, Volume: 13, Issue:8 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cardiomegaly; Carrier Proteins; Disease Models, Anima	1999
Pitfalls in the use of 2-octynoic acid as an in vivo model of medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency: ketone turnover and metabolite studies in the rat. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1999, Volume: 48, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase; Animals; Carbon Isotopes; Disease Mode	1999
Effect of hypocalcaemia on glucose metabolism in hyperketonaemic piglets. Experimental physiology, 1999, Volume: 84, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Calcitriol; Calcium; Disease Models, Animal; Edetic A	1999
Caloric restriction inhibits seizure susceptibility in epileptic EL mice by reducing blood glucose. Epilepsia, 2001, Volume: 42, Issue:11 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weig	2001
Quantitative studies on fatty acid metabolism in isolated parenchymal cells from normal and cirrhotic livers in rats. Journal of hepatology, 1992, Volume: 15, Issue:1-2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Cholesterol; Disease Models, Animal; Fatty Acids, N	1992
Metabolic responses of lactating goats to feed restriction and dietary 1,3-butanediol. Journal of dairy science, 1989, Volume: 72, Issue:12 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Butylene Glycols; Cattle; Cattle Disease	1989
The effects of PGI2 analog (OP-41483) on perfused porcine liver. Artificial organs, 1989, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Energy Metabolism; Epoprosten	1989
Intracerebroventricular infusions of 3-OHB and insulin in a rat model of dietary obesity. The American journal of physiology, 1988, Volume: 255, Issue:6 Pt 2 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adipose Tissue, Brown; Animals; Blood Glucose; Cerebral Ventricles; Dietary F	1988
A comparison of long-chain triglycerides and medium-chain triglycerides on weight loss and tumour size in a cachexia model. British journal of cancer, 1988, Volume: 58, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Cachexia; Colonic Neoplasms; Dietary Fats; Disease M	1988
Suppression of mitogenic response of bovine lymphocytes during experimental ketosis in calves. American journal of veterinary research, 1985, Volume: 46, Issue:6 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acidosis; Animal Feed; Animals; Butylene Glycols; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Di	1985
A biochemical explanation of phenyl acetate neurotoxicity in experimental phenylketonuria. Journal of neurochemistry, 1985, Volume: 45, Issue:5 Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetyl Coenzyme A; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Glycoprote	1985