3-4-dihydroxyphenyllactic-acid and Stroke

Both caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid (danshensu) are synthesized through two distinct routs of the shikimic acid biosynthesis pathway. In many plants, especially the rosemary and sage family of Lamiaceae, these two compounds are joined through an ester linkage to form rosmarinic acid (RA). A further structural diversity of RA derivatives in some plants such as

Topics: Alkenes; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cinnamates; Dementia, Vascular; Depsides; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Lactates; Neural Stem Cells; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Nootropic Agents; Polyphenols; Rosmarinic Acid; Stroke; tau Proteins

Danshen, the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been widely used in China and, to a lesser extent, in Japan, the United States, and other European countries for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In China, the specific clinical use is angina pectoris, hyperlipidemia, and acute ischemic stroke. The current review covers its traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetics, clinical applications, and potential herb-drug interactions based on information obtained in both the English and Chinese literature. Although numerous clinical trials have demonstrated that certain Danshen products in China are effective and safe for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, most of these lack sufficient quality. Therefore, large randomized clinical trials and further scientific research to determine its mechanism of actions will be necessary to ensure the safety, effectiveness, and better understanding of its action.

Topics: Abietanes; Angina Pectoris; Animals; Benzofurans; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Fibrinolytic Agents; Herb-Drug Interactions; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Lactates; Phenanthrenes; Phenanthrolines; Plant Extracts; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Salvia miltiorrhiza; Stroke

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Hydrogen Peroxide; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; Mice; Molecular Docking Simulation; Neuroprotective Agents; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species; Stroke