2-2--azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic-acid and Inflammation

Chikungunya disease (CHIKD) is caused by the alphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and is characterized by acute fever and joint inflammation; the inflammation continues even after clearance of the virus from the system, persisting for several months to years. Currently, there are no modern medicines/vaccines available for its treatment and use of over-the-counter anti-inflammatory generic medicines to relieve symptoms is generally practiced. In India, Indian traditional medicines hold a lot of promise to treat this infection and are routinely used during outbreaks.. In the present study, we characterized the phytochemical and physicochemical properties of aqueous and ethanol extracts of the Vathasura Kudineer (VSK), a Andrographis based Siddha polyherbal formulation. Additionally, we evaluated its immunomodulatory and antiviral potential using an in vitro system.. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of VSK were prepared and their physico and phytochemical properties were obtained by biochemical and biophysical assays, HPTLC and FTIR. The aqueous extracts of VSK and several of its ingredients were evaluated for their cytotoxicity in Vero cells and using the maximum non-toxic concentration (MNTC), were processed further for evaluating their ability to inhibit CHIKV infection in Vero cells. We performed the co-treatment assay with ethanol extract of VSK and several of its ingredients to assess the antiviral activity against chikungunya virus on Vero cells and through pre-treatment assay (anti-adhesive effect), co-incubation assay (virucidal effect) and post-treatment assay (post-entry effect) were evaluated. Further, we tested the aqueous extract of VSK along with some of its ingredients for their immunomodulatory properties. We performed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays using LPS-simulated RAW 264.7 cells. For antioxidant capacity of extracts, we performed extra-cellular ABTS radical scavenging activity and intra-cellular effects on ROS generation and SOD activity. We assessed the effect on most important inflammatory mediators like Nitric oxide (NO) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE. We provided the fingerprint of the phytochemicals of both ethanol and aqueous extracts of VSK that can be used for identification. We observed that ethanol extract was able to inhibit CHIKV infection at MNTC with 48 h of treatment on Vero cells. Its ingredient VSKI-As (Anethum sowa) found to be most effective to show virucidal effect while VSKI-Cs (Clerodendrum serratum) and VSKI-Pn (Pipper nigrum) found to be effective in post-entry effect. VSK was able to show ABTS radical scavenging activity, reduce ROS generation, inhibit the inflammatory mediators (NO and PGE. We provided the evidence that VSK has both immunomodulatory as well as antiviral potential. It shows virucidal as well as post-entry effects on chikungunya virus. VSK can inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNFα production by suppressing the inflammatory mediators, NO and PGE

Topics: Andrographis; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Antiviral Agents; Chikungunya Fever; Chikungunya virus; Chlorocebus aethiops; Cytokines; Dinoprostone; Ethanol; Immunomodulation; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Lipopolysaccharides; Plant Extracts; Reactive Oxygen Species; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vero Cells

In traditional medicine, many medicinal plants are used in the treatment of various diseases caused by inflammation. The objective of the present study is to elucidate for the first time the effects of Cotinus coggygria (CC) ethanol extract (CCE) on colonic structure and inflammation of acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Colonic damage was assessed using disease activity index score, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Also, in vitro antioxidant activity of CCE was investigated by ABTS methods. Total phytochemical content of CCE was measured spectroscopically. Acetic acid caused colonic damage according to disease activity index and macroscopic scoring. CCE significantly reversed these damages. While the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and TGF-1beta increased in tissue with UC, IL-10 level decreased. CCE increased inflammatory cytokine levels to values close to the sham group. At the same time, while markers indicating disease severity such as VEGF, COX-2, PGE2, and 8-OHdG indicated the disease in the colitis group, these values returned to normal with CCE. Histological research results support biochemical analysis. CCE exhibited significant antioxidant against ABTS radical. Also, CCE was found to have a high content of total polyphenolic compounds. These findings provide evidence that CCE might be benefit as a promising novel therapy in the treatment of UC in humans due to high polyphenol content and justify the use of CC in folkloric medicine for treatment of inflamed diseases.

Topics: Acetic Acid; Anacardiaceae; Animals; Antioxidants; Colitis; Colon; Cytokines; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Wistar

Aromatic plants are reported to display pharmacological properties, including anti-aging. This work aims to disclose the anti-aging effect of the essential oil (EO) of

Topics: Antioxidants; Inflammation; Lamiaceae; Oils, Volatile; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts

White tip silver needle, a slightly fermented white tea, is abundant in flavonoids, and it has great significance in terms of D-galactose/lipopolysaccharide-induced aging in mice.. We analyzed the antioxidant capacity of white tip silver needle flavonoids (WTSNF) in vitro, assessed the effects of WTSNF on organ indexes, pathological changes, liver function indexes, biochemical indicators, molecular biological indicators, and genes related to oxidation and inflammation.. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry results showed that WTSNF contained baicalin, kaempferol, kaempferide, quercetin, isorhamnetin, lespenephryl, and rutin. WTSNF showed strong scavenging ability for both 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) free radicals. Pathological analysis results showed that WTSNF reduced liver, kidney, and lung damage in mice with induced aging. In the serum and liver tissue, WTSNF effectively increased the antioxidant-related levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity and reduced the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. WTSNF also reduced the inflammation-related levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and increased the levels of interleukin-10 and interleukin-12. Furthermore, WTSNF upregulated the mRNA expression levels of cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, interleukin-10, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor, heme oxygenase 1, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκB-α), and thioredoxin, while it downregulated the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-18, interleukin-1 beta, TNFα, IFN-γ, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB).. WTSNF is a high-quality natural product with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that can inhibits D-galactose/lipopolysaccharide-induced aging in mice.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cytokines; Flavonoids; Galactose; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Picrates; RNA, Messenger; Sulfonic Acids

Inflammation is a complex phenomenon that results as a healing response of organisms to different factors, exerting immune signaling, excessive free radical activity and tissue destruction. Lipoxygenases and their metabolites e.g., LTB₄, are associated with allergy, cell differentiation and carcinogenesis. Lipoxygenase 12/15 has been characterized as a mucosal-specific inhibitor of IgA and a contributor to the development of allergic sensitization and airway inflammation. Development of drugs that interfere with the formation or effects of these metabolites would be important for the treatment of various diseases like asthma, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, cancer and blood vessel disorders. In this study we extended our previous research synthesizing a series of multi-target cinnamic acids from the corresponding aldehydes with suitable 4-OH/Br substituted phenyl acetic acid by Knoevenagel condensation. The final products

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Cinnamates; Hydroxyl Radical; Inflammation; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipoxygenase; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Sulfonic Acids

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Edema; Hydroxides; Inflammation; Male; Methanol; Mice; Ononis; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Skin; Sulfonic Acids; Wound Healing

Naringenin (NGN) exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, but it remains undetermined its topical actions against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in vivo. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and functional antioxidant stability of NGN containing formulations, and the effects of selected NGN containing formulation on UVB irradiation-induced skin inflammation and oxidative damage in hairless mice. NGN presented ferric reducing power, ability to scavenge 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and hydroxyl radical, and inhibited iron-independent and dependent lipid peroxidation. Among the three formulations containing NGN, only the F3 kept its physicochemical and functional stability over 180 days. Topical application of F3 in mice protected from UVB-induced skin damage by inhibiting edema and cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10). Furthermore, F3 inhibited superoxide anion and lipid hydroperoxides production and maintained ferric reducing and ABTS scavenging abilities, catalase activity, and reduced glutathione levels. In addition, F3 maintained mRNA expression of cellular antioxidants glutathione peroxidase 1, glutathione reductase and transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), and induced mRNA expression of heme oxygenase-1. In conclusion, a formulation containing NGN may be a promising approach to protecting the skin from the deleterious effects of UVB irradiation.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Catalase; Edema; Flavanones; Gene Expression; Glutathione; Glutathione Peroxidase; Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; Glutathione Reductase; Heme Oxygenase-1; Hydroxyl Radical; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Lipid Peroxidation; Mice; Mice, Hairless; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress; Skin; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Ultraviolet Rays

Evidence shows beneficial effects of resveratrol (RES) on human health. However, its poor aqueous solubility limits therapeutic effectiveness. Thus, the use of nanostructured delivery systems for RES, such as a liquid-crystalline system (LCS), could be viable. The purpose of this study was to develop, characterize, and determine the in vivo effectiveness of a RES-loaded LCS. We studied an LCS containing silicon glycol copolymer, polyether functional siloxane, and the polymeric dispersion carbomer homopolymer type B (C974) in the ratio 20:55:25 with and without RES. Results obtained using polarized light microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and rheology analysis showed that the RES-loaded LCS system presents a lamellar structure and behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid presenting pseudoplastic (the apparent viscosity decreases as the stress increases) and thixotropic (the apparent viscosity decreases with the duration of stress) behaviors. Cytotoxicity studies showed that the formulation components are noncytotoxic. Topical application of a RES-loaded LCS protected hairless mice from UVB-irradiation-induced skin damage by inhibiting edema, neutrophil recruitment, lipid hydroperoxide and superoxide anion production, gp91phox mRNA expression, and oxidative stress. The RES-loaded LCS maintained 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing abilities, catalase activity, reduced glutathione levels, and mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 and glutathione reductase. The RES-loaded LCS also up-regulated matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, IL-10 production, and mRNA expression of transcription factor Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1. Therefore, a RES-loaded LCS is a promising new therapeutic approach to mitigate skin photodamage.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Edema; Female; Glutathione; Glutathione Peroxidase; Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; Heme Oxygenase-1; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Mice; Mice, Hairless; Molecular Structure; Oxidative Stress; Resveratrol; Skin; Stilbenes; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxides; Ultraviolet Rays

Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation may cause inflammation- and oxidative-stress-dependent skin cancer and premature aging. Naringenin (1) has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but its effects and mechanisms on UVB irradiation-induced inflammation and oxidative stress are still not known. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the potential of naringenin to mitigate UVB irradiation-induced inflammation and oxidative damage in the skin of hairless mice. Skin edema, myeloperoxidase (neutrophil marker) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity, and cytokine production were measured after UVB irradiation. Oxidative stress was evaluated by 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical (ABTS) scavenging ability, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), reduced glutathione levels, catalase activity, lipid peroxidation products, superoxide anion production, and gp91phox (NADPH oxidase subunit) mRNA expression by quantitative PCR. The intraperitoneal treatment with naringenin reduced skin inflammation by inhibiting skin edema, neutrophil recruitment, MMP-9 activity, and pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β and IL-10) cytokines. Naringenin also inhibited oxidative stress by reducing superoxide anion production and the mRNA expression of gp91phox. Therefore, naringenin inhibits UVB irradiation-induced skin damage and may be a promising therapeutic approach to control skin disease.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Flavanones; Glutathione; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-17; Interleukin-22; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-6; Interleukins; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Mice; Mice, Hairless; Molecular Structure; Oxidative Stress; Skin; Sulfonic Acids; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Ultraviolet Rays

Methanol extract subfractions of the edible white jelly mushroom (Tremella fuciformis), were assessed for the following antioxidant properties: ABTS(+) radical scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and inhibitory activity of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Among the subfractions tested, the chloroform subfraction exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with the highest total phenolic content (66.31 μg CAE/mg extract) and flavonoids content (5.12 μg QE/mg extract). The ABTS(+) radical scavenging activity of the chloroform subfraction was 7.89 μmol trolox/mg extract, which was the highest among all subfractions. This subfraction also showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and inhibitory activity of LDL oxidation. In addition, the chloroform subfraction demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Major phenolic acids from the mushroom extract were identified as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (323 mg/kg dry weight of mushroom), gentisic acid (174 mg/kg dry weight of mushroom), and 4-coumaric acid (30 mg/kg dry weight of mushroom).

Topics: Agaricales; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Basidiomycota; Benzothiazoles; Biological Products; Biphenyl Compounds; Cell Line; Coumaric Acids; Flavonoids; Gentisates; Humans; Inflammation; Lipoproteins, LDL; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Parabens; Phenols; Picrates; Propionates; Sulfonic Acids

Based on the fact that Synadenium grantii is used in folk medicine for the treatment of peptic ulcers and inflammatory diseases, this work describes its chemical and pharmacological properties. Pharmacological investigation of the crude bark extract showed a high antioxidant activity over several scavenger systems, such as 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylenebenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)• +, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl•, O2 • - , and HOCl, as well as an enzymatic system with human myeloperoxidase and an ex vivo hemolysis system. Furthermore, the oral administration of the crude bark extract was able to reduce carrageenan-induced rat paw edema as effectively as ibuprofen. These biological activities may be associated with the presence of flavonoids and terpenes, as revealed by HPLC and NMR analyses of the crude stem bark extract. The phytochemical investigations in this study resulted in the isolation of friedelin and 3β-friedelinol for the first time, while euphol and lanosterol were also isolated.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Carrageenan; Edema; Euphorbia; Female; Flavonoids; Humans; Inflammation; Lanosterol; Peroxidase; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Bark; Plant Extracts; Plant Stems; Rats, Wistar; Sulfonic Acids; Triterpenes

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant potential of ampelopsin (APS) by using various methods in vitro, as well as to determine effects of APS on LPS-induced oxidative stress in piglets. The results showed that APS exhibited excellent free radical scavenging by DPPH, ABTS, O2•-, H2O2 and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Ampelopsin also protected pig erythrocytes against AAPH-induced apoptosis and hemolysis, decreased total superoxide dismutase activity, and increased lipid peroxidation. Furthermore the results demonstrated that APS enhanced the total antioxidant capacity and decreased the malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents in LPS-treated piglets. The results of the present investigation suggest that APS possesses a strong antioxidant activity and alleviates LPS-induced oxidative stress, possibly due to its ability to prevent reactive oxygen species.

Topics: Amidines; Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Erythrocytes; Female; Flavonoids; Hemolysis; Hydrogen Peroxide; Inflammation; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipopolysaccharides; Malondialdehyde; Oxidants; Oxidative Stress; Picrates; Protein Carbonylation; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxides; Swine

Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) have tremendous potential for in vivo molecular imaging because of their high sensitivity. However, the diagnostic potential of UCAs has been difficult to exploit because current UCAs are based on pre-formed microbubbles, which can only detect cell surface receptors. Here, we demonstrate that chemical reactions that generate gas forming molecules can be used to perform molecular imaging by ultrasound in vivo. This new approach was demonstrated by imaging reactive oxygen species in vivo with allylhydrazine, a liquid compound that is converted into nitrogen and propylene gas after reacting with radical oxidants. We demonstrate that allylhydrazine encapsulated within liposomes can detect a 10 micromolar concentration of radical oxidants by ultrasound, and can image oxidative stress in mice, induced by lipopolysaccharide, using a clinical ultrasound system. We anticipate numerous applications of chemically-generated microbubbles for molecular imaging by ultrasound, given ultrasound's ability to detect small increments above the gas saturation limit, its spatial resolution and widespread clinical use.

Topics: Alkenes; Animals; Benzothiazoles; Contrast Media; Gallbladder; Hydrazines; Hydroxyl Radical; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Liposomes; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microbubbles; Molecular Imaging; Nitrogen; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sulfonic Acids; Ultrasonography

A modification of the assay system for peroxidase activity in human mixed saliva using 2,2'-azinobis-(-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) as the substrate is reported. The modifications permit differentiation between glandular peroxidase (SPX) and myeloperoxidase (MPX) activity. In addition, factors endogenous to saliva such as thiocyanate did not adversely affect the modified assay system. The basic peroxidase assay utilized 1.0 mM ABTS and 0.1 mM H2O2 in 0.1 M sodium acetate, pH 4.7. The addition of 100 mM NaCl to the assay inhibited 90% of the activity of purified MPX but only 40% of the SPX activity in parotid saliva presumed to be free of MPX. Addition of Cl- to the assay had varied effects on the mixed saliva SPX activity (44-68% inhibition), suggesting that MPX is present in varying amounts in mixed saliva. Assay of mixed saliva from patients with different states of periodontal health indicated that the amount of Cl- inhibition is dependent on amount of inflammation and thus amount of MPX present. The results suggest that the modified assay yields a reliable estimate of relative SPX activity in mixed saliva.

Topics: Benzothiazoles; Humans; Inflammation; Peroxidase; Saliva; Sodium Chloride; Substrate Specificity; Sulfonic Acids