1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium and Disease Models, Animal

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Administration Schedule; Herbicides; Humans; Injections, Intraventricular; Parkinson Disease

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Biotransformation; Brain; Cell Death; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mitochondria; MPTP Poisoning; Neurons; Neurotoxins; Parkinson Disease, Secondary

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; MPTP Poisoning; Muscle, Skeletal; Parkinson Disease; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Cholic Acids; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Mitochondrial Dynamics; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopaminergic Neurons; Humans; Insect Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuroblastoma; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinson Disease; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Alkaloids; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Disease Models, Animal; Fungi; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinson Disease; Quinolines

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Parkinson Disease; Pars Compacta

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Humans; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuroblastoma; Parkinson Disease; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; RNA, Small Interfering; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Neurotoxins; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Oxidative Stress; Parkinson Disease; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Dopaminergic Neurons; Humans; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neoplasm Proteins; Parkinson Disease; Signal Transduction

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Early Growth Response Protein 1; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; MicroRNAs; Oxidative Stress; Parkinson Disease; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Parkinson Disease; Proteomics; Rats; Simvastatin; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Administration, Oral; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Mammals; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Neuroprotective Agents; NF-kappa B; Parkinson Disease

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Blotting, Western; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; MicroRNAs; Parkinson Disease; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; PTEN Phosphohydrolase; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Long Noncoding; Signal Transduction; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Transfection

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Aminoquinolines; Animals; Apoptosis; Astrocytes; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Male; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Parkinson Disease; Phosphorylation; Pyrrolidines

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Differentiation; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; MicroRNAs; Nerve Growth Factor; Neurites; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Oxidative Stress; Parkinson Disease; PC12 Cells; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species; Sirtuin 1

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; MicroRNAs; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; Parkinson Disease; PC12 Cells; Rats; Signal Transduction

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Molecular Structure; Oxidative Stress; Parkinson Disease

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Line; Cysteamine; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Gene Expression Regulation; Glutaredoxins; Humans; Male; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mice; Parkinson Disease; Peptides; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Inflammasomes; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; NLR Proteins

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Astrocytes; Biomarkers; Brain; Cell Line; Cellular Senescence; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Female; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; HMGB1 Protein; Homeodomain Proteins; Humans; Lamin Type B; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Parkinson Disease; Postmortem Changes; Rats

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Disease Models, Animal; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; Flow Cytometry; Inflammation; Interleukin-6; MAP Kinase Kinase 4; MAP Kinase Signaling System; NF-kappa B; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Parkinson Disease; PC12 Cells; Phosphorylation; Rats; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Up-Regulation

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopaminergic Neurons; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Estradiol; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Neostriatum; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinson Disease; Rats; Rats, Wistar

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Haplorhini; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Parkinsonian Disorders

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; MicroRNAs; Motor Activity; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders; Sirtuin 3

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Differentiation; Cell Survival; Computer Simulation; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopaminergic Neurons; Down-Regulation; MicroRNAs; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders; PC12 Cells; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species; RNA, Messenger; Sirtuin 1; Substantia Nigra; Transcriptome; Up-Regulation

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; MPTP Poisoning; Neurotoxins; Restraint, Physical; Stress, Psychological

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Age Factors; Aging; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Glutathione Peroxidase; Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Monoamine Oxidase; MPTP Poisoning; Muscle, Skeletal; Myocardium; Neurotoxins; Oxidation-Reduction; Protein Deglycase DJ-1

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Brain Ischemia; Calcium; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Disease Models, Animal; Down-Regulation; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Homeostasis; Mice; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Parkinsonian Disorders; Protein Isoforms; Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; RNA, Small Interfering; Signal Transduction

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Cell Nucleus; Cytokines; Disease Models, Animal; Diterpenes; Dopaminergic Neurons; Inflammation Mediators; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Motor Activity; NF-kappa B; Parkinson Disease; Phenotype; Phosphorylation; Protein Transport; Signal Transduction; Transcription Factor RelA

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cell Culture Techniques; Disease Models, Animal; Glutamine; Oxidative Stress; Parkinson Disease; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Protective Agents; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Rats

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Brain; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal; Down-Regulation; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; Lipopolysaccharides; MicroRNAs; MPTP Poisoning; Neurons; Parkinson Disease; Up-Regulation

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Biopterins; Blotting, Western; Colon; Constipation; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme Inhibitors; Gastric Emptying; Gastrointestinal Motility; Gene Expression Regulation; Heme Oxygenase-1; Male; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; MPTP Poisoning; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Cell Death; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopaminergic Neurons; Interleukin-17; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Nerve Degeneration; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neuroimmunomodulation; Parkinson Disease; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra; Th17 Cells; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine Agents; Dopaminergic Neurons; Drug Synergism; Electron Transport Complex I; Energy Metabolism; Mice; Neurotoxins; Parkinson Disease; Probenecid; Rotenone; Uricosuric Agents

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Brain; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Learning; Memory; Mice; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Oligopeptides; Peptide Fragments; Plaque, Amyloid

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Antioxidants; Behavior, Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopaminergic Neurons; Humans; Ligusticum; Male; Neuroprotective Agents; Nitrogen Oxides; Oxidative Stress; Oxidopamine; Parkinson Disease; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Pyrazines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reactive Oxygen Species; Substantia Nigra; Zebrafish

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Autophagy; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Humans; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurotoxins; Parkinson Disease; Protein Aggregates; Protein Aggregation, Pathological

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Microglia; Nerve Degeneration; Neuroprotective Agents; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Parkinson Disease; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Silybin; Silymarin; Substantia Nigra; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Female; Flavanones; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinson Disease; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Dopaminergic Neurons; Electrophysiological Phenomena; KATP Channels; Membrane Potentials; Neural Inhibition; Parkinsonian Disorders; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Dopamine D2; Signal Transduction; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Female; Flavones; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Humans; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinson Disease; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Cell Death; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopaminergic Neurons; Humans; Mice; Nerve Degeneration; Parkinson Disease; Substantia Nigra; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Basal Ganglia; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Embryonic Stem Cells; Male; Mice; Motor Activity; Nerve Regeneration; Neural Stem Cells; Oxidopamine; Parkinsonian Disorders; Pars Compacta; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Recovery of Function; Severity of Illness Index; Time Factors; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Behavior, Animal; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Calcium Signaling; Disease Models, Animal; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; Hippocampus; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Memantine; Membrane Glycoproteins; Memory Disorders; Memory, Long-Term; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuronal Plasticity; Parkinsonian Disorders; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; Signal Transduction; Synapses; Time Factors

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Amino Acid Substitution; Animals; Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog; Binding Sites; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Mice; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; Nerve Degeneration; Parkinsonian Disorders; Phosphorylation; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Recombinant Proteins; Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa; RNA, Messenger

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Aryldialkylphosphatase; Behavior, Animal; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Lipid Peroxidation; Lipid Peroxides; Lovastatin; Male; Motor Activity; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinsonian Disorders; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Antigens, CD; Apoferritins; Apoptosis; Biflavonoids; Caspase 3; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Ginkgo biloba; Homeostasis; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Male; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxidative Stress; Parkinson Disease; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptors, Transferrin; Superoxide Dismutase; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gait; Herbicides; Injections, Intraventricular; Macaca fascicularis; Male; Parkinsonian Disorders; Postural Balance; Severity of Illness Index; Time Factors; Tremor; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Catechin; Copper; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Zinc

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Magnesium; Parkinson Disease; PC12 Cells; Rats

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Autophagy; Blotting, Western; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Neurons; Parkinson Disease; Up-Regulation

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Benzamides; Diencephalon; Disease Models, Animal; Histone Deacetylase 1; Histone Deacetylase 6; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; Histone Deacetylases; Hydroxamic Acids; Indoles; Larva; Locomotion; Neurotoxins; Oxazines; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Pyridines; RNA, Messenger; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; Xanthenes; Zebrafish; Zebrafish Proteins

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; DNA Damage; Dopaminergic Neurons; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Parkinson Disease; PC12 Cells; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Rats; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Indolequinones; Male; Nerve Degeneration; Parkinson Disease; Pars Compacta; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Brain; Cell Line, Tumor; Cytosol; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Lamin Type B; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neurons; Nuclear Envelope; Oxidopamine; Phosphorylation; Protein Aggregation, Pathological; Staurosporine

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoferritins; Apoptosis; Brain; Cation Transport Proteins; Cell Survival; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Ferritins; Hippocampus; Iron; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mitochondria; MPTP Poisoning; Oxidative Stress; Parkinson Disease; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptors, Transferrin; Substantia Nigra; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Humans; Neuroprotective Agents; Oleanolic Acid; Parkinson Disease; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Reactive Oxygen Species; Saponins; Signal Transduction

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Aging; Animals; Calpain; Cell Death; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Down-Regulation; Mesencephalon; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neuroprotection; Parkinson Disease; Postmortem Changes; Proteolysis; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; Ubiquitin

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Drosophila melanogaster; Mitochondria; Neuroprotection; Parkinson Disease; Quinpirole; Receptors, Dopamine D2

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Cell Hypoxia; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mutation; Neurons; Thiolester Hydrolases

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Autophagy; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Caenorhabditis elegans; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopaminergic Neurons; Heterozygote; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mitochondria; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neurons; Oxygen Consumption; Parkinson Disease; Pyridines; Pyruvic Acid; Signal Transduction; Substantia Nigra; Thiazolidinediones

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Caspase 3; Cells, Cultured; Cytochromes c; Disease Models, Animal; DNA-Binding Proteins; Dopaminergic Neurons; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mice; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Nucleobindins; Parkinson Disease; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Astrocytes; Cells, Cultured; Corpus Striatum; Cytoplasm; Disease Models, Animal; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport; Glutamic Acid; Male; Membranes; Mesencephalon; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nedd4 Ubiquitin Protein Ligases; Parkinson Disease; Protein Kinase C; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Protein Transport; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; Ubiquitination

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Animals; Apoptosis; Brain; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neoplasm Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Parkinsonian Disorders; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl; Tissue Distribution

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Astrocytes; Brain Stem; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Decanoic Acids; Diazoxide; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ectodysplasins; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Gene Expression Regulation; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Hydroxy Acids; Male; Motor Activity; MPTP Poisoning; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Potassium Channel Blockers; Propylamines; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Brain; Copper; Disease Models, Animal; Ginkgo biloba; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Parkinson Disease; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Microdialysis; Nerve Endings; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinson Disease; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Simvastatin

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Brain; Cell Line; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Leupeptins; Lewy Bodies; Mice; Oxidopamine; Parkinson Disease; Protein Kinases; Rats; Solubility; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Aging; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Male; Mesencephalon; Mice; Mice, Inbred AKR; Neurons; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Caspase 3; Cell Line, Tumor; Chromones; Cytotoxins; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Magnoliopsida; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Morpholines; Motor Activity; Neuroblastoma; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinson Disease; Phosphorylation; Phytotherapy; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Araliaceae; Cell Survival; Disease Models, Animal; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Humans; Malondialdehyde; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Nitric Oxide; Parkinson Disease; PC12 Cells; Rats

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; 14-3-3 Proteins; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Parkinson Disease; Protein Isoforms; Proteins; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering; Rotenone

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Cytoplasm; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Electron Transport Complex I; Mice; Microtubules; NAD; Nerve Degeneration; Parkinson Disease; Reactive Oxygen Species; Rotenone; Substantia Nigra; Vesicular Monoamine Transport Proteins

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Apoptosis; Astrocytes; Basal Ganglia; Calcium; Cell Death; Cyclophilins; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Humans; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Microglia; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; MPTP Poisoning; Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase F; Substantia Nigra; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Acupuncture Therapy; Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Glutathione; Hydrogen Peroxide; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; MPTP Poisoning; Neurons; Oxidative Stress; Parkinson Disease; Substantia Nigra; Superoxide Dismutase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Homeostasis; HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins; Mice; Mitochondria; Molecular Weight; Oxidopamine; Parkinson Disease; Psychomotor Performance; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Signal Transduction

Topics: 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Axons; Behavior, Animal; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopaminergic Neurons; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; MPTP Poisoning; Nerve Degeneration; Neurites; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Rats; Rats, Wistar; rho-Associated Kinases; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Acetylcholinesterase; Alkaloids; Animals; Apoptosis; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Disease Models, Animal; Dopaminergic Neurons; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Parkinsonian Disorders; PC12 Cells; Rats; Sesquiterpenes; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Ceruloplasmin; Copper; Copper Sulfate; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Mesencephalon; Parkinson Disease; Rats; Rats, Wistar

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Forelimb; Herbicides; Intralaminar Thalamic Nuclei; Male; Motor Activity; Motor Cortex; MPTP Poisoning; Multiple System Atrophy; Nerve Degeneration; Parkinsonian Disorders; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Benzimidazoles; Carbocyanines; Coloring Agents; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; Fluorometry; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Potentials; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mitochondria; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Oxazines; Oxidation-Reduction; Parkinsonian Disorders; Piperazines; Presynaptic Terminals; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Cyanide; Synaptosomes; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; Xanthenes

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopamine Agents; Gene Expression Regulation; Interleukin-1; Mesencephalon; Mice; MPTP Poisoning; Neuroglia; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Nitric Oxide Synthase; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; RNA, Messenger; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Acetylcysteine; Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apoptosis; Cell Culture Techniques; Cerebral Cortex; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Interactions; Free Radical Scavengers; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Neurons; Oxidopamine; Peptide Fragments; Phosphorylation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superoxide Dismutase; tau Proteins; Time Factors

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Male; Membrane Proteins; Myocardial Ischemia; Neurons; Norepinephrine; Potassium Channels; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Adenosine A1; Tritium

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Homovanillic Acid; Mice; Mice, Knockout; MPTP Poisoning; Neuroprotective Agents; Pyridines; Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Substantia Nigra; Survival Rate; Synaptosomes

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; bcl-X Protein; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Vectors; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons; Parkinsonian Disorders; Proteins; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Semliki forest virus; Substantia Nigra; Transduction, Genetic; Transgenes; Treatment Outcome; X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Cell Survival; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Ion Channels; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Proteins; Oxygen Consumption; Parkinsonian Disorders; Reactive Oxygen Species; Substantia Nigra; Uncoupling Protein 2

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Cell Size; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Degeneration; Nerve Growth Factors; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Neurotoxins; Organ Culture Techniques; Parkinsonian Disorders; Recovery of Function; Substantia Nigra; Time Factors; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Brain Tissue Transplantation; Cell Size; Cells, Cultured; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Female; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Graft Survival; Male; Neural Pathways; Neurons; Neurotoxins; Oxidopamine; Parkinsonian Disorders; Quinolinic Acid; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Species Specificity; Substantia Nigra; Swine; Time Factors; Transplantation, Heterologous

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Electron Transport Complex I; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Male; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Membranes; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinsonian Disorders; Promethazine; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Cell Count; Cell Line, Tumor; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Motor Activity; Neuroblastoma; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Parkinson Disease; Rats; Rotarod Performance Test; Substantia Nigra; Superoxide Dismutase; Tetrazolium Salts; Thiazoles; Transgenes; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Apoptosis; Disease Models, Animal; Herbicides; Humans; Neuroblastoma; Neurons; Oxidopamine; Parkinson Disease; Phenotype; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Survival Rate

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing); Animals; Biological Factors; Brain Chemistry; Corpus Striatum; Cytosol; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; Enzyme Inhibitors; Extracellular Fluid; Male; Microdialysis; Presynaptic Terminals; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Restraint, Physical; Stress, Psychological; Synaptic Transmission

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Acetylcholine; Animals; Atrophy; Cell Nucleus; Cholinergic Fibers; Coloring Agents; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Down-Regulation; Herbicides; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons; Neurotoxins; Parkinsonian Disorders; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Apoptosis; Caspase Inhibitors; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Male; Mesencephalon; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons; Oligopeptides; Oxidopamine; Parkinson Disease; Peptides; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; Protein Kinase C-delta; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Rats; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Indazoles; Male; Microdialysis; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; Parkinson Disease; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Axonal Transport; Caspases; Decapodiformes; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme Activation; Kinetics; Neurons; Parkinson Disease; Protein Kinase C; Protein Kinase C-delta; Synaptic Vesicles

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Caspase 3; Chromosome Pairing; Decapodiformes; Disease Models, Animal; Neurons; Parkinson Disease; Protein Kinase C-delta; Signal Transduction; Synapses; Synaptic Vesicles

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Adenosine Triphosphate; alpha-Synuclein; Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Caenorhabditis elegans; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Cell Death; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Herbicides; Humans; MPTP Poisoning; Neurons

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Acetylcysteine; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Behavior, Animal; Cysteine; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Interactions; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1; Free Radical Scavengers; Glutathione; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroxamic Acids; In Vitro Techniques; Indazoles; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Movement Disorders; MPTP Poisoning; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxidative Stress; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Adult; Aged; Animals; Antibodies; Antibody Specificity; Caudate Nucleus; Cluster Analysis; Disease Models, Animal; Electrophysiology; Humans; Immunization; Middle Aged; Parkinson Disease; Rabbits; Serotonin

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Acetylcholine; Animals; Caudate Nucleus; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopamine Antagonists; Electroencephalography; Male; Neostigmine; Neurons; Oxotremorine; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Rats; Receptors, Cholinergic; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Aging; Animals; Cell Extracts; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Chick Embryo; Ciliary Body; Craniocerebral Trauma; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine Agents; Female; Ganglia, Spinal; Neostriatum; Nerve Growth Factors; Nerve Regeneration; Neurites; Neurons; Oxidopamine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sympatholytics

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopamine Agents; Indazoles; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Riluzole

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; DNA; DNA-Binding Proteins; DNA, Mitochondrial; Electron Transport; Electron Transport Complex I; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Hybrid Cells; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mitochondria; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; Neostriatum; Nuclear Proteins; Oxygen; Parkinsonian Disorders; Primates; Protein Binding; Succinic Acid; Transcription Factors; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Antioxidants; Azoles; Behavior, Animal; Blood Proteins; Callithrix; Caudate Nucleus; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Free Radicals; Glutathione Peroxidase; Herbicides; Isoindoles; Locomotion; Male; Mitochondria; Molecular Mimicry; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Organoselenium Compounds; Parkinsonian Disorders; PC12 Cells; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Substantia Nigra; Tritium

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Brain; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Death; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Female; Liver; Mesencephalon; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Monoamine Oxidase; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; Neurons; Oxepins; Oxidopamine; Parkinsonian Disorders; Pregnancy; Rats; Selegiline; Substantia Nigra; Tritium; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Cell Count; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Homovanillic Acid; Isoenzymes; Male; Meloxicam; Membrane Proteins; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Motor Activity; Neostriatum; Neuroprotective Agents; Parkinsonian Disorders; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Substantia Nigra; Thiazines; Thiazoles; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Electron Transport Complex I; Free Radicals; Humans; Insecticides; Lewy Bodies; Mitochondria; NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases; Neurons; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders; Rats; Risk Factors; Rotenone; Uncoupling Agents

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopamine Agents; Gliosis; Herbicides; Male; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxidopamine; Parkinsonian Disorders; PC12 Cells; Purinergic P1 Receptor Antagonists; Purines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Sympatholytics; Tritium

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Caudate Nucleus; Disease Models, Animal; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Macaca fascicularis; Male; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Putamen; Substantia Nigra

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Sheep

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Antiparkinson Agents; Brain; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; Neural Pathways; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurotransmitter Agents; Parkinson Disease; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Pyridinium Compounds; Receptors, Dopamine; Substantia Nigra; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Haplorhini; Mice; Monoamine Oxidase; Neurotoxins; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Pyridines; Pyridinium Compounds; Spinal Cord

Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors; Catecholamines; Disease Models, Animal; Melanophores; Motor Activity; Movement; Pargyline; Parkinson Disease, Secondary; Pyridines; Pyridinium Compounds; Pyrogallol; Ranidae; Reflex; Salamandridae; Skin Pigmentation