1-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and Memory-Disorders

Topics: Acetylcholine; Acetylcholinesterase; Amnesia; Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cognition Disorders; Donepezil; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ginkgo biloba; Ginkgolides; Ligands; Malondialdehyde; Memory Disorders; Mice, Inbred ICR; Molecular Docking Simulation; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Receptor, trkB; Scopolamine; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase; Tablets

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of mercurius solubilis (merc sol) on scopolamine induced memory deficits and motor coordination in mice.. Three different formulations of merc sol (30X, 200M, 1M) were screened for their in vitro antioxidant potential through DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and nitric oxide scavenging activity using response surface methodology. Memory impairment was induced by the administration of scopolamine (1mg/kg i.p.) for 3 days to mice and assessment of memory acquisition and retention was done using Morris water maze test, passive avoidance test, elevated plus maze test, light and dark box test, motor coordination was evaluated using rotarod test and inclined plan test. The involvement of ion channels and nitric oxide pathway in the observed effect of merc sol was elucidated by administration of veratrine (0.125 μg/kg, i.p.), A23187 (20 μg/kg, i.p.), L- arginine (40 mg/kg, i.p.), aminoguanidine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to merc sol. Acute toxicity studies were performed in accordance with the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) guidelines.. In vitro studies have revealed merc sol 30 X to have maximum free radical and nitric oxide scavenging activity. Administration of merc sol 30 X to mice significantly reduced scopolamine induced memory deficits and motor incoordination in all the performance tasks. The calcium ionophore, A23187 significantly altered the effect of merc sol in mice. No major signs of toxicity were observed.. Merc sol has antiamnesic effect in scopolamine induced deficits and motor coordination in mice.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Arginine; Avoidance Learning; Biphenyl Compounds; Calcimycin; Cholinergic Antagonists; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; Guanidines; Male; Maze Learning; Memory Disorders; Mercury; Mice; Neuroprotective Agents; Picrates; Psychomotor Disorders; Scopolamine

The effects of purple sweet potato anthocyanin (SPA) and Cordyceps mushroom extract (CME) on lipid peroxidation, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and cognitive deficits were examined. Both SPA and CME exhibited DPPH radical scavenging activities with similar potency. In contrast, only SPA was shown to effectively inhibit lipid peroxidation initiated by Fe2+ and ascorbic acid in rat brain homogenates. Furthermore, SPA markedly enhanced cognitive performance, assessed by passive avoidance test in ethanol-treated mice. Combined treatments with SPA and CME did not significantly influence the effects of SPA alone. These results demonstrate that anthocyanin prepared from purple sweet potato exhibits memory enhancing effects, which may be associated with its antioxidant properties.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Agaricales; Animals; Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Avoidance Learning; Biphenyl Compounds; Brain; Cognition Disorders; Complex Mixtures; Cordyceps; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethanol; Free Radical Scavengers; Hydroxyl Radical; Ipomoea batatas; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Memory Disorders; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley