1-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and Amnesia

Topics: Acetylcholine; Acetylcholinesterase; Amnesia; Animals; Benzothiazoles; Biphenyl Compounds; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cognition Disorders; Donepezil; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ginkgo biloba; Ginkgolides; Ligands; Malondialdehyde; Memory Disorders; Mice, Inbred ICR; Molecular Docking Simulation; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Receptor, trkB; Scopolamine; Sulfonic Acids; Superoxide Dismutase; Tablets

Mushrooms are valued for their nutritional as well as medicinal properties. Ganoderma species are used traditionally to treat neurological disorders but scientific evidence for this is insufficient. The present study was designed to systematically evaluate the anti-amnesic effect of selected Ganoderma species i.e. G. mediosinense and G. ramosissimum. Extracts of selected mushroom species were evaluated for their antioxidant activity and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition using in-vitro assays (DPPH and Ellman tests respectively). The anti-amnesic potential of the most active extract (i.e. 70% methanol extract of G. mediosinense) was confirmed using mouse model of scopolamine-induced amnesia. Mice were treated with bioactive extract and donepezil once orally before the induction of amnesia. Cognitive functions were evaluated using passive shock avoidance (PSA) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests. The effect on brain AChE activity, brain oxidative stress (TBARS level) and neuronal damage (H & E staining) were also assessed. In-vitro results showed strong antioxidant and AChE inhibitory activities by G. mediosinense extract (GME). Therefore, it was selected for in-vivo studies. GME pre-treatment (800mg/kg, p.o.) reversed the effect of scopolamine in mice, evident by significant decrease (p <0.05) in the transfer latency time and increase in object recognition index in PSA and NOR, respectively. GME significantly reduced the brain AChE activity and oxidative stress. Histopathological examination of brain tissues showed decrease in vacuolated cytoplasm and increase in pyramidal cells in brain hippocampal and cortical regions. GME exerts anti-amnesic effect through AChE inhibition and antioxidant mechanisms.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Amnesia; Animals; Antioxidants; Avoidance Learning; Behavior, Animal; Biphenyl Compounds; Brain; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cognition; Disease Models, Animal; Donepezil; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ganoderma; GPI-Linked Proteins; Indans; Male; Memory; Mice; Nootropic Agents; Picrates; Piperidines; Reaction Time; Recognition, Psychology; Scopolamine; Time Factors

Ocimum species are traditionally used for the treatment of anxiety, nerve pain, convulsions and a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-amnesic effect of O. basilicum L., O. sanctum L. and O. gratissimum L. extracts using in-vitro and in-vivo models.. In-vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory and antioxidant activities of hydro-methanol extracts of plants were evaluated using Ellman and DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. The most active extract i.e. O. basilicum extract (OBE) was further explored for the possible anti-amnesic activity in mouse model of scopolamine induced amnesia using behavioral models (elevated plus maze and passive shock avoidance task). Brain AChE activity, oxidative profile and histopathological studies were assessed to outline the anti-amnesic mechanism of the extract.. OBE possesses antioxidant and AChE inhibitory activity. These biochemical changes are responsible for the anti-amnesic and neuroprotective activities of O. basilicum which may be attributed to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds. This can be developed as an effective anti-amnesic drug.

Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Amnesia; Animals; Antioxidants; Avoidance Learning; Behavior, Animal; Biphenyl Compounds; Cerebral Cortex; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cognition; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; GPI-Linked Proteins; Hippocampus; Male; Maze Learning; Memory; Methanol; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Neuroprotective Agents; Ocimum; Ocimum basilicum; Ocimum sanctum; Phenols; Phytotherapy; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plants, Medicinal; Reaction Time; Scopolamine; Solvents; Time Factors