vendex and cyhexatin

A method for the simultaneous determination of cyhexatin, triphenyltin and fenbutatin oxide residues in fruits and vegetables was developed by Grignard derivatization and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The samples were firstly digested by HC1/THF (1 :10, v/v), then extracted by hexane and followed by the derivatization with Grignard reagent (EtMgBr). Then after purification using florisil SPE columns, the sample extracts were finally analyzed by GC-MS/MS. The qualitative and quantitative determinations of the three organotin pesticides were performed by the tandem mass in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. By using apple as a representative matrix, the limits of detection (LODs) obtained by the proposed method for cyhexatin, triphenyltin and fenbutatin oxide were 2. 0, 1. 5 and 3.4 μg/kg (as Sn), respectively. The average recoveries for the three organotin pesticides were in the range of 72.4%-107. 1% at the spiked levels of 10, 20, 50 and 200 μg/kg (as Sn) and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged from 0. 4% to 14. 2%. The proposed method was validated to have good linearity, high sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy for the simultaneous determination of cyhexatin, triphenyltin and fenbutatin oxide in fruits and vegetables. The sensitivity of this method can meet the requirements of the inspection for the three organotin pesticides at the level of maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by China and some other countries.

Topics: Fruit; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Limit of Detection; Organotin Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Trialkyltin Compounds; Vegetables

In this work, five organotins and pyrethroids pesticides were tested to examine their effects on the three cyanobacteria Anabaena flos-aquae, Microcystis flos-aquae, Mirocystis aeruginosa and on the five green algae Selenastrum capricornutun, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Scenedesmus obliqnus, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella pyrenoidosa through 96 h acute toxicity tests. The results indicated that: (1) the decreasing order of the average acute toxicity to cyanobacteria and green algae of five dissimilar organotins and pyrethroids pesticides was: fentin hydroxide > cyhexatin > azocyclotin > fenbutatin oxide > beta-cyfluthrin. (2) Wide variations occurred in response to the tested pesticides among the eight individual species of cyanobacteria and green algae. The sensitivity of various species of algae exposed to fenbutatin-oxide varied over one order of magnitude, exposed to cyhexatin/fentin-hydroxide/beta-cyfluthrin varied over two orders of magnitude and exposed to azocyclotin varied three orders of magnitude. (3) In contrast with the sensitivity of cyanobacteria and green algae, cyanobacteria were much less sensitive to beta-cyfluthrin than green algae. The pollutants may result in a shift of green algal and cyanobacterial group structure, especially in a shift from dominance by green algae to dominance by cyanobacteria, and may sustain cyanobcterial blooms during the special period. Thus, the decreasing order of the aquatic ecological risk was: beta-cyfluthrin > fentin hydroxide > cyhexatin > azocyclotin > fenbutatin oxide. There was a strong variance between toxicity and ecological risk, i.e. "low toxicity" does not automatically imply "low ecological risk". The toxicity of pyrethroids pesticides was lower than that of organotins pesticides, whereas the aquatic ecological risk of pyrethroids pesticides was higher than that of organotins pesticides.

Topics: Chlorophyta; Dolichospermum flos-aquae; Insecticides; Microcystis; Nitriles; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; Organotin Compounds; Pyrethrins; Species Specificity; Toxicity Tests, Acute; Trialkyltin Compounds; Water Pollutants, Chemical

Method-performance studies were conducted for the notified revised analytical method of fenbutatin oxide (FBTO) and cyhexatin (CHT). FBTO and CHT spiked into rice, soybeans, spinach, orange, tea powder and tea extract at the level of 0.5 microgram/g for FBTO and 0.1 microgram/g for CHT were analyzed in replicate in 6 laboratories. Means recoveries of FBTO were 85.2-96.5% and those of CHT were 83.5-89.2% except from soybeans (46.5%). Repeatability relative standard deviation values of FBTO and CHT in each crop were in the ranges of 2.3-9.4% and 3.2-6.3%, respectively. Reproducibility relative standard deviations were 3.9-12.6% for FBTO and 8.3-12.9% for CHT. Detection limits were 0.015-0.05 microgram/g for FBTO and 0.005-0.02 microgram/g for CHT.

Topics: Food Analysis; Organotin Compounds; Reproducibility of Results; Trialkyltin Compounds

There have been very few reports of the effect of pesticides on immediate allergy. In the previous report, the effect of pyrethroid pesticides and organophosphorus pesticides on immediate allergic reaction was investigated. Subsequently, 12 organonitrogen pesticides, 14 carbamate pesticides and 4 other pesticides were investigated for their effects on the enzyme activity of beta-hexosaminidase as an index of chemical mediator release from rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3). Two organonitrogen pesticides, bitertanol and pyridaben, and two organotin pesticides, cyhexatin and fenbutatin oxide, were found to promote beta-hexosaminidase release. Bitertanol non-specifically caused the promotion of chemical mediator release, while the release-promotive action of pyridaben was related to IgE antibody and those of cyhexatin and fenbutatin oxide to cell injury. On the other hand, two organonitrogen pesticides, propiconazole and triadimenol, and imazalil showed release-inhibitory action. These data suggested that some pesticides can affect immediate allergy.

Topics: Animals; beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases; Biphenyl Compounds; Carbamates; Insecticides; Leukemia, Experimental; Leukocytes; Mice; Nitrogen Compounds; Organotin Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Pyridazines; Trialkyltin Compounds; Triazoles; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Topics: Animals; Female; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Male; Mites; Organotin Compounds; Trialkyltin Compounds