valinomycin has been researched along with physcione* in 1 studies
1 other study(ies) available for valinomycin and physcione
Article | Year |
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Synergistic proinflammatory interactions of microbial toxins and structural components characteristic to moisture-damaged buildings.
Indoor exposure to microbes and their structural and metabolic compounds is notoriously complex. To study proinflammatory interactions between the multiple microbial agents, macrophages derived from human THP-1 monocytic cells were exposed to several concentrations of microbial toxins alone (emodin, enniatin B, physcion, sterigmatocystin, valinomycin) and in combination with microbial structural components (bacterial lipopolysaccharide [LPS] or fungal β-glucan). While the expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β to single toxins alone was modest, low-dose co-exposure with structural components increased the responses of emodin, enniatin B, and valinomycin synergistically, both at the mRNA and protein level, as measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Co-exposure of toxins and β-glucan resulted in consistent synergistically increased expression of several inflammation-related genes, while some of the responses with LPS were also inhibitory. Co-exposure of toxins with either β-glucan or LPS induced also mitochondrial damage and autophagocytosis. The results demonstrate that microbial toxins together with bacterial and fungal structural components characteristic to moisture-damaged buildings can have drastic synergistic proinflammatory interactions at low exposure levels. Topics: Air Pollution, Indoor; Bacteria; beta-Glucans; Depsipeptides; Emodin; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fungi; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophages; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sterigmatocystin; THP-1 Cells; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Valinomycin | 2017 |