Page last updated: 2024-08-16

urethane and morphine

urethane has been researched along with morphine in 45 studies

Research

Studies (45)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	38 (84.44)	18.7374
1990's	3 (6.67)	18.2507
2000's	4 (8.89)	29.6817
2010's	0 (0.00)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Authors

Authors	Studies
González-Díaz, H; Orallo, F; Quezada, E; Santana, L; Uriarte, E; Viña, D; Yáñez, M	1
Fuke, H; Kumada, S; Tsujita, M; Yamaguchi, I	1
Liebeskind, JC; Urca, G	1
Brooks, SN; Campbell, WB; Keeton, K; Pettinger, WA; Tanaka, K	1
Nikol'skaia, MG; Samonina, GE; Udel'nov, MG	1
Heavner, JE	1
Harbuz, M; Kawata, M; Lightman, SL; Russell, JA; Sumner, BE	1
Berman, EF; Fujimoto, JM; Schaus, P	1
Banks, WA; Galina, ZH; Kastin, AJ; Trentman, TL	1
de Oliveira Antonio, MP; de Oliveira, GG; Shimano, LT	1
Ben-Zvi, Z; Fischer, HR; Hurwitz, A; Innis, JD; Ronsse, S	1
Budzińska, K; Grieb, P; Romaniuk, JR	1
Baettig, P; Bucher, K; Logara-Kalantzis, A	1
Claybaugh, JR; Share, L; Shimizu, K	1
Almirante, L; Murmann, W; Saccani-Guelfi, M	1
Traber, DL	1
Hashimoto, K; Kimura, T; Kubota, K	1
Blattberg, B; Levy, MN	1
Hashizume, T; Kasahara, A; Oshima, Y	1
Müller, O	1
Cerretelli, P; Di Prampero, PE; Piiper, J	1
Burch, GE; Giles, TD	1
Brattström, A; Kalkoff, W	1
Tate, J	1
Crossland, J; Slater, P	1
Behar, VS; Harley, A; McIntosh, HD	1
Huch, A; Kötter, D; Piiper, J; Stotz, H	1
Borison, HL; Flórez, J	1
Gen, MC; Valdman, AV	1
Papacostas, CA; Soloff, LA; Weiss, L	1
Pálosi, E; Szporny, L	1
Maiewski, S; Mueller, GP; Muldoon, S	1
McKenzie, GM; Warenycia, MW	1
Landgraf, R; Ludwig, M; Munro, G; Russell, JA	1
Redgrave, P; Telford, S; Wang, S	1
Horie, S; Ishihara, S; Murayama, T; Tsuchiya, S; Watanabe, K	1
BALUTA, V; DINESCU, G; KITZOULESCU, I	1
IINO, Y	1
ANKERMANN, H; FAULHABER, HD	1
BALDRIGHI, G; MASSONI, G	1
KAZEMI, H; MITHOEFER, JC	1
NAKAI, Y	1
Blakey, D; Heflich, RH; Jacobs, A; Jacobsen, SD; Morita, T; Nohmi, T; O'Donovan, MR; Sasaki, YF; Sofuni, T; Tice, R; Tweats, DJ	1
ABOOD, LG; KUN, E	1
Blatt, LK; Laping, NJ; Lashinger, ES; Su, X	1

Reviews

1 review(s) available for urethane and morphine

Article	Year
Report of the IWGT working group on strategy/interpretation for regulatory in vivo tests II. Identification of in vivo-only positive compounds in the bone marrow micronucleus test. Mutation research, 2007, Feb-03, Volume: 627, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Benzene; Bone Marrow; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glutamates; Guanine; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; Micronucleus Tests; Morphine; Pemetrexed; Rodentia; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sulfapyridine; Sulfasalazine; Urethane	2007

Article

Year

Report of the IWGT working group on strategy/interpretation for regulatory in vivo tests II. Identification of in vivo-only positive compounds in the bone marrow micronucleus test.

Mutation research, 2007, Feb-03, Volume: 627, Issue:1

Topics: Animals; Benzene; Bone Marrow; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glutamates; Guanine; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; Micronucleus Tests; Morphine; Pemetrexed; Rodentia; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sulfapyridine; Sulfasalazine; Urethane

2007

Other Studies

44 other study(ies) available for urethane and morphine

Article	Year
Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2008, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21 Topics: Computational Biology; Drug Design; Humans; Isoenzymes; Molecular Structure; Monoamine Oxidase; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship	2008
Relationship between gastric secretion and serum gastrin levels in dogs anesthetized with morphine and urethane. Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1978, Volume: 28, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Atropine; Depression, Chemical; Dogs; Duodenum; Female; Gastric Juice; Gastrins; Hexamethonium Compounds; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Morphine; Prostaglandins E; Radioimmunoassay; Secretin; Urethane; Vagotomy	1978
Electrophysiological indices of opiate action in awake and anesthetized rats. Brain research, 1979, Jan-26, Volume: 161, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Brain Stem; Cerebral Aqueduct; Cerebral Cortex; Electroencephalography; Male; Membrane Potentials; Morphine; Naloxone; Neurons; Raphe Nuclei; Rats; Receptors, Opioid; Urethane; Wakefulness	1979
Renin release, an artifact of anesthesia and its implications in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 1975, Volume: 148, Issue:3 Topics: Aldosterone; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Animals; Blood Pressure; Chloralose; Cyclopropanes; Ethyl Ethers; Halothane; Heart Rate; Ketamine; Male; Methoxyflurane; Morphine; Nitrous Oxide; Pentobarbital; Propranolol; Rats; Renin; Urethane	1975
[Participation of the cardiac sympathetic innervation in the occurrence of vagotomic and atropine tachycardia in anesthetized dogs]. Fiziologicheskii zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, 1975, Volume: 61, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Atropine; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Conduction System; Heart Rate; Ligation; Male; Morphine; Nerve Block; Pentobarbital; Procaine; Propranolol; Sympathetic Nervous System; Urethane; Vagotomy; Vagus Nerve	1975
Jamming spinal sensory input: effects of anesthetic and analgesic drugs in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Pain, 1975, Volume: 1, Issue:3 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics; Animals; Barbiturates; Cats; Dogs; Electric Stimulation; Humans; Morphine; Neurons; Spinal Cord; Trigeminal Nerve; Urethane	1975
Rapid changes in the content of proenkephalin A and corticotrophin releasing hormone mRNAs in the paraventricular nucleus during morphine withdrawal in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Brain research. Molecular brain research, 1991, Volume: 9, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Animals; Autoradiography; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Enkephalins; Gene Expression; Male; Morphine; Oligonucleotide Probes; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus; Protein Precursors; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; RNA, Messenger; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Sulfur Radioisotopes; Urethane	1991
Comparison of the inhibition of biliary excretion produced by certain inducing agents including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Journal of toxicology and environmental health, 1986, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Bile; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chlordecone; Dioxins; Drug Interactions; Imipramine; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Insecticides; Male; Mirex; Morphine; Ouabain; Pentobarbital; Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tritium; Urethane	1986
The general anesthesia induced by various drugs differentially affects analgesia and its variability. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1988, Volume: 31, Issue:2 Topics: Analgesia; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ketamine; Male; Mice; Morphine; Naloxone; Pain Measurement; Pentobarbital; Reaction Time; Urethane	1988
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): the prophylactic effect of neurodepressant agents. The Journal of trauma, 1986, Volume: 26, Issue:5 Topics: Animals; Burns; Central Nervous System Depressants; Chlorpromazine; Diazepam; Dogs; Haloperidol; Humans; Hypothalamus, Anterior; Lung; Male; Morphine; Pentobarbital; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Urethane	1986
Opioid effects on hepatic disposition of dyes in mice. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1985, Volume: 232, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Bile Ducts; Catheterization; Coloring Agents; Indocyanine Green; Ligation; Liver; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Mice; Morphine; Naloxone; Narcotics; Restraint, Physical; Sulfobromophthalein; Urethane	1985
Morphine selectively facilitates the inspiratory-inhibitory vagal reflex in adult rabbits. Experientia, 1985, Apr-15, Volume: 41, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Chloralose; Morphine; Naloxone; Pentobarbital; Phrenic Nerve; Rabbits; Reflex; Respiration; Urethane; Vagus Nerve	1985
Inspiratory versus expiratory efforts in pigeons: a search for selective drug influence. Agents and actions, 1973, Volume: 3, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Atropine; Barbiturates; Benzoates; Chloralose; Chlorpromazine; Codeine; Columbidae; Ethanol; Methadone; Methylphenidate; Morphine; Nalorphine; Nikethamide; Noscapine; Pregnanediones; Respiration; Trachea; Urethane	1973
The inability of infusions of angiotensin to elevate the plasma vasopressin in the anesthetized dog. Endocrinology, 1972, Volume: 90, Issue:6 Topics: Anesthesia; Angiotensin II; Animals; Blood Pressure; Chloralose; Dogs; Heart Rate; Injections, Intra-Arterial; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Morphine; Osmolar Concentration; Pentobarbital; Potassium; Pulse; Sodium; Stimulation, Chemical; Urethane; Vasopressins	1972
Effects of hexobarbitone, ether, morphine, and urethane upon the acute toxicity of propranolol and D-(--)-INPEA. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 1966, Volume: 18, Issue:10 Topics: Amino Alcohols; Animals; Atropine; Bradycardia; Central Nervous System; Drug Synergism; Ethers; Heart Arrest; Heart Rate; Hexobarbital; Lidocaine; Male; Mice; Morphine; Nitrobenzenes; Propranolol; Quinidine; Seizures; Sleep; Urethane	1966
Basal anesthetics and cardiovascular and respiratory responses to etoxadrol. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1974, Volume: 209, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; Blood Pressure; Carbon Dioxide; Cardiac Output; Chloralose; Dioxoles; Dogs; Heart Rate; Heart Ventricles; Hemodynamics; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Morphine; Oxygen; Pentobarbital; Preanesthetic Medication; Pyridines; Respiration; Spirometry; Stimulation, Chemical; Time Factors; Urethane	1974
Study of the therapeutic and toxic effects of ouabain by simultaneous observations on the excised and blood-perfused sinoatrial node and papillary muscle preparations and the in situ heart of dogs. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 1973, Volume: 186, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Adrenalectomy; Anesthesia; Animals; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Heart; Heart Rate; Lethal Dose 50; Morphine; Muscles; Ouabain; Papillary Muscles; Pentobarbital; Perfusion; Sinoatrial Node; Tachycardia; Time Factors; Urethane; Ventricular Fibrillation	1973
Changes in heart rate induced by bacterial endotoxin. The American journal of physiology, 1967, Volume: 213, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Chloralose; Dogs; Electrocardiography; Endotoxins; Escherichia coli; Female; Heart Rate; Male; Morphine; Pentobarbital; Pressoreceptors; Reflex; Tachycardia; Urethane; Vagus Nerve	1967
[Biological studies of pantethine. 10. Effects of anesthetics on gastrointestinal-motility promoting effect of pantethine]. Nihon yakurigaku zasshi. Folia pharmacologica Japonica, 1972, Volume: 68, Issue:3 Topics: Amides; Aminobutyrates; Anesthetics; Animals; Bethanechol Compounds; Chloralose; Dogs; Female; Gastrointestinal Motility; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Morphine; Neostigmine; Pantothenic Acid; Pentobarbital; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Rabbits; Stimulation, Chemical; Sulfides; Tubocurarine; Urethane	1972
[Activation of expiratory respiration by hypoxia or hypercapnia in pigeons]. L' Infirmiere, 1969, Volume: 47, Issue:3 Topics: Amino Alcohols; Animals; Columbidae; Hypercapnia; Hypoxia; Methods; Morphine; Nikethamide; Respiration; Urethane	1969
Oxygen consumption and mechanical performance of dog gastrocnemius muscle with artificially increased blood flow. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology, 1969, Volume: 311, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Blood Flow Velocity; Chloralose; Dogs; Electric Stimulation; Glycolysis; Morphine; Muscle Contraction; Muscles; Oxygen Consumption; Urethane	1969
Anesthesia, dogs, and cardiovascular data. American heart journal, 1970, Volume: 79, Issue:1 Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Cardiovascular System; Chloralose; Dogs; Hemodynamics; Morphine; Pentobarbital; Prostaglandins; Urethane	1970
[The intracisternal effect of applying vasopressins to the height and regulation of arterial pressure]. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1970, Volume: 183, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Carotid Sinus; Cisterna Magna; Dogs; Female; Male; Morphine; Pressoreceptors; Urethane; Vasopressins	1970
[Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the sympathetic ganglia]. Nihon yakurigaku zasshi. Folia pharmacologica Japonica, 1967, Sep-20, Volume: 63, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Atropine; Cats; Ganglia, Autonomic; Hexamethonium Compounds; In Vitro Techniques; Mesenteric Arteries; Morphine; Nictitating Membrane; Pentobarbital; Piperazines; Potassium Chloride; Serotonin; Tachyphylaxis; Urethane	1967
The effect of some drugs on the "free" and "bound" acetylcholine content of rat brain. British journal of pharmacology and chemotherapy, 1968, Volume: 33, Issue:1 Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Atropine; Brain Chemistry; Chloral Hydrate; Morphine; Nalorphine; Neostigmine; Phenobarbital; Physostigmine; Rats; Tremorine; Urethane	1968
Immediate hemodynamic effects of acute coronary occlusion and their modification by anesthesia. The American journal of cardiology, 1968, Volume: 22, Issue:4 Topics: Anesthesia, General; Animals; Blood Pressure; Blood Volume; Chloralose; Cineangiography; Coronary Disease; Dogs; Heart; Heart Rate; Heart Ventricles; Hemodynamics; Mitral Valve Insufficiency; Morphine; Urethane	1968
Single breath CO diffusing capacity in anesthetized dogs with increased oxygen consumption. Respiration physiology, 1969, Volume: 6, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Carbon Monoxide; Chloralose; Diffusion; Dinitrophenols; Dogs; Morphine; Oxygen Consumption; Pulmonary Alveoli; Respiration; Succinylcholine; Urethane	1969
Effects of central depressant drugs on respiratory regulation in the decerebrate cat. Respiration physiology, 1969, Volume: 6, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Carbon Dioxide; Cats; Chemoreceptor Cells; Chloralose; Decerebrate State; Depression, Chemical; Electric Stimulation; Morphine; Pentobarbital; Respiration; Spirometry; Urethane	1969
Experimental observations on the pharmacology of the pontine respiration center. Progress in brain research, 1967, Volume: 20 Topics: Animals; Caffeine; Cats; Chlorpromazine; Morphine; Pentobarbital; Pentylenetetrazole; Piperidines; Respiration; Reticular Formation; Urethane	1967
Circulatory values and hemolysis during pentobarbital Dial-urethane anesthesia in dogs premedicated with morphine. Life sciences, 1967, Jun-01, Volume: 6, Issue:11 Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Barbiturates; Blood Pressure; Cardiac Output; Dogs; Female; Heart Rate; Hemodynamics; Hemolysis; Male; Morphine; Pentobarbital; Preanesthetic Medication; Urethane; Vascular Resistance	1967
New, simple method for the informative investigation of sedatives. Psychopharmacologia, 1967, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Amphetamine; Animals; Chlordiazepoxide; Chlorpromazine; Diazepam; Escape Reaction; Glutethimide; Haloperidol; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Imipramine; Male; Meprobamate; Methadone; Methods; Mice; Morphine; Nialamide; Pentobarbital; Phenobarbital; Reserpine; Tubocurarine; Urethane	1967
Anesthesia and stimulation of pituitary beta-endorphin release in rats. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (New York, N.Y.), 1984, Volume: 176, Issue:3 Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthetics; Animals; beta-Endorphin; beta-Lipotropin; Drug Interactions; Endorphins; Halothane; Intubation, Intratracheal; Kinetics; Male; Morphine; Pentobarbital; Pituitary Gland; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Respiration, Artificial; Urethane	1984
Responses of striatal neurons to anesthetics and analgesics in freely moving rats. General pharmacology, 1984, Volume: 15, Issue:6 Topics: Analgesics; Anesthetics; Animals; Chloral Hydrate; Corpus Striatum; Halothane; Ketamine; Morphine; Naloxone; Neurons; Nitrous Oxide; Pentobarbital; Rats; Urethane	1984
Opioids influence neurohypophysial but not central oxytocin release following direct hyperosmotic stimulation of the supraoptic nucleus in urethane-anaesthetised rats. Neuropeptides, 1994, Volume: 27, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Female; Microdialysis; Morphine; Naloxone; Opioid Peptides; Osmotic Pressure; Oxytocin; Pituitary Gland, Posterior; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stimulation, Chemical; Supraoptic Nucleus; Urethane	1994
Analysis of nociceptive neurones in the rat superior colliculus using c-fos immunohistochemistry. The Journal of comparative neurology, 1996, Nov-25, Volume: 375, Issue:4 Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, General; Animals; Depression, Chemical; Electrophysiology; Female; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Morphine; Neurons, Afferent; Nociceptors; Pain; Physical Stimulation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Superior Colliculi; Urethane	1996
Stimulatory effects of centrally injected kappa-opioid receptor agonists on gastric acid secretion in urethane-anesthetized rats. European journal of pharmacology, 2001, Apr-27, Volume: 418, Issue:3 Topics: 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Benzeneacetamides; Deoxyglucose; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-; Gastric Acid; Gastric Mucosa; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Morphine; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Opioid, delta; Receptors, Opioid, kappa; Receptors, Opioid, mu; Stomach; Time Factors; Urethane; Vagus Nerve	2001
[New biochemical aspects of the action of certain substances exerting an influence on the activity of the central nervous system]. Revue des sciences medicales, 1960, Volume: 5 Topics: Brain; Central Nervous System; Humans; Morphine; Neurochemistry; Phosphates; Procaine; Urethane	1960
[Studies on the effect of central depressants on the rabbit uterus and vagina]. Niigata Igakkai zasshi. Niigata medical journal, 1963, Volume: 77 Topics: Animals; Barbiturates; Central Nervous System Agents; Chloral Hydrate; Chlorpromazine; Female; Humans; Morphine; Papaverine; Rabbits; Reserpine; Urethane; Uterus; Vagina	1963
[THE EFFECT OF MORPHINE ON RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY OF ANESTHETIZED RATS IN SUDDEN INCREASED INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE]. Acta biologica et medica Germanica, 1964, Volume: 13 Topics: Anesthesia; Apnea; Morphine; Pharmacology; Pulmonary Edema; Rats; Research; Respiration; Urethane; Vagus Nerve	1964
[EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH ON THE ANALEPTIC ACTIVITY OF A NEW CAMPHORCARBOXYLIC ACID SALT (N,N-DIMETHY1-2-HYDROXYETHYLAMINE CAMPHORCARBONATE)]. La Clinica terapeutica, 1964, Sep-15, Volume: 30 Topics: Barbiturates; Biomedical Research; Camphor; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Drug Therapy; Morphine; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Respiratory Insufficiency; Urethane	1964
EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE ON HEART RATE. Journal of applied physiology, 1964, Volume: 19 Topics: Acidosis; Alkalosis; Animals; Atropine; Blood Gas Analysis; Bradycardia; Carbon Dioxide; Chloralose; Dogs; Heart; Heart Conduction System; Heart Rate; Morphine; Pentobarbital; Pharmacology; Research; Tachycardia; Tromethamine; Urethane; Vagotomy	1964
EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF CENTRAL DEPRESSANTS ON THE EVOKED POTENTIALS OF THE AUDITORY CORTEX IN THE CATS. Japanese journal of pharmacology, 1964, Volume: 14 Topics: Auditory Cortex; Brain; Cats; Cerebral Cortex; Chloralose; Chlorpromazine; Electroencephalography; Electrophysiology; Ethanol; Evoked Potentials; Hearing; Infusions, Intravenous; Injections, Intravenous; Methamphetamine; Morphine; Pentobarbital; Pharmacology; Research; Sound; Strychnine; Urethane	1964
In vivo action of morphine, urethane and phenobarbital on the glycogen synthesis from glucose in the rat liver. Archives internationales de pharmacodynamie et de therapie, 1949, Volume: 80, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Glucose; Glycogen; Liver; Morphine; Muscles; Phenobarbital; Rats; Urethane	1949
Evaluation of pressor and visceromotor reflex responses to bladder distension in urethane anesthetized rats. Neurourology and urodynamics, 2009, Volume: 28, Issue:5 Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Analgesics; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular System; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electromyography; Female; Isoflurane; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Mexiletine; Morphine; Muscle Contraction; Pressure; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reflex; Urethane; Urinary Bladder	2009