tolfenamic-acid and carprofen

The adequacy of postoperative analgesia was assessed in 40 cats following ovariohysterectomy. At extubation, cats were given one dose of carprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam or tolfenamic acid. Postoperative analgesia was assessed using visual analogue scale (VAS) scoring for pain and sedation; measurement of mechanical nociceptive thresholds at the wound; recognition of the requirement for rescue intervention analgesia; and an overall clinical assessment score at 18 hours. VAS pain scores were low throughout the trial, with no significant differences found between the groups. Postoperative mechanical nociceptive thresholds decreased significantly from baseline in all four groups, with no significant differences between the groups. One cat in each of the tolfenamic acid, ketoprofen and meloxicam groups required rescue intervention analgesia. Nine out of 10 cats in all four groups were classified as having desirable overall clinical assessment scores. In summary, all four drugs provided good postoperative analgesia, although none was able to prevent postoperative wound tenderness.

Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Carbazoles; Cats; Female; Hysterectomy; Ketoprofen; Meloxicam; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Ovariectomy; Pain Measurement; Pain, Postoperative; Thiazines; Thiazoles; Treatment Outcome

The analgesic effect of 10 anti-inflammatory drugs was compared using a single-blind method in 90 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Each patient received two different drugs, for three days each and each drug was evaluated in 18 patients. After the trial, the patients considered which of the drugs they preferred. The greatest relief from pain was achieved by diclofenac, indomethacin, naproxen and tolfenamic acid, each of these being preferred by the majority of patients and being significantly (p less than 0.01) better than the least effective drugs ketoprofen and proquazone. Acetylsalicylic acid, azapropazone, carprofen and ibuprofen were considered intermediate in efficacy.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Analgesics; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Apazone; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Aspirin; Carbazoles; Diclofenac; Female; Humans; Ibuprofen; Indomethacin; Ketoprofen; Male; Middle Aged; Naproxen; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Quinazolines

A rapid and new liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with ion-trap detection method for the determination of meloxicam (MLX), flunixin meglumine (FLU), carprofen (CPF), and tolfenamic acid (TOLF) in animal tissue is described. MRLs between 10 and 500 microg kg(-1) in muscle and between 65 and 1000 microg kg(-1) in liver, from different animal species have been established in the EU for these compounds. After chemical hydrolysis, an organic extraction from homogenised tissue was performed. Final extract was injected in a liquid chromatograph with an ion-trap mass spectrometer with electrospray interface. Four identification points (one precursor and two product ions) and a minimum of one ion ratio was monitored for each compound. For quantitative purposes flunixin-D3 (FLU-D3) was used as internal standard. The method was validated using fortified blank muscle and liver from different animal species according to the 2002/657/EC European decision criteria. The decision limits (CCalpha) and detection capabilities (CCbeta) were determined and their values were at concentrations near the MRL for each substance.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Carbazoles; Cattle; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Chromatography, Liquid; Clonixin; Horses; Ions; Liver; Mass Spectrometry; Meloxicam; Muscles; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Swine; Thiazines; Thiazoles

To establish an in vitro assay and determine the differential suppressive activity of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 isoenzymes in dogs.. COX activity was evaluated in the presence and absence of 4 NSAID (meloxicam, tolfenamic acid, carprofen, and ketoprofen), using a canine monocyte/macrophage cell line that constitutively expresses COX-1, but can be induced to express COX-2 when incubated with lipopolysaccharide. Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 TPGE2) synthesis by each NSAID was measured by enzyme immunoassay and attributed to specific COX-1 or COX-2 activity through assessment of COX messenger RNA expression by use of northern blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The COX selectivity of each drug was evaluated from dose-response curves by calculating a ratio (COX-1:COX-2) of inhibitory concentration values on the basis of concentrations that reduced PGE2 by 50% in each COX model.. Meloxicam and tolfenamic acid preferentially inhibited COX-2, with meloxicam inhibiting COX-2 activity 12 times more effectively than COX-1 activity. Carprofen was only 1.75 times more selective for COX-2 than for COX-1, and ketoprofen was slightly more selective for COX-1.. COX-1 and COX-2 were differentially sensitive to inhibition in vitro by NSAID. Meloxicam and tolfenamic acid were selective for COX-2. Effects of carprofen and ketoprofen approached equipotency against both isoenzymes. Selective COX-2 inhibitors are a new class of drugs with anti-inflammatory effects similar to conventional NSAID but with fewer adverse effects. Development of these agents for veterinary use would be facilitated by the convenience of using a canine cell line as a model system to screen COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor activities in vitro.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Blotting, Northern; Carbazoles; Cell Line; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dinoprostone; DNA; DNA Primers; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Isoenzymes; Ketoprofen; Lipopolysaccharides; Meloxicam; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA; Thiazines; Thiazoles

The effects of one-day treatment with nine nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prednisolone on human synovial fluid concentrations of prostanoids were studied. The doses were calculated so as to be approximately equipotent according to clinical experience and the recommendations of the manufacturers. Most of the drugs used reduced clearly PGE2 and TxB2 levels in synovial fluid, but only a slight diminution in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha values was found. Carprofen, diclofenac, indomethacin, naproxen and tolfenamic acid reduced significantly the synovial fluid PGE2 concentrations. Diclofenac and indomethacin also reduced significantly the synovial TxB2 concentrations.

Topics: 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha; Acetaminophen; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Aspirin; Carbazoles; Diclofenac; Dinoprostone; Guanidines; Humans; Indomethacin; Naproxen; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Prednisolone; Prostaglandins; Prostaglandins E; Quinazolines; Synovial Fluid; Thromboxane B2