thiourea and zinc-chloride

A bifunctional organocatalytic system consisting of simple pyridine ligands containing separate catalytic functionalities was assembled using ZnCl2. This novel metal-templated catalyst furnished high yields and stereoselectivities towards the aldol reaction. The addition of controlled amounts of water turned out to be crucial to dissolve the system and achieve optimal results.

Topics: Benzyl Alcohols; Catalysis; Chlorides; Ligands; Models, Theoretical; Organometallic Compounds; Proline; Pyridines; Solvents; Stereoisomerism; Thiourea; Water; Zinc; Zinc Compounds

Single crystals of bis-thiourea zinc chloride (ZTC) doped with metal ion (Li(+)) possess excellent nonlinear optical properties. These crystals were grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The effect of Li(+) dopant on the growth and properties of ZTC single crystal were investigated and reported. The grown crystals were crystallized in orthorhombic structure with non-centro symmetric space group Pn21a through the parent compound. The amount of dopant incorporated in the parent crystal was revealed by the inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES) studies. The FT-IR spectroscopy study was done for finding and confirming the functional groups present in the compound. The UV-Visible spectral study was carried out to find the optical behavior and transparency nature of the grown crystal. TG/DTA measurements and Vickers microhardness measurements were traced to find out the thermal and mechanical stability of the grown crystals respectively. Using Nd:YAG laser, the Second harmonic generation (SHG) for the grown crystals were confirmed.

Topics: Chlorides; Crystallization; Crystallography, X-Ray; Hardness; Lithium; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Thermogravimetry; Thiourea; Zinc Compounds

Potassium Chloride (KCl) as an additive is added into zinc thiourea chloride solution in a small amount (1M%) by the method of slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature to get a new crystal. Due to the doping of the impurities on the crystals, remarkable changes in the physical properties were obtained. The grown crystals have been subjected to different instrumentation methods. The incorporation of the amount of potassium and zinc in the crystal lattices has been determined by AAS method. The lattice dimensions have been identified from single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. The presence of functional group for the grown crystals has been identified by FTIR analysis. The optical, thermal and mechanical behaviors have been assessed by UV-Vis, TG/DTA and Vickers hardness methods respectively. The presence of dislocations of atoms has been identified by etching studies.

Topics: Chlorides; Crystallization; Crystallography, X-Ray; Hardness; Potassium Chloride; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Thermogravimetry; Thiourea; Zinc Compounds

A new semiorganic nonlinear optical bis (thiourea) cadmium zinc chloride (BTCZC) crystal has been synthesized. BTCZC single crystals were grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. The solubility of BTCZC has been determined for various temperatures. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) study has been carried out to identify the lattice parameters. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies confirm the various functional groups present in the grown crystal. The transmission and absorption spectra of this crystal show that the lower cut off wavelength lies at 260 nm. The thermal analyses confirmed that the crystal is stable up to 201 degrees C. The nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the grown crystal has been confirmed by Kurtz-powder second harmonic generation (SHG) test.

Topics: Cadmium; Chlorides; Crystallization; Materials Testing; Metals; Models, Chemical; Optics and Photonics; Solubility; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Temperature; Thiourea; Ultraviolet Rays; X-Ray Diffraction; Zinc Compounds

The detection of DNA radicals by immuno-spin trapping (IST) is based on the trapping of radicals with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), forming stable nitrone adducts that are then detected using an anti-DMPO serum. DNA radicals are very reactive species, and because they are paramagnetic they have previously been detected only by electron spin resonance (ESR) with or without spin trapping, which is not available in most bioresearch laboratories. IST combines the simplicity, reliability, specificity and sensitivity of spin trapping with heterogeneous immunoassays for the detection of DNA radicals, and complements existing methods for the measurement of oxidatively generated DNA damage. Here we have used IST to demonstrate that DMPO traps Cu(II)-H(2)O(2)-induced DNA radicals in situ and in real time, forming DMPO-DNA nitrone adducts, but preventing both 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) formation and DNA fragmentation. We also applied IST to detect DNA radicals in rat hepatocytes exposed to Cu(II) and H(2)O(2) under nonlethal conditions.

Topics: 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Cell Nucleus; Chlorides; Copper; Cyanides; Cyclic N-Oxides; Deoxyguanosine; Deuterium Oxide; DNA; DNA Fragmentation; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Free Radicals; Glutathione; Hepatocytes; Histidine; Hydrogen Peroxide; Immunoassay; Nitrogen Oxides; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spin Trapping; Thiourea; Zinc Compounds

The semiorganic non-linear optical crystal bisthiourea zinc chloride (BTZC) was grown by mixed solvent slow evaporation technique. The solubilities under various solvents in different proportions have been studied. Vibrational spectra were recorded to determine the symmetries of molecular vibrations. The observed Raman and infrared bands were also assigned and discussed. The optical transmission spectral study was also carried out. The property of second harmonic generation of BTZC was also verified.

Topics: Bismuth; Chlorides; Crystallization; Molecular Structure; Solubility; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Thiourea; Zinc Compounds

After repeated-dose toxicity studies with the fungicide propineb, reversible effects on muscle functions were found. Therefore, mechanistic investigations should contribute to clarification of its mode of action in relation to disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamate neurotoxicity or direct effects on muscle cells. In principle, besides the dithiocarbamate effects, two different mechanisms have been discussed for this fungicide. One mechanism is the degradation to carbon disulfide (CS(2)) and propylenthiourea (PTU) and the other are direct effects of zinc. Primary neuronal cell cultures of the rat are a well established model to identify neurotoxic compounds like n-hexane or acrylamide. In this cell culture model, endpoints such as viability, energy supply, glucose consumption and cytoskeleton elements were determined. Additionally, skeletal muscle cells were used for comparison. Propineb and its metabolite PTU were investigated in comparison to CS(2), disulfiram and diethyldithiocarbamate. The toxicity of zinc was tested using zinc chloride (ZnCl(2)). It was clearly shown that propineb exerted strong effects on the cytoskeleton of neuronal and non-neuronal cell cultures (astrocytes, muscle cells). This was similar to ZnCl(2,) but not to CS(2). With CS(2) and disulfiram effects on the energy supply were more prominent. In conclusion, the toxicity of propineb is not comparable to disulfiram, diethyldithiocarbamate or CS(2) neurotoxicity. In regard to these findings, a direct reversible effect of propineb on skeletal muscle cells seems to be more likely.

Topics: Animals; Carbon Disulfide; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Chlorides; Cytoskeleton; Disulfiram; Ditiocarb; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Fungicides, Industrial; Glucose; Muscle, Skeletal; Neurons; Rats; Thiourea; Zinc Compounds; Zineb

Vanadium has recently been reported to induce interphase and M-phase (mitotic) programmed cell death via the generation of hydroxyl free radicals (OH*). In this paper, the effects of antioxidants on: (a) vanadyl[IV]-generated OH* free radical levels; and (b) cellular glutathione in vanadyl [IV]-treated Chang liver cells were evaluated. The surface morphology of vanadyl-treated mitotic cells was studied by confocal and scanning microscopy. The free radical scavengers zinc chloride, glucose and thiourea reduced the levels of vanadyl-induced OH* free radicals and partially prevented the depletion of cellular glutathione. Concurrent with OH* free radical production, vanadyl-treated telophase cells exhibited excessive cell blebbing and cell shrinkage. The morphological features demonstrated in vanadyl-induced mitotic programmed cell death as a consequence of oxidative stress is novel.

Topics: Apoptosis; Cells, Cultured; Chlorides; Free Radical Scavengers; Glucose; Glutathione; Humans; Hydroxyl Radical; Liver; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Mitosis; Oxidative Stress; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Telophase; Thiourea; Vanadates; Zinc Compounds