tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethizole

Topics: Africa; Asia; Central America; Chloramphenicol; Developing Countries; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dysentery, Bacillary; Enterobacteriaceae; Humans; R Factors; Streptomycin; Sulfamethizole; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases; Chickens; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Iraq; Meat; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Nalidixic Acid; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Food Poisoning; Salmonella typhimurium; Serogroup; Streptomycin; Sulfamethizole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Whole Genome Sequencing

Disk diffusion and broth dilution assays are conventionally used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of bacteria. The goal of this study was to determine the correlation of results from different AST methods for the Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg.. S. enterica serovar Heidelberg (n=105) strains were tested using 4 different AST methods: agar disk diffusion, broth microdilution using Sensititre with the NARMS (CMV1AGNF) panel, manual broth microdilution and Vitek with GNS-207 cards.. AST was performed using standardized methods and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommended quality control organisms. Eight drugs were common to all testing methods including amikacin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.. No resistance to amikacin and ciprofloxacin was detected. Overall, the agreement of the AST results among all four methods for the drugs tested was: amikacin (100%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (96.1%), ampicillin (97.1%), chloramphenicol (96.2%), ciprofloxacin (100%), gentamicin (80.0%), tetracycline (80.0%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (94.3%). There was 97.1%, 95.5% and 98.0% overall agreement between the reference diffusion method and the manual broth microdilution, Sensititre microdilution and Vitek methods, respectively.. The study indicated that AST methods correlated with one another when testing S. enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates, with a few exceptions. In general, discrepancies among the methods were due to isolates being interpreted as intermediately susceptible or due to an increased number of resistances detected with Sensititre and a lower number with Vitek.

Topics: Amikacin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Ciprofloxacin; Colony Count, Microbial; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Gentamicins; Indicator Dilution Techniques; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry; Quality Control; Salmonella enterica; Sulfamethizole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Shiga bacillus) has made a dramatic comeback in Bangladesh after 10 years when Shigella flexneri was the dominant serogroup. Whereas S. flexneri showed little increase in resistance to the commonly used antimicrobial agents--namely, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and ampicillin-over the years, S. dysenteriae type 1 underwent rapid changes with regard to sensitivity pattern during the last two years. The first TMP-SMX-resistant strain of S. dysenteriae type 1 was detected in September 1982; however, by mid-1984 most strains were resistant while retaining sensitivity to ampicillin. During this period, the ratio of S. flexneri to S. dysenteriae type 1 narrowed from 0.15 to 1. Such propagation of high resistance to TMP-SMX might have been due to widespread use of the drug imported into the country in large quantities. Resistance to ampicillin is increasing rapidly, particularly in S. dysenteriae type 1.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Ampicillin; Bangladesh; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Drug Combinations; Dysentery, Bacillary; Humans; Infant; Penicillin Resistance; Shigella dysenteriae; Shigella flexneri; Streptomycin; Sulfamethizole; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Trimethoprim