taurochenodeoxycholic-acid and taurochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate

To analyze the particulate emission characteristics of a lateral swirl combustion system (LSCS), experimental research on a single-cylinder diesel engine was done and compared against the Turbocharger-Charge Air Cooling-Diesel Particle Filter Series combustion system (TCDCS) at different conditions. Compared to the TCDCS, the LSCS presents better combustion performance and lower total particle emission characteristics: As for the LSCS, the vast majority of the particle number size distributions shifted downward, indicating a decrease in the particle number concentration. The total particle number and mass concentrations of the LSCS decreased by 8.7-62.4% and 15.2-55.6% at various loads. The number concentration of particles smaller than approximately 8 nm increased for the LSCS, which can be attributed to the higher temperature and more thorough fuel/air mixture, facilitating the oxidation of large particles into small particles. Combined with the simulation, the LSCS perfectly exerts the wall-flow-guided effect, remarkably improving the fuel/air mixing quality and reducing the local over-concentration regions, which can inhibit the formation of particles. Hence, the LSCS effectively reduces the particle number and mass concentrations, exhibiting excellent particulate emission characteristics.

Topics: Air Pollutants; Dust; Gasoline; Particulate Matter; Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid; Vehicle Emissions

Topics: Benzoates; beta-Alanine; Biomarkers; Chlorobenzoates; Chromatography, Liquid; Computational Biology; COVID-19; Glucuronic Acid; Humans; Mass Spectrometry; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; SARS-CoV-2; Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid

Here we report a simple, sensitive, and accurate method for detecting urinary sulfated tauro- and glyco-bile acids that uses electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The sulfated tauro- and glycodihydroxycholic acids mainly generated [M-2H](2-) negative ions at m/z 288.6 and m/z 263.6, respectively. These doubly charged ions appeared primarily in samples prepared from the urine of patients with cholestasis and were detected quantitatively. Cholestatic jaundice is the primary clinical sign of biliary atresia. The measurement of doubly charged negative ions, especially of sulfated taurodihydroxycholic acid (principally taurochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate), is a useful screening modality for biliary atresia in neonates.

Topics: Cholestasis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid

The effect of the 3 alpha- and 7 alpha-monosulfate esters of taurochenodeoxycholate on bile flow and biliary lipids was compared to the effect of unsulfated taurochenodeoxycholate. Test bile salts were infused directly into the portal circulation through a catheter introduced into the splenic pulp. Recovery of unsulfated and sulfated bile salts was complete; no biotransformation of any of the administered compounds was noted. Equivalent choleresis was noted in response to administration of each of the test bile salts. Of particular interest, the biliary cholesterol and phospholipid content was tightly linked to biliary bile salt monosulfates; the slope of the line describing the relationship between bile salts and lipids was similar to that for the unsulfated bile salt. The critical micellar concentration of the 3 alpha- and 7 alpha-monosulfate esters was 19 mM and 18 mM, respectively. Sulfation of taurochenodeoxycholate, therefore, does not impair its bile secretory function. Despite a higher critical micellar concentration, biliary lipid excretion with monosulfate esters is equivalent to that seen with unsulfated bile salt. The role of hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance in the promotion of biliary lipid excretion may need to be redefined.

Topics: Animals; Bile; Chenodeoxycholic Acid; Cholesterol; Cricetinae; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Mesocricetus; Phospholipids; Structure-Activity Relationship; Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid