tannins and carvacrol

In this study, the essential oil (EO) composition, flavonoid and phenolic contents, and antioxidant activities of fourteen Thymus accessions belonging to ten species were evaluated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of 38 compounds with the major constituents including thymol (12.4-79.74%), carvacrol (4.37-42.14%), geraniol (0.3-22.44%), and p-cymene (0.8-12.86%). Cluster analysis identified three groups of high thymol, geraniol/linalool, and high carvacrol. The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected in T. daenensis-1 (70.6mg tannic acid equivalents (TAE) g

Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Antioxidants; Cluster Analysis; Cymenes; Flavonoids; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Iran; Linear Models; Monoterpenes; Oils, Volatile; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Principal Component Analysis; Tannins; Terpenes; Thymol; Thymus Plant

The inhibitory effect of some plant oil aromatics against three strains of Arcobacter butzleri, two strains of Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and one strain of Arcobacter skirrowii was evaluated. When MICs were determined using the broth macrodilution method, cinnamaldehyde was most inhibitory followed by thymol, carvacrol, caffeic acid, tannic acid, and eugenol (P < 0.001). Sublethal concentrations of the three most potent plant oil aromatics also were examined. Overall, cinnamaldehyde was the most bacteriostatic against all arcobacters tested except A. butzleri when these strains were exposed to the MIC25 of this aromatic aldehyde. The bacteriostatic activities of thymol and carvacrol were concentration and species dependent.

Topics: Acrolein; Arcobacter; Caffeic Acids; Colony Count, Microbial; Consumer Product Safety; Cymenes; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eugenol; Food Preservation; Food Preservatives; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Monoterpenes; Plant Oils; Species Specificity; Tannins; Thymol

A commercial phytogenic feed additive (PFA), containing the fructopolysaccharide inulin, an essential oil mix (carvacrol, thymol), chestnut meal (tannins) and cellulose powder as carrier substance, was examined for effects on growth and faecal and intestinal microflora of piglets. Two experiments (35 days) were conducted, each with 40 male castrated weaned piglets. In experiment 1, graded levels of the PFA were supplied (A1: control; B1: 0.05% PFA; C1: 0.1% PFA; D1: 0.15% PFA) in diets based on wheat, barley, soybean meal and fish meal with lysine as the limiting amino acid. In experiment 2, a similar diet with 0.1% of the PFA (A2: control; B2: 0.1% PFA; C2: +0.35% lysine; D2: 0.1% PFA + 0.35% lysine) and lysine supplementation was utilized. During experiment 1, no significant effect of the PFA on growth, feed intake and feed conversion rate was observed (p > 0.05). Lysine supplementation in experiment 2 improved growth performance significantly, but no significant effect of the PFA was detected. Microbial counts in faeces (aerobes, Gram negatives, anaerobes and lactobacilli) during the first and fifth week did not indicate any significant PFA effect (p > 0.05). In addition, microflora in intestinal samples was not significantly modified by supplementing the PFA (p > 0.05). Lysine supplementation indicated lysine as limiting amino acid in the basal diet, but did not influence the microbial counts in faeces and small intestine respectively.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Bacteria; Cellulose; Colony Count, Microbial; Cymenes; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Feces; Intestines; Inulin; Lysine; Male; Monoterpenes; Random Allocation; Swine; Tannins; Thymol; Weight Gain

Two 35 day experiments were conducted to examine the influence of a commercial phytogenic feed additive (PFA) on nutrient digestibility and unspecific immune reaction of piglets in the post-weaning period. The PFA composition was inulin, an essential oil mix (carvacrol and thymol), chestnut meal (tannins), and cellulose powder as carrier substance. In each experiment, immediately after weaning 40 male castrated piglets were divided into four experimental groups (n = 10). Diets were based on wheat, barley, soy bean meal and fishmeal using lysine as the first limiting amino acid. In experiment 1, graded levels of the PFA were supplied (A: control; B: 0.05% PFA; C: 0.1% PFA; D: 0.15% PFA). Experiment 2 utilized equal diets with 0.1% of the PFA, but different lysine supply (A: control; B: 0.1% PFA; C: +0.35% lysine; D: 0.1% PFA + 0.35% lysine). At the end of the experimental period, acute phase proteins (APPs) haptoglobin and C-reactive protein were examined in individual blood plasma samples. Following each growth study, 16 animals (n = 4) were taken for sampling of ileal chyme and assessing of praecaecal digestibility of protein and amino acids. In addition, digesta samples of the duodenum and the total pancreatic tissue were utilized for determining the enzyme activity of alpha-amylase and trypsin. APP, praecaecal digestibility and enzyme activities did not significantly respond to the PFA supplementaion in diets.

Topics: Acute-Phase Proteins; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; C-Reactive Protein; Cellulose; Cymenes; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Duodenum; Haptoglobins; Ileum; Inulin; Lysine; Male; Monoterpenes; Pancreas; Swine; Tannins; Thymol