sucrose and cholecystokinin

sucrose has been researched along with cholecystokinin in 44 studies

Research

Studies (44)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-199010 (22.73)18.7374
1990's15 (34.09)18.2507
2000's6 (13.64)29.6817
2010's10 (22.73)24.3611
2020's3 (6.82)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Nikitina, AA; Ugolev, AM; Varro, V; Zaripov, BZ1
Ritter, RC; Stokesberry, H; Yox, DP1
de Jong, AJ; Douglas, BR; Jansen, JB; Lamers, CB; Woutersen, RA1
Esakov, AI; Serova, ON1
Frith, LO; Kelman, L; Saunders, SJ; Wicht, S1
Moshal, MG1
Bonting, SL; De Pont, JJ; Goebell, H; Hotz, J; Jansen, JW1
Bartness, TJ; Waldbillig, RJ1
Baldwin, BA; Cooper, TR; Parrott, RF1
Bonting, SL; De Pont, JJ; Kuijpers, GA; Van Nooy, IG1
Mélèse, T; Rothman, SS1
Eckel, LA; Ossenkopp, KP1
Anderstam, B; Bergström, J; Mamoun, AH; Qureshi, GA; Södersten, P1
Annaert, WG; De Potter, WP; Jacob, W; Llona, I1
Cabanac, M; Zhao, C1
Danho, W; Laughton, WB; Moran, TH; Netterville, LA; Salabarria, J; Schwartz, GJ; Tilley, JW; Weatherford, SC1
Brenner, LA; Ritter, RC1
Hunter, JO; Kelly, SM1
Hopman, WP; Jansen, JB; Katan, MB; Maas, MI; van der Wijk, T1
Cox, JE1
Hopman, WP; Jansen, JB; Katan, MB; Maas, MI1
Matson, CA; Ritter, RC1
Cross-Mellor, SK; Kavaliers, M; Kent, WD; Ossenkopp, KP1
De Haan, AF; Gelder, BV; Hopman, WP; Jacobs, M; Jansen, JB; Katan, MB; Maas, MI1
Cross-Mellor, SK; Kavaliers, M; Ossenkopp, KP1
Feinle, C; Fried, M; Otto, B; Rades, T1
Hara, H; Hira, T; Ohyama, S1
Akin, L; Bekiroğlu, N; Dede, F; Enç, FY; Haklar, G; Holst, JJ; Imeryüz, N; Rehfeld, JF; Tekeşin, N; Turoğlu, T; Ulusoy, NB; Yeğen, BC1
Chory, FM; Covasa, M; Gallagher, CA; Hayes, MR1
Aja, S1
Covasa, M; Hayes, MR1
Geraedts, MC; Saris, WH; Troost, FJ1
Czéh, B; Henningsen, K; Kovács, GL; Miseta, A; Varga, ZK; Wiborg, O1
Chaumontet, C; Darcel, N; Even, PC; Fromentin, G; Nadkarni, N; Piedcoq, J; Soto, M; Tomé, D1
Geng, HY; Li, KX; Li, XM; Li, Y; Pan, G; Yang, JM1
Hara, H; Hira, T; Nakajima, S1
Chaumontet, C; Even, P; Fromentin, G; Mauduit, CD; Palme, R; Soto, M; Tomé, D1
Davidson, TL; Hargrave, SL; Jarrard, LE; Jones, S; Sample, CH1
Csabai, D; Czéh, B; Miseta, A; Varga, Z; Wiborg, O1
Di, S; Egan, AE; Fourman, SM; Packard, AEB; Tasker, JG; Ulrich-Lai, YM1
Lilly, N; Loney, GC; Maske, CB; Terrill, SJ; Williams, DL1
Moran, TH; Treesukosol, Y1
D'Amato, M; Larsson, E; Myllyvainio, J; Ohlsson, B; Roth, B1
Beglinger, C; Bordier, V; Budzinska, A; Flad, E; Meyer-Gerspach, AC; Rehfeld, JF; Teysseire, F; Van Oudenhove, L; Weltens, N; Wölnerhanssen, BK1

Trials

7 trial(s) available for sucrose and cholecystokinin

ArticleYear
The effect of a non-absorbable fat substitute, sucrose polyester, on gastrointestinal function.
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 1996, Volume: 10, Issue:5

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Anticholesteremic Agents; Cholecystokinin; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Double-Blind Method; Fatty Acids; Feces; Gallbladder; Gastric Emptying; Glucagon-Like Peptides; Humans; Male; Motilin; Sucrose

1996
Sucrose polyester does not inhibit gastric acid secretion or stimulate cholecystokinin release in men.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1997, Volume: 65, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Anticholesteremic Agents; Cholecystokinin; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Gastric Acid; Gastric Mucosa; Gastrins; Humans; Male; Random Allocation; Stomach; Sucrose

1997
The nondigestible fat sucrose polyester does not stimulate gallbladder emptying in humans.
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 1998, Volume: 68, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Cholecystokinin; Cross-Over Studies; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; Digestion; Fat Substitutes; Fatty Acids; Female; Gallbladder Emptying; Humans; Kinetics; Male; Sucrose

1998
Fat digestion modulates gastrointestinal sensations induced by gastric distention and duodenal lipid in humans.
    Gastroenterology, 2001, Volume: 120, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Cholecystokinin; Dietary Fats; Digestion; Duodenum; Enteral Nutrition; Enzyme Inhibitors; Fat Substitutes; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Humans; Hunger; Lactones; Lipase; Male; Orlistat; Pressure; Sensation; Stomach; Sucrose; Triglycerides

2001
Inhibition of gastric emptying by acarbose is correlated with GLP-1 response and accompanied by CCK release.
    American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 2001, Volume: 281, Issue:3

    Topics: Acarbose; Administration, Oral; Adult; Area Under Curve; Blood Glucose; Cholecystokinin; Diarrhea; Dietary Carbohydrates; Energy Intake; Enzyme Inhibitors; Flatulence; Gastric Emptying; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; Glucagon; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Insulin; Male; Peptide Fragments; Peptide YY; Protein Precursors; Sucrose

2001
A Starch- and Sucrose-Reduced Diet in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Leads to Lower Circulating Levels of PAI-1 and Visfatin: A Randomized Controlled Study.
    Nutrients, 2022, Apr-19, Volume: 14, Issue:9

    Topics: Cholecystokinin; Diet; Enkephalins; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Ghrelin; Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; Starch; Sucrose

2022
Oral Erythritol Reduces Energy Intake during a Subsequent
    Nutrients, 2022, Sep-21, Volume: 14, Issue:19

    Topics: Cholecystokinin; Cross-Over Studies; Energy Intake; Erythritol; Humans; Sucrose; Water

2022

Other Studies

37 other study(ies) available for sucrose and cholecystokinin

ArticleYear
[Intestinal hormones and inhibition of the enzymatic and transport functions of enterocyte membranes].
    Doklady Akademii nauk SSSR, 1979, Volume: 249, Issue:2

    Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Cholecystokinin; Glucose; Hydrolysis; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Maltose; Rats; Secretin; Sucrase; Sucrose

1979
Vagotomy attenuates suppression of sham feeding induced by intestinal nutrients.
    The American journal of physiology, 1991, Volume: 260, Issue:3 Pt 2

    Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Cholecystokinin; Eating; Injections; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Male; Maltose; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Phenylalanine; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sincalide; Sucrose; Vagotomy

1991
The influence of different nutrients on plasma cholecystokinin levels in the rat.
    Experientia, 1988, Jan-15, Volume: 44, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Caseins; Cholecystokinin; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Fat Emulsions, Intravenous; Male; Pancreas; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sucrose

1988
[Activating effect of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin on the taste-receptor system of the rat].
    Fiziologicheskii zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova, 1985, Volume: 71, Issue:10

    Topics: Animals; Atropine; Cholecystokinin; Chorda Tympani Nerve; Lypressin; Male; Quinine; Rats; Reaction Time; Sodium Chloride; Stimulation, Chemical; Sucrose; Taste; Taste Buds

1985
The effects of perfusion, amino acids and hormones on the free and endoplasmic reticulum-bound ribosomes of rat liver.
    South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1973, Sep-29, Volume: 47, Issue:38

    Topics: Albumins; Amino Acids; Animals; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Cholecystokinin; Cortisone; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Fasting; Gastrins; Glucagon; Glucose; Growth Hormone; Hormones; Insulin; Liver; Male; Perfusion; Rats; Ribosomes; Secretin; Sucrose; Testosterone

1973
A study of chronic pancreatitis in Natal.
    Digestion, 1973, Volume: 9, Issue:5

    Topics: Alcoholism; Amylases; Bicarbonates; Blood Group Antigens; Calcinosis; Cholecystokinin; Chronic Disease; Coronary Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Dietary Proteins; Ethnicity; Female; Glucose; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Pancreas; Pancreatic Cyst; Pancreatic Juice; Pancreatitis; Secretin; South Africa; Sucrose

1973
Effects of clanobutin on pancreatic secretion in vitro.
    European journal of pharmacology, 1981, Sep-24, Volume: 74, Issue:4

    Topics: Amylases; Animals; Atropine; Calcium; Carbachol; Cholecystokinin; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Magnesium; Male; Pancreas; Rabbits; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sucrose

1981
The suppression of sucrose intake by cholecystokinin is scaled according to the magnitude of the orosensory control over feeding.
    Physiology & behavior, 1982, Volume: 28, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Cholecystokinin; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eating; Energy Intake; Muridae; Peptide Fragments; Satiation; Sincalide; Sucrose; Taste; Taste Threshold

1982
Effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide on food intake in pigs.
    The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 1982, Volume: 41, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Appetite Depressants; Cholecystokinin; Diet; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drinking; Eating; Female; Hot Temperature; Male; Peptide Fragments; Reinforcement, Psychology; Satiety Response; Sincalide; Sucrose; Swine

1982
Effects of dibutyryl cyclic GMP on rabbit pancreas secretion.
    Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1983, Dec-27, Volume: 761, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Bucladesine; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cholecystokinin; Pancreas; Pancreatic Juice; Proteins; Rabbits; Sincalide; Sucrose

1983
Pancreatic epithelium is permeable to sucrose and inulin across secretory cells.
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1983, Volume: 80, Issue:15

    Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cholecystokinin; Epithelium; Inulin; Kinetics; Male; Methacholine Chloride; Methacholine Compounds; Pancreas; Rabbits; Sucrose

1983
Cholecystokinin reduces sucrose palatability in rats: evidence in support of a satiety effect.
    The American journal of physiology, 1994, Volume: 267, Issue:6 Pt 2

    Topics: Animals; Cholecystokinin; Eating; Lithium Chloride; Male; Rats; Satiation; Sucrose; Taste

1994
Diet-independent suppression of ingestive behavior by cholecystokinin octapeptide and amino acids.
    The American journal of physiology, 1995, Volume: 268, Issue:2 Pt 2

    Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Benzodiazepinones; Cholecystokinin; Devazepide; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Drinking; Feeding Behavior; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sincalide; Solutions; Sucrose

1995
Co-storage in large 'dense-core' vesicles of dopamine and cholecystokinin in rat striatum.
    Neurochemistry international, 1994, Volume: 25, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Cholecystokinin; Corpus Striatum; Dopamine; Ficoll; Microscopy, Electron; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sucrose

1994
Postingestive alliesthesia produced by exogenous cholecystokinin and blocked by abdominal vagotomy.
    The American journal of physiology, 1994, Volume: 266, Issue:2 Pt 2

    Topics: Animals; Cholecystokinin; Eating; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Male; Perception; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Satiation; Sucrose; Taste; Time Factors

1994
CCK satiety is differentially mediated by high- and low-affinity CCK receptors in mice and rats.
    The American journal of physiology, 1993, Volume: 264, Issue:2 Pt 2

    Topics: Animals; Benzodiazepinones; Cholecystokinin; Devazepide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eating; Glucose; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Cholecystokinin; Satiety Response; Sincalide; Sucrose

1993
Type A CCK receptors mediate satiety effects of intestinal nutrients.
    Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 1996, Volume: 54, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Benzodiazepinones; Cholecystokinin; Devazepide; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Food; Hormone Antagonists; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Intestines; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Male; Phenylurea Compounds; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Cholecystokinin; Satiety Response; Sucrose

1996
Cholecystokinin satiety involves CCKA receptors perfused by the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery.
    The American journal of physiology, 1998, Volume: 274, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Benzodiazepinones; Cholecystokinin; Devazepide; Duodenum; Hormone Antagonists; Male; Perfusion; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Cholecystokinin; Sucrose

1998
Long-term CCK-leptin synergy suggests a role for CCK in the regulation of body weight.
    The American journal of physiology, 1999, Volume: 276, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cholecystokinin; Drinking; Drug Synergism; Eating; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Intraventricular; Leptin; Male; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Solutions; Sucrose; Time Factors

1999
Differential effects of lipopolysaccharide and cholecystokinin on sucrose intake and palatability.
    The American journal of physiology, 1999, Volume: 277, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Cholecystokinin; Drug Synergism; Eating; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Sucrose

1999
Does intraduodenal administration of sucrose polyester (Olestra) cause satiation in humans?
    Appetite, 1999, Volume: 33, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Cholecystokinin; Dietary Fats; Duodenum; Fat Substitutes; Fatty Acids; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Hunger; Male; Pancreatic Polypeptide; Satiation; Sucrose

1999
Repeated injections of lipopolysaccharide attenuate the satiety effects of cholecystokinin.
    Neuroreport, 1999, Dec-16, Volume: 10, Issue:18

    Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Cholecystokinin; Drug Tolerance; Injections; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Satiety Response; Sucrose; Taste; Time Factors

1999
Endogenous cholecystokinin plays a role in down-regulation of pancreatic amylase independent of dietary carbohydrate in rats.
    Regulatory peptides, 2001, Jun-15, Volume: 99, Issue:2-3

    Topics: Amylases; Animals; Biliopancreatic Diversion; Cholecystokinin; Devazepide; Dietary Carbohydrates; Down-Regulation; Male; Pancreas; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Cholecystokinin A; Receptors, Cholecystokinin; Sucrose

2001
Serotonin type-3 receptors mediate cholecystokinin-induced satiation through gastric distension.
    American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2006, Volume: 291, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Cholagogues and Choleretics; Cholecystokinin; Feeding Behavior; Hunger; Male; Ondansetron; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3; Satiety Response; Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists; Serotonin Antagonists; Stomach; Sucrose

2006
Serotonin-3 receptors in gastric mechanisms of cholecystokinin-induced satiety.
    American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 2006, Volume: 291, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Cholagogues and Choleretics; Cholecystokinin; Feeding Behavior; Hunger; Male; Ondansetron; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3; Satiety Response; Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists; Serotonin Antagonists; Stomach; Sucrose

2006
Dorsal hindbrain 5-HT3 receptors participate in control of meal size and mediate CCK-induced satiation.
    Brain research, 2006, Aug-04, Volume: 1103, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Cholecystokinin; Eating; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Microinjections; Ondansetron; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3; Rhombencephalon; Satiety Response; Serotonin Antagonists; Solitary Nucleus; Sucrose

2006
Addition of sucralose enhances the release of satiety hormones in combination with pea protein.
    Molecular nutrition & food research, 2012, Volume: 56, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Animals; Aspartame; Cell Line, Tumor; Cholecystokinin; Enteroendocrine Cells; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Male; Mice; Middle Aged; Pisum sativum; Plant Proteins; Rats; Saccharin; Satiation; Sucrose; Sweetening Agents; Thiazines; Young Adult

2012
Chronic stress reduces the number of GABAergic interneurons in the adult rat hippocampus, dorsal-ventral and region-specific differences.
    Hippocampus, 2015, Volume: 25, Issue:3

    Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Calbindin 1; Cell Count; Cholecystokinin; Disease Models, Animal; Food Preferences; GABAergic Neurons; Hippocampus; Interneurons; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Peptide Fragments; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stress, Psychological; Sucrose; Sweetening Agents

2015
Intermittent access to liquid sucrose differentially modulates energy intake and related central pathways in control or high-fat fed mice.
    Physiology & behavior, 2015, Mar-01, Volume: 140

    Topics: Animals; Body Composition; Body Weight; Brain; Cholecystokinin; Diet, High-Fat; Drinking Behavior; Eating; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Food Deprivation; Gene Expression Regulation; Ghrelin; Leptin; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Peptide YY; Sucrose; Sweetening Agents; Time Factors

2015
Preserving GABAergic interneurons in acute brain slices of mice using the N-methyl-D-glucamine-based artificial cerebrospinal fluid method.
    Neuroscience bulletin, 2015, Volume: 31, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Biophysical Phenomena; Brain; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Cholecystokinin; Electric Stimulation; GABAergic Neurons; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Interneurons; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; N-Methylaspartate; Organ Culture Techniques; Parvalbumins; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Somatostatin; Sucrose; Time Factors

2015
Postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion is increased during the progression of glucose intolerance and obesity in high-fat/high-sucrose diet-fed rats.
    The British journal of nutrition, 2015, May-14, Volume: 113, Issue:9

    Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Fat Distribution; Cholecystokinin; Diet; Diet, High-Fat; Gastric Emptying; Gastrointestinal Tract; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Glucose Intolerance; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Male; Obesity; Postprandial Period; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; RNA, Messenger; Sucrose

2015
Intermittent access to a sucrose solution impairs metabolism in obesity-prone but not obesity-resistant mice.
    Physiology & behavior, 2016, Feb-01, Volume: 154

    Topics: Animals; Body Composition; Body Weight; Cholecystokinin; Diet, High-Fat; Disease Models, Animal; Drinking; Eating; Energy Metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Glucose Tolerance Test; Hyperphagia; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Obesity; Sucrose; Sweetening Agents

2016
Western diet and the weakening of the interoceptive stimulus control of appetitive behavior.
    Behavioural brain research, 2016, 10-01, Volume: 312

    Topics: Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Cholecystokinin; Cues; Diet, Western; Discrimination Learning; Eating; Food Deprivation; Hippocampus; Interoception; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sucrose

2016
Chronic stress affects the number of GABAergic neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex of rats.
    Behavioural brain research, 2017, 01-01, Volume: 316

    Topics: Animals; Calbindin 2; Calbindins; Cell Count; Cholecystokinin; Depression; Disease Models, Animal; Food Preferences; GABAergic Neurons; Gene Expression Regulation; Male; Neuropeptide Y; Parvalbumins; Prefrontal Cortex; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Somatostatin; Stress, Psychological; Sucrose

2017
Sucrose-induced plasticity in the basolateral amygdala in a 'comfort' feeding paradigm.
    Brain structure & function, 2017, Volume: 222, Issue:9

    Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Apoptosis; Basolateral Nuclear Complex; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 1; Cholecystokinin; CREB-Binding Protein; Feeding Behavior; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Agents; Parvalbumins; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Rats, Wistar; RNA, Messenger; Sucrose; Sweetening Agents; Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1

2017
Intragastric nutrient infusion reduces motivation for food in male and female rats.
    American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 2018, 07-01, Volume: 315, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Cholecystokinin; Conditioning, Operant; Devazepide; Enteral Nutrition; Estrous Cycle; Female; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Male; Motivation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Cholecystokinin A; Reinforcement Schedule; Reward; Sucrose

2018
Administration of Exendin-4 but not CCK alters lick responses and trial initiation to sucrose and intralipid during brief-access tests.
    Chemical senses, 2022, 01-01, Volume: 47

    Topics: Animals; Cholecystokinin; Eating; Emulsions; Exenatide; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Male; Phospholipids; Rats; Soybean Oil; Sucrose

2022