struvite and whitlockite

Topics: Apatites; Calcium Compounds; Calcium Oxalate; Calcium Phosphates; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Magnesium Compounds; Minerals; Names; Phosphates; Struvite; Urinary Calculi

To evaluate the compositions of the kidney stones obtained from different regions of Turkey and to present the gender and regional differences.. The study included 6453 kidney stones obtained from patients from different parts of Turkey. All of the stones were obtained using ureterorenoscopy, percutaneous stone surgery, laparoscopic or open stone surgery, or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. X-ray diffraction crystallography method was used for analysis.. At the end of the analysis, 11 different stone types including calcium oxalate (Ca-ox) monohydrate (whewellite, COM), Ca-ox dihydrate (weddellite, COD), uric acid, cystine, struvite, biurea, xanthine brushite, quartz, whitlockite, and dahlite were determined either in pure or mixed conditions. Of the stones, 80.4% were Ca-ox (55.7% COM, 5.9% COD, 18.8% COM + COD), 4.8% uric acid, 3.1% cystine, and 3.3% were phosphate stones (dahlite, brushite, struvite, whitlockite). The remaining 8.4% of the stones were in mixed form with different combinations. Of the patients, 4411 were men (68.3%) and 2042 were women (31.7%).. Ca-ox was the most frequently encountered stone type in our country as it is worldwide. The distribution of the other stone types is different than the other countries. The information about the structure of the stone has significant contribution to the understanding of the stone formation etiology, programming of the treatment process, and prevention of the recurrences. The study is significant in presenting the stone profile of Turkey.

Topics: Apatites; Biureas; Calcium Oxalate; Calcium Phosphates; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cystine; Female; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium Compounds; Male; Phosphates; Quartz; Sex Factors; Struvite; Turkey; Uric Acid; Xanthine

Mechanical properties of renal calculi dictate how a stone interacts and disintegrates by shock wave or intracorporeal lithotripsy techniques. Renal stones of different compositions have large variation in their mechanical strength and susceptibilities to shock waves. Operated urinary stones and artificially developed stones using pharmaceutical methods, composed of phosphates were subjected to tensile, flexural and compressive strength studies using universal testing machine. The infrared spectra confirmed the presence of hydroxyapatite in both the natural stones and struvite with calcium oxalate trihydrate in one stone and struvite with uric acid in the other. The X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed their crystalline nature. It has been observed that the flexural properties depend on the size of the sample even for the samples cut from a single stone. The compressive strengths were almost 25 times larger than the tensile strengths of the respective natural stones as well as the artificial stones prepared.

Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Calcium Oxalate; Calcium Phosphates; Durapatite; Humans; Lithotripsy; Magnesium Compounds; Materials Testing; Phosphates; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Struvite; Tensile Strength; Urinary Calculi; X-Ray Diffraction

The chemical composition of 125 urinary stones was determined by means of an infrared spectrophotometric method using the potassium bromide pellet technique. Statistical combinations regarding the chemical composition of the stones are discussed and compared with the findings of other workers. Calcium oxalate was the commonest component of pure as well as mixed stones.

Topics: Apatites; Calcium Carbonate; Calcium Oxalate; Calcium Phosphates; Child; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium; Magnesium Compounds; Phosphates; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Struvite; Uric Acid