sodium-hypochlorite and didecyldimethylammonium

Pseudomonas is a group of medically important species that inhabit a wide range of niches, including hospital environments. Controversies have emerged about the possible link between improper use of disinfectants and the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of exposure of antibiotic-susceptible Pseudomonas isolates to sub-inhibitory concentrations of 2 disinfectants-didecyldimonium chloride and sodium hypochlorite-on their antibiotic susceptibility patterns.. This study involved 50 Pseudomonas isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates were assessed using broth microdilution method. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of each antibiotic were compared before and after exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of didecyldimonium chloride and sodium hypochlorite.. After overnight incubation with sub-inhibitory concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, a statistically significant increase was observed in the MICs of colistin (P = .012), ceftazidime (P < .001), amikacin (P < .001), meropenem (P < .001), gentamicin (P < .001), piperacillin-tazobactam (P = .003), and ciprofloxacin (P = .004). In contrast, exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of didecyldimonium chloride showed a statistically significant increase in the MICs of amikacin (P < .001), gentamicin (P < .001), meropenem (P = .041), and ciprofloxacin (P = .008).. The use of suboptimal concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and didecyldimonium chloride can lead to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas strains.

Topics: Amikacin; Anti-Infective Agents; Ceftazidime; Colistin; Disinfectants; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Hospitals; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium Hypochlorite

The effects of three representative disinfectants, chlorine (sodium hypochlorite), iodine (potassium tetraglicine triiodide), and quaternary ammonium compound (didecyldimethylammonium chloride), on several exotic disease viruses were examined. The viruses used were four enveloped viruses (vesicular stomatitis virus, African swine fever virus, equine viral arteritis virus, and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus) and two non-enveloped viruses (swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV)). Chlorine was effective against all viruses except SVDV at concentrations of 0.03% to 0.0075%, and a dose response was observed. Iodine was very effective against all viruses at concentrations of 0.015% to 0.0075%, but a dose response was not observed. Quaternary ammonium compound was very effective in low concentration of 0.003% against four enveloped viruses and AHSV, but it was only effective against SVDV with 0.05% NaOH. Electron microscopic observation revealed the probable mechanism of each disinfectant. Chlorine caused complete degeneration of the viral particles and also destroyed the nucleic acid of the viruses. Iodine destroyed mainly the inner components including nucleic acid of the viruses. Quaternary ammonium compound induced detachment of the envelope of the enveloped viruses and formation of micelle in non-enveloped viruses. According to these results, chlorine and iodine disinfectants were quite effective against most of the viruses used at adequately high concentration. The effective concentration of quaternary ammonium compound was the lowest among the disinfectants examined.

Topics: African Horse Sickness; African Horse Sickness Virus; African Swine Fever; African Swine Fever Virus; Animals; Arterivirus Infections; Disinfectants; Equartevirus; Horses; Iodine Compounds; Microscopy, Electron; Picornaviridae; Picornaviridae Infections; Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome; Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Rhabdoviridae Infections; Sodium Hypochlorite; Swine; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus

This study compared in vitro the debridement ability of a 3% sodium hypochlorite with a new quaternary ammonium derivative, a 0.5% Bardac-22 solution, in the apical third of freshly extracted teeth with straight root canals. Root canals were instrumented sequentially from size 10 to size 35 using alternatively hand and ultrasonic files. When the hand file was loose in the canal, the ultrasonic instrument of the same size was operated at working length for 30 s, delivering 15 ml of the selected solution. Both solutions were able to flush out pulpal debris from the canal space. At the apical end of the preparation, sodium hypochlorite left a thicker smear layer than Bardac-22 did. The quaternary ammonium derivative easily dissolved the inorganic portion of the smear layer, but did not dissolve proteins as well as sodium hypochlorite.

Topics: Dental Pulp Cavity; Dentin; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Therapy; Smear Layer; Sodium Hypochlorite; Surface-Active Agents; Ultrasonic Therapy