sodium-hypochlorite and calcium-hypochlorite

Topics: Animals; Calcium; Calcium Compounds; Carcinogenicity Tests; Humans; Hypochlorous Acid; Mutagenicity Tests; Risk Factors; Sodium Hypochlorite

This study aimed to identify possible products resulting from chemical interactions between calcium hypochlorite (Ca[OCl]. The 5.25% Ca(OCl). The interactions between Ca(OCl). The orange-brown precipitate occurs due to the chlorination of guanidine nitrogens, and the milky-white precipitate is due to the partial neutralization of the oxidizing agent. The release of chlorine gas occurs due to the low pH of the mixture, which results in the rapid formation and decomposition of chlorine. In this context, an intermediate rinsed with distilled water, saline solution, and ethanol between Ca(OCl)

Topics: Chemical Precipitation; Chlorhexidine; Chlorine; Citric Acid; Edetic Acid; Ethanol; Oxidants; Root Canal Irrigants; Saline Solution; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Hypochlorite; Water

The spore-forming bacterium. The aim of this study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) sanitizers, which are commonly used in the food industry, to inhibit spores and vegetative cells of. We evaluated the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, and a QAC in inhibiting vegetative cells and spores of a. We found that 50 ppm sodium hypochlorite (pH 7), 1 ppm calcium hypochlorite, and 1 ppm QAC completely eliminated the cells in vegetative state. Exposure to 3,000 ppm sodium hypochlorite (pH 7) and 300 ppm calcium hypochlorite significantly eliminated the bacterial spores; however, 50,000 ppm QAC could not eliminate all spores.. Calcium hypochlorite and QAC showed better performance than sodium hypochlorite in completely eliminating vegetative cells of

Topics: Bacillus anthracis; Calcium Compounds; Disinfectants; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium Hypochlorite; Spores, Bacterial

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial action of calcium hypochlorite(Ca[OCl]. One hundred and ten human teeth were used to antimicrobial evaluation, inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and divided into 11 groups (n = 10): G1 - distilled water(control); G2-1 % NaOCl; G3-5.25 % NaOCl; G4-1 % Ca(OCl). The higher bacterial reduction was observed in groups 3,4,5,8,9,10 and 11, with no statistical difference between them (p > 0.05). The higher microhardness reduction was observed in groups 8,9,10 e 11, with no statistical difference between them (p > 0.05). The highest modification on organic components was observed in groups 3,5,9 and 11, with no statistical difference between them (p > 0.05).. The association of Ca(OCl)

Topics: Bacterial Load; Bacteriological Techniques; Calcium Compounds; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dentin; Enterococcus faecalis; Hardness; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Photochemotherapy; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite; Therapeutic Irrigation; Tooth Root

To evaluate the effect of different endodontic irrigation protocols on dentin mechanical properties and fracture resistance of roots with 0.5 mm (weakened roots) and 1.5 mm of thickness.. Irrigation protocols were the following: Distilled water (DW) + Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); grape seed extract (GSE) + EDTA; sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) + EDTA; NaOCl + EDTA + GSE; calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO). Higher reduction of dentin microhardness was observed in the NaOCl and NaOCl + EDTA + GSE groups (p < 0.0001). An increased in the UTS values was obtained in the CHX groups (p < 0.0001), while similar values were observed between the control and other groups (p > 0.05). The reduction of dentin flexural strength was observed in the NaOCl groups (p < 0.0001), while no significant changes were observed in the other groups (p > 0.05). With regard to fracture resistance, no statistical difference was obtained among the irrigation's protocols (p > 0.05), except for CHX (p = 0.0031) and CHX + GSE (p = 0.0001) that showed increased in fracture resistance values in roots with 1.5-mm thickness. An increased rate of irreparable failure was obtained in the NaOCl groups, whereas there was a predominance of repairable failure in the other groups.. The endodontic irrigation protocol has a significant impact on the dentin mechanical properties; on the other hand, do not reduce the fracture resistance of root with 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm of thickness.

Topics: Calcium Compounds; Dentin; Grape Seed Extract; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite

Antimicrobial irrigation solutions are widely used under clinical settings. Their effect on dental tissue is a subject of recent research, which aims for a safer irrigant for clinical use. In this regard, here our goal was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and the genotoxicity of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Calcium Compounds; Cell Survival; Comet Assay; Mice; NIH 3T3 Cells; Sodium Hypochlorite

This study evaluated the influence of canal irrigation protocols with 5.25% calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)

Topics: Bicuspid; Calcium Compounds; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dentin; Edetic Acid; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Root Canal Irrigants; Smear Layer; Sodium Hypochlorite

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of surfactants 0.2% or 0.1% cetrimide (Cet) or 0.008% benzalkonium chloride (BAK) on 2.5% calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), and compare to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), regarding the properties of pH, free chlorine content, surface tension, contact angle, pulp dissolution and antimicrobial activity.. The pH and free chlorine content were evaluated by digital pHmeter and by titration, respectively. Surface tension was measured by the platinum ring technique with a Du Noüy tensiometer. The solution's contact angle in human dentin surfaces was checked by Drop Shape Analyzer software. Bovine pulps were used for pulp dissolution analysis and the dissolving capacity was expressed by percent weight loss. Antimicrobial activity over Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated by the agar diffusion method.. Surfactants addition to Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl did not alter the pH, free chlorine content and pulp dissolution properties. Ca(OCl)2 had the highest surface tension among all tested solutions. When surfactants were added to Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl, there was a significant reduction of surface tension and contact angle values. The addition of 0.2% or 0.1% Cet enhanced antimicrobial activity of both Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl.. Surfactant addition to 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 has shown acceptable outcomes for pH, free chlorine content, surface tension, contact angle, pulp dissolution and antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the addition of 0.2% Cet showed better results for all tested properties.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Benzalkonium Compounds; Calcium Compounds; Cattle; Cetrimonium; Chlorine; Dental Pulp; Dentin; Enterococcus faecalis; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Materials Testing; Reference Values; Reproducibility of Results; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite; Statistics, Nonparametric; Surface Properties; Surface-Active Agents

The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl). The root canals of 105 single-rooted premolars were enlarged up to file 40, autoclaved, inoculated with E. faecalis, and incubated for 21 days. The teeth were randomly divided into seven experimental (n = 15) groups according to the protocol for decontamination: syringe irrigation (SI) with distilled water (DW), SI with 2.5% NaOCl, SI with 2.5% Ca (OCl). Mean numbers of recovered bacteria in the SI with DW group were significantly higher than those in the other experimental groups (P < 0.05). The high bactericidal reduction was observed in any of the other treatment groups: SI using NaOCl or Ca (OCl). Er,Cr: YSGG laser with or without an irrirgation solution has antimicrobial effects on dentinal tubules infected with E. faecalis. The antimicrobial property of 2.5% Ca (OCl)

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Calcium; Calcium Compounds; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dentin; Enterococcus faecalis; Erbium; Gallium; Humans; Lasers, Solid-State; Root Canal Irrigants; Scandium; Sodium Hypochlorite; Yttrium

The aim of this study was to assess cytotoxicity and cell migration of calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] and octenidine hydrochloride - OCT (Octenisept®, Schülke & Mayr, Norderstedt, Germany) in L929 and human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. The cells were exposed to different doses of different solutions: 2.5% and 5% Ca(OCl)2, 0.1% OCT, 2.5% NaOCl and 2% CHX for 10 min. Cell viability was assessed by methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red (NR) assays, and cell migration was determined by wound-healing assay. Statistical analysis was performed by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (α=0.05). The MTT and NR assays revealed that 0.1% OCT was less cytotoxic in hPDL cells (p<0.05), followed by 2% CHX and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between 2.5% NaOCl and 5% Ca(OCl)2 (p>0.05), but these solutions showed greater cytotoxicity than the others. The result was the same for L929 cells, except that there was no significant difference between 2% CHX and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 (p>0.05). Wound-healing assay in L929 and hPDL cells showed that cell migration of 0.1% OCT, 2% CHX and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 groups was higher than 5% Ca(OCl)2 and 2.5% NaOCl groups at 24 h (p<0.05). In conclusion, 0.1% OCT had lower cytotoxicity in tested cell lines than CHX, Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl. Cell migration was higher for 0.1% OCT, 2% CHX and 2.5% Ca(OCl)2. Therefore, in terms of cytotoxicity, OCT and Ca(OCl)2 have the potential to be used as root canal irrigants.

Topics: Calcium Compounds; Chlorhexidine; Humans; Imines; Periodontal Ligament; Pyridines; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite

A novel color additive colorizes chlorine disinfectants blue to improve visibility and enhance spray surface coverage, and it fades to colorless to indicate elapsed contact time. We investigated its interactions with 3 chlorine disinfectants to determine if the additive would adversely affect the disinfectants' antimicrobial efficacy or skin safety.. We tested 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, 0.2% calcium hypochlorite, and 0.5% sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) alone versus with color additive. An independent laboratory tested efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, and human coronavirus 229E. An independent laboratory also tested direct skin irritation.. Chlorine disinfectants with and without color additive achieved equal levels of efficacy against the tested pathogens. Against S. aureus, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite with and without color additive met Environmental Protection Agency criteria for disinfection success. Against human coronavirus 229E, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite alone failed disinfection success criteria, whereas 0.5% sodium hypochlorite with color additive achieved full viral inactivation (≥4.50 log. This color additive can be combined with chlorine disinfectants without adversely affecting antimicrobial efficacy or skin safety.

Topics: Bacteria; Calcium Compounds; Coloring Agents; Coronavirus; Disinfectants; Humans; Skin; Sodium Hypochlorite

The aim of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of hypochlorite solutions and reciprocating instrumentation associated with photodynamic therapy (PDT).. The greatest ability to promote bacterial reduction was observed in groups 8 (1% NaOCl + R40 + PDT), 9 (2.5% NaOCl + R40 + PDT), 10 (1% Ca[OCl]. The association of PDT with hypochlorite solutions and reciprocating instrumentation provides effective elimination of E.faecalis.

Topics: Bacterial Load; Calcium Compounds; Combined Modality Therapy; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enterococcus faecalis; Humans; Hypochlorous Acid; Methylene Blue; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Root Canal Preparation; Sodium Hypochlorite

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different synthetic and natural-derived root canal irrigants (6% sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl], 6% calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)

Topics: Calcium Compounds; Dental Stress Analysis; Dentin; Grape Seed Extract; Humans; Materials Testing; Mechanical Phenomena; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite; Stress, Mechanical; Tensile Strength; Tooth; Tooth Fractures

The aim of this study was to evaluate the tensile strength of die stone incorporated with sodium and calcium hypochlorite as disinfectants.. Two commercially available type IV die stone (Kalrock: Kalabhai Karson Pvt., Ltd and Pearlstone: Asian Chemicals) and two commercially available disinfectant solutions (sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite: Beachem Laboratory Chemical Private Limited, Chennai and Leo Chem Private Limited, Bengaluru) were used in this study, and the tensile strength was measured using Lloyd's Universal Testing Machine.. The results show that incorporating the disinfecting solutions decreases the tensile strength of both products. The effect of decreasing tensile strength on type IV gypsum product is seen more in calcium hypochlorite when compared with sodium hypochlorite disinfecting solution, and the tensile strength of Kalrock specimens is higher than Pearlstone specimens after disinfecting with sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite solution. The statistical results also show significant results in all the groups when compared with the control group.. The incorporation of sodium and calcium hypochlorite disinfecting solutions is not an encouraging method for both die materials as it reduces the tensile strength of type IV gypsum product. Tensile strength of Kalstone® die material is superior than Pearlstone® die material after mixing with sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite.. According to the recommendations of Americans with Disability Act (ADA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, disinfecting the whole cast without or minimal changes in physical and mechanical properties was the motto of the study. The tensile strength in type IV gypsum product plays a most important role in retrieval of cast from impression, especially in narrow tooth preparation. This study reveals that incorporating method of disinfecting solutions is not recommended as it reduces the tensile strength.

Topics: Calcium Compounds; Dental Disinfectants; Dental Impression Materials; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Infectious Disease Transmission, Professional-to-Patient; Sodium Hypochlorite; Tensile Strength

This study aimed to analyze in vitro cytotoxicity to cultured 3T3 fibroblasts and in vivo inflammatory reaction in rats by calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl). Ca(OCl)

Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Calcium Compounds; Cell Movement; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Fibroblasts; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pH and the available chlorine content from sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and calcium hypochlorite (Ca[OCl]2) solutions stored in different conditions and time periods and the surface tension of Ca(OCl)2 solutions in comparison with NaOCl.. Solutions at 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% concentrations were prepared. The pH level and the available chlorine content of freshly prepared solutions and solutions stored for 30, 60, and 90 days at 25°C, 4°C, or 37°C were evaluated in a digital pH meter and by titration, respectively. Surface tension was tested using a Du Nouy tensiometer (Sigma 702, Force Tensiometer; Attension, Espoo, Finland). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed.. A precipitate formed by 2.5% and 5.25% Ca(OCl)2 solutions was observed. Ca(OCl)2 showed a higher concentration of available chlorine than NaOCl. Both 2.5% and 5.25% NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 had a decrease in the available chlorine content when compared with freshly prepared solutions; 0.5% and 1% NaOCl tend to have a lower pH compared with 0.5% and 1% Ca(OCl)2. NaOCl, 5.25%, showed higher pH compared with 5.25% Ca(OCl)2. NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2 in 0.5% and 1% concentrations tend to show a reduced pH level, whereas 2.5% and 5.25% solutions showed an increase in pH. The heat contributed to the instability of the solutions. NaOCl showed lower surface tension values than Ca(OCl)2.. Ca(OCl)2 solutions are extremely alkaline and tend to have more available chlorine content than NaOCl but have a higher surface tension than NaOCl. Regarding the available chlorine content, these solutions tend to be stable to 30 days of storage when kept at 4°C or at 25°C.

Topics: Calcium Compounds; Disinfectants; Drug Storage; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Materials Testing; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite; Solutions; Surface Tension

In Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreaks, it is widely recommended to wash living things (handwashing) with 0.05% (500 mg/L) chlorine solution and non-living things (surfaces, personal protective equipment, dead bodies) with 0.5% (5,000 mg/L) chlorine solution. Chlorine solutions used in EVD response are primarily made from powdered calcium hypochlorite (HTH), granular sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), and liquid sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and have a pH range of 5-11. Chlorine solutions degrade following a reaction highly dependent on, and unusually sensitive to, pH, temperature, and concentration. We determined the shelf-life of 0.05% and 0.5% chlorine solutions used in EVD response, including HTH, NaDCC, stabilized NaOCl, generated NaOCl, and neutralized NaOCl solutions. Solutions were stored for 30 days at 25, 30, and 35°C, and tested daily for chlorine concentration and pH. Maximum shelf-life was defined as days until initial concentration fell to <90% of initial concentration in ideal laboratory conditions. At 25-35°C, neutralized-NaOCl solutions (pH = 7) had a maximum shelf-life of a few hours, NaDCC solutions (pH = 6) 2 days, generated NaOCl solutions (pH = 9) 6 days, and HTH and stabilized NaOCl solutions (pH 9-11) >30 days. Models were developed for solutions with maximum shelf-lives between 1-30 days. Extrapolating to 40°C, the maximum predicted shelf-life for 0.05% and 0.5% NaDCC solutions were 0.38 and 0.82 hours, respectively; predicted shelf-life for 0.05% and 0.5% generated NaOCl solutions were >30 and 5.4 days, respectively. Each chlorine solution type offers advantages and disadvantages to responders, as: NaDCC is an easy-to-import high-concentration effervescent powder; HTH is similar, but forms a precipitate that may clog pipes; and, NaOCl solutions can be made locally, but are difficult to transport. We recommend responders chose the most appropriate source chlorine compound for their use, and ensure solutions are stored at appropriate temperatures and used or replaced before expiring.

Topics: Calcium Compounds; Chlorine Compounds; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Drug Stability; Ebolavirus; Hand Disinfection; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Sodium Hypochlorite; Triazines

The purpose of this study was to compare in vitro the effectiveness of calcium hypochlorite (Ca[OCl]2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) associated with passive ultrasonic irrigation in root canals of bovine teeth infected with Enterococcus faecalis.. The root canals of 60 single-rooted bovine extracted teeth were enlarged up to a file 45, autoclaved, inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis, and incubated for 30 days. The samples were divided into 6 groups (n = 10) according to the protocol for decontamination: G1: no treatment; G2: distilled water; G3: 2.5% NaOCl; G4: 2.5% Ca(OCl)2; G5: 2.5% NaOCl with ultrasonic activation; and G6: 2.5% Ca(OCl)2 with ultrasonic activation (US). Microbiological testing (colony-forming unit [CFU] counting) was performed to evaluate and show, respectively, the effectiveness of the proposed treatments. Data were subjected to 1-way analysis of variance followed by the post hoc Tukey test (α = 0.05).. Groups 1 and 2 showed the highest mean contamination (3.26 log10 CFU/mL and 2.69 log10 CFU/mL, respectively), which was statistically different from all other groups (P < .05). Group 6 (Ca[OCl]2 + US) showed the lowest mean contamination (1.00 log10 CFU/mL), with no statistically significant difference found in groups 3 (NaOCl), 4 (Ca[OCl]2), and 5 (NaOCl + US) (P < .05).. Ca(OCl)2 as well as passive ultrasonic irrigation can aid in chemomechanical preparation, contributing in a significant way to the reduction of microbial content during root canal treatment.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Load; Bacteriological Techniques; Calcium Compounds; Cattle; Dental Pulp Cavity; Enterococcus faecalis; Root Canal Irrigants; Root Canal Preparation; Sodium Hypochlorite; Therapeutic Irrigation; Ultrasonic Therapy

The aim of this study was to compare in vitro the tissue-dissolution properties of 5% and 10% calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)(2)) with two concentrations (1.36% and 4.65%) of proprietary sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on bovine muscle tissue.. The available chlorine concentration of each solution was determined using iodometric titration. Tissue specimens from bovine muscle were weight adjusted (50 ± 5 mg). Ten tissue specimens in each group were immersed in 5 mL each test solution, removed after 5 minutes, blotted dry, and weighed. The process was repeated every 5 minutes with a fresh 5-mL aliquot of the test solution for 60 minutes or until complete tissue dissolution, whichever was quickest. The percentage weight loss of the specimens was calculated over the experimental period.. Available chlorine concentrations of the irrigants ranged from 1.36% to 4.65%. All solutions dissolved tissue completely after 60 minutes except 5% Ca(OCl)(2) (99.4% dissolution). Between the 35- and 60-minute test readings, there were no significant differences between the solutions. Chlorax (4.65% NaOCl) (Cerkamed Group, Nisko, Poland) dissolved tissue quicker during the first 35 minutes (P < .05). In this period, the weight loss with 10% Ca(OCl)(2) differed from Chlorax at all time intervals except at 5 and 35 minutes (P < .05); 5% Ca(OCl)(2) showed no significant differences with 10% Ca(OCl)(2) and Tesco bleach (1.36% NaOCl) (Tesco Stores Ltd, Chestnut, UK) in the first 35 minutes except at the 5-minute measurement.. Within the limitations of this study, Chlorax (4.65% NaOCl) dissolved tissue faster than the Ca(OCl)(2) solutions and Tesco thin bleach (1.36% NaOCl) over the first 35 minutes, but there were no significant differences among the solutions thereafter.

Topics: Animals; Bleaching Agents; Calcium Compounds; Cattle; Chlorine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Muscles; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite; Solvents; Time Factors

Studies were conducted to determine the effects of various sanitizing compounds on the microbial and physical quality of shell egg processing vacuum loader cups. The sanitizing compounds used were as follows: sterile, distilled water; 200 microL/L of sodium hypochlorite; 200 microL/L of calcium hypochlorite; and 200 microL/L of peracetic acid. In the microbial inoculation study, cups were inoculated with Enterobacter cloacae because it was the most common isolate from a commercial study examining the flora found on vacuum loader cups. In all 3 replicates, aerobic plate counts and Enterobacteriaceae levels were similar for the clean control cups and the cups from the 2 chlorine treatments. Physical quality was measured via serial static compression testing using texture profile analysis. The serial compression mimicked the movement of the vacuum loader cups on the processing line. The strength of the vacuum loader cups was enhanced with exposure to any sanitizer treatment, including distilled water, compared with the controls throughout the 20 applications of the sanitizers. Durometer measurements were not consistent in monitoring vacuum loader cup quality and were determined to not be effective assessments for this application. The use of 200 microL/L of sodium hypochlorite or 200 microL/L of calcium hypochlorite successfully reduced microbial contaminants, had a positive effect on vacuum loader cup physical quality, and should be considered when developing sanitation programs for shell egg processing facilities.

Topics: Animals; Calcium Compounds; Chickens; Colony Count, Microbial; Egg Shell; Eggs; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Peracetic Acid; Sodium Hypochlorite; Water

Addition of solid Ca(OCl)(2) as the terminal oxidant in the TEMPO-mediated selective oxidation has the benefit of easier operation. A variety of partially protected saccharide derivatives (1a-l) have been successfully converted into the corresponding uronate derivatives, including disaccharide building blocks for GAG fragments and precursors to saponins. The beneficial effect of Aliquat 336 was also disclosed in the oxidation of certain substrates.

Topics: Bromides; Calcium Compounds; Carbohydrate Conformation; Carbohydrate Sequence; Chromatography; Cyclic N-Oxides; Models, Chemical; Molecular Sequence Data; Oxygen; Potassium Compounds; Saponins; Sodium Hypochlorite; Time Factors; Uronic Acids; Water

Eusol (an abbreviation for Edinburgh University solution), consisting of aqueous boric acid and calcium hypochlorite, is widely used in the management of open wounds left to heal by secondary intention (1).

Topics: Adolescent; Borates; Calcium Compounds; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Diagnosis, Differential; Foot Dermatoses; Foot Ulcer; Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies; Humans; Male; Patch Tests; Sodium Hypochlorite

The focus of this study was to determine the efficacy of various chemicals in eliminating 2.04 to 3.23 log10 CFU/g of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from alfalfa seeds and to determine the survivability of the pathogen on seeds stored for prolonged periods at three temperatures. Significant (P < or = 0.05) reductions in populations of E. coli O157:H7 on inoculated seeds were observed after treatments with 500 and 1,000 ppm of active chlorine (as Ca[OCl]2) for 3 but not 10 min and with > or =2,000 ppm of Ca(OCl)2 regardless of pretreatment with a surfactant. Treatment with 20,000 ppm of active chlorine failed to kill 2.68 log10 CFU/g of seeds. Acidified NaClO2 (500 ppm) was effective in reducing populations of the pathogen by >2 logs per g. Acidified ClO2 significantly reduced populations of E. coli O157:H7 on seeds at concentrations > or =100 ppm, and 500 ppm of ClO2 reduced the pathogen from 2.7 log10 CFU/g to <0.5 CFU/g. Chlorine (as NaOCl) was not effective at concentrations < or =1,000 ppm; significant reduction was achieved only after treatment with 2,000 ppm for 3 or 10 min. Notable reduction in populations was observed after treatment with 30 or 70% C2H3OH, but there was a dramatic decrease in germination percentage. Treatment with 0.2% H2O2 significantly reduced populations, and the organism was not detected by direct plating after treatment with > or =1% H2O2. Significant reduction in population of E. coli O157:H7 occurred after treatment with 1% trisodium phosphate, 40 ppm of Tsunami and Vortexx, and 1% Vegi-Clean. A significant decrease in the number of E. coli O157:H7 on dry seeds was observed within 1 week of storage at 25 and 37 degrees C, but not at 5 degrees C. Between 1 and 38 weeks, populations on seeds stored at 5 degrees C remained relatively constant. The pathogen was recovered from alfalfa seeds initially containing 3.04 log 10 CFU/g after storage at 25 or 37 degrees C for 38 weeks but not 54 weeks.

Topics: Calcium Compounds; Chlorine; Colony Count, Microbial; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Escherichia coli O157; Ethanol; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Medicago sativa; Phosphates; Polysorbates; Seeds; Sodium Hypochlorite; Temperature

Cyanogen bromide in water and seven organic solvents and sodium cyanide in water may safely and efficiently (greater than 99.7%) be destroyed using sodium hydroxide (1 M) solution and commercially available sodium or calcium hypochlorite. Details are given of an analytical procedure which can be used to check the final reaction mixture for the presence of residual cyanogen bromide or cyanide.

Topics: Calcium; Calcium Compounds; Cyanides; Cyanogen Bromide; Environmental Exposure; Refuse Disposal; Sodium Hydroxide; Sodium Hypochlorite; Solvents; Waste Products

The chemiluminescence of fluorescein derivatives is greatly enhanced when they are conjugated to proteins. We exploited this property in devising a chemiluminescence immunoassay for rubella antibodies. In this sequential "sandwich"-type assay, tubes coated with rubella antigen are used for antibody separation and goat antibody to human IgG conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate is used for detection of bound rubella antibodies.

Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Calcium; Calcium Compounds; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate; Fluoresceins; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Luminescent Measurements; Radioimmunoassay; Rubella virus; Sodium Hypochlorite; Thiocyanates