sodium-hypochlorite and 4-chlorophenol

To assess the genotoxicity of 14 chemical agents used as locally applied agents in dental practice, the ability of these agents to elicit chromosome aberrations was examined using Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. Chromosome aberrations in SHE cells were induced by treatment with three of eight chemical agents used as endodontic medicaments, i.e. ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), formocresol (a mixture of formalin and tricresol), and sodium arsenite. The other five chemical agents, i.e. chloramphenicol, p-chlorophenol, p-phenolsulfonic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and tetracycline hydrochloride exhibited a negative response for chromosome aberrations. Assessment of three dyes used for disclosing dental plaque showed chromosome aberrations induced by basic fuchsin but not by acid fuchsin and erythrosine B. Three local anesthetics, lidocaine hydrochloride, prilocaine hydrochloride, and procaine hydrochloride, were negative for chromosome aberrations. Among the ten chemical agents that exhibited a negative response in the assay, p-chlorophenol, sodium hypochlorite, and erythrosine B induced chromosome aberrations in SHE cells when treated in the presence of exogenous metabolic activation. The percentages of cells with polyploidy or endoreduplication were enhanced by formocresol, sodium arsenite, p-chlorophenol, p-phenolsulfonic acid, sodium hypochlorite, erythrosine B, prilocaine hydrochloride, and procaine hydrochloride in the absence or presence of exogenous metabolic activation. Our results indicate that the chemical agents that had a positive response in the present study are potentially genotoxic to mammalian cells.

Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Arsenites; Benzenesulfonates; Chloramphenicol; Chlorophenols; Chromosome Aberrations; Colony-Forming Units Assay; Cricetinae; Dental Disinfectants; Dental Materials; Edetic Acid; Embryo, Mammalian; Formocresols; Gene Duplication; Mesocricetus; Mutagens; Polyploidy; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Compounds; Sodium Hypochlorite; Tetracycline

To evaluate the genotoxic potential of 13 chemical agents used in dental practice, the abilities of these agents to induce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) were examined using Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. Statistically significant increases in the frequencies of SCEs were observed in SHE cells treated with all seven of the chemical agents used as endodontic medicaments: p-chlorophenol, m-cresol, formaldehyde, guaiacol, hydrogen peroxide, p-phenolsulfonic acid, and sodium hypochlorite (P < 0.01; Student t test). Assessment of two chemical agents that are applied to the oral mucosa as antiseptics showed that SCEs were induced by iodine (P < 0.01), but not by chlorhexidine. Of three chemical agents that are used as dyes for disclosing dental plaque, erythrosine B had no effect on SCE induction, while acid fuchsin and basic fuchsin increased the SCE frequencies in SHE cells (P < 0.01). Glutaraldehyde, which is used as a disinfectant for dental instruments and impressions, also induced SCEs (P < 0.01). Because SCE assays are used as a sensitive indicator for evaluating genetic toxicity of chemicals, the chemical agents that had a positive response in the present study are potentially genotoxic to mammalian cells.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Benzenesulfonates; Chlorhexidine; Chlorophenols; Cresols; Cricetinae; Dental Disinfectants; Dental Materials; Embryo, Mammalian; Erythrosine; Fluorescent Dyes; Formaldehyde; Glutaral; Guaiacol; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iodine; Mesocricetus; Mouth Mucosa; Mutagens; Root Canal Irrigants; Rosaniline Dyes; Sister Chromatid Exchange; Sodium Hypochlorite; Sulfonic Acids

An in vitro study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of the yeast Candida albicans to various intracanal irrigants and medications. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine digluconate, and aqueous calcium hydroxide that is required to kill a standardized inoculum of C. albicans was determined. Growth of the yeast was measured by optical density. Sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and chlorhexidine digluconate were effective anticandidal agents with MICs of <10 microgram/ml, 234 microgram/ml, and <0.63 microgram/ml, respectively. Aqueous calcium hydroxide had no activity. A standardized inoculum of C. albicans cells was also placed in direct contact with either calcium hydroxide paste or camphorated para-monochlorophenol (CPMC), and candidal growth was assessed by colony counts on Sabouraud's dextrose agar. Calcium hydroxide paste and CPMC, when maintained in direct contact with C. albicans, were effective antifungal agents.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Antifungal Agents; Calcium Hydroxide; Candida albicans; Chlorhexidine; Chlorophenols; Hydrogen Peroxide; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite; Statistics, Nonparametric

This study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial effect of various endodontic irrigants against six selected microorganisms.. Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus salivarius, Str. pyogenes, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were included in the study. Pre-sterilized Whatman paper discs, 6 mm in diameter and soaked with the test solution, were prepared and placed onto the previously seeded agar Petri plates. Each plate was incubated aerobically. A zone of inhibition was recorded for each plate and the results were analysed statistically.. 5.25% NaOCl was effective against all test microorganisms with a substantial zone of inhibition. Saline was always ineffective. Decreased concentration of NaOCl significantly reduced its antimicrobial effect. Cresophene showed a significantly larger (P < 0.05) average zone of inhibition compared to the other experimental irrigants. Alcohol had smaller but not significantly different zones of inhibition than chlorhexidine.. 5.25% NaOCl was superior in its antimicrobial abilities compared with other irrigants used. A reduced concentration of NaOCl (0.5%) resulted in significantly decreased antimicrobial effects. When compared with 21% alcohol, 0.5% NaOCl and 2% chlorhexidine, paramonochlorophenol (cresophene) showed a greater antimicrobial effect.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Candida albicans; Chlorhexidine; Chlorophenols; Enterococcus faecalis; Escherichia coli; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Root Canal Irrigants; Sodium Hypochlorite; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus