sodium-dodecyl-sulfate and triethanolamine

A clinical study was performed to determine the effects of patch testing human skin with four industrially used surfactants on erythema formation, transepidermal water loss, and the contents in suction blister fluids of primary proinflammatory mediators including arachidonic acid, eicosanoids, and IL-1 alpha, which were analyzed by quantitative gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry and by an enzyme-immunoassay, respectively. Benzalkonium chloride (BKCI) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) elicited erythema and caused increased transepidermal water loss, indicating a disturbance of the epidermal barrier. Triethanolamine (TEA) and Tween 80 did not evoke these gross symptoms of inflammation. Suction blister fluids collected after a 24-h application of BKCl, SLS, and Tween 80 contained significantly increased amounts of individual eicosanoids whereas TEA induced no response. The induced eicosanoid profile was characteristic for each compound, pointing to different cell types of skin to be involved in their production. The elevation of prostaglandin and LTB4 contents correlated with the induction of erythema and the impairment of the epidermal barrier as shown for BKCl and SLS and preceded the maximum of erythema formation. IL-1 alpha contents did not correlate with these gross symptoms of inflammation. The results of this in vivo study support those of a previous study using human keratinocytes in culture indicating the release of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins to be an early event involved in the interaction of keratinocytes with surfactants. Moreover, the in vivo data with human skin underscore the mechanistic relationship to the in vitro model and support the concept that arachidonic acid and eicosanoid release from keratinocytes can be used as a marker of primary skin irritation.

Topics: Adult; Arachidonic Acid; Benzalkonium Compounds; Dermatitis, Irritant; Eicosanoids; Ethanolamines; Humans; Interleukin-1; Male; Patch Tests; Polysorbates; Skin; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Surface-Active Agents; Water

The application of free-flow electrophoresis (FFE) to the purification of trichosanthin (TCS) from a crude product of acetone fractional precipitation was investigated. An electrophoresis technique, combining field step electrophoresis (FSE) and zone electrophoresis (ZE) to a one-step procedure, was optimized until a satisfactory purification factor (1.35), high resolution, and purity (>99%) were achieved. Testing several separation buffer systems revealed that a throughput of 14.2 mg/h can be obtained when the very basic TCS (pI 10.1) was dissolved and electrophoresed in a phosphate buffer system of pH 4. The purity of electrophoresed trichosanthin was proved by a variety of analytical methods, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), and sequencing of N- and C-termini. The high purity and large throughput achieved at low cost by using FFE indicates that this method can be employed for TCS purification.

Topics: Acetone; Amino Acid Sequence; Buffers; Electrophoresis; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Ethanolamines; Fractional Precipitation; Peptide Fragments; Phosphates; Plant Proteins; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Trichosanthin

Four bioactive materials were tested for their ability to produce toxicity in vitro in two cell lines: rabbit corneal cells (SIRC) and human fibroblasts. These compounds are widely used by industries, causing toxic effects to ecosystems and particularly having an impact on human health. Different chemicals were chosen which were structurally unrelated: triethanolamine, zinc pyrithione, sodium lauryl sulfate, and oleamine. Cytotoxicity was evaluated measuring the total protein content (inhibition of cell growth). Results indicated that zinc pyrithione produced the highest inhibition of cell growth when two cell lines were treated in the two doses tested. The lowest cytotoxic effect was observed with oleamine. Triethanolamine and sodium lauryl sulfate produced a similar cytotoxic effect in Fe cells, although sodium lauryl sulfate revealed higher inhibition of cell growth than triethanolamine on SIRC cells. From these results, it can be concluded that some products as triethanolamine and zinc pyrithione should be observed in future special toxicological studies.

Topics: Amines; Animals; Cell Count; Cell Division; Cell Line; Cornea; Ecosystem; Ethanolamines; Fibroblasts; Hazardous Substances; Humans; Organometallic Compounds; Pyridines; Rabbits; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Surface-Active Agents; Zinc

A method for the separation and determination of benzodiazepines by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) has been developed. Separation buffers consisted of aqueous solutions of glycine and triethanolamine (pH 9.0), containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as surfactant and methanol as organic modifier. The effect of the concentration of SDS, methanol, glycine and triethanolamine on migration times and resolution was studied. Ten benzodiazepines were baseline separated at a 25 mM SDS concentration and 20% v/v methanol in a 75 mM glycine-250 mM triethanolamine buffer. Under these conditions, the within-day reproducibilities were 0.3-0.5% for migration times and 1.7-1.9% for peak areas at a concentration of 10 micrograms/mL. The limits of detection and quantification for oxazepam were 0.2 and 0.7 micrograms/mL, respectively, using an injection time of 5 s.

Topics: Benzodiazepines; Buffers; Chromatography; Electrochemistry; Electrophoresis; Ethanolamines; Glycine; Methanol; Micelles; Molecular Structure; Reproducibility of Results; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate