sodium-dodecyl-sulfate and sanguinarine

Topics: Alkaloids; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Benzydamine; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Gingivitis; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Peroxides; Salicylates; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes; Triclosan

The Seal of Acceptance of the American Dental Association's Council on Dental Therapeutics has been awarded to Listerine and chlorhexidine gluconate (Peridex). The mechanism of action of Listerine involves bacterial cell wall destruction, bacterial enzymatic inhibition, and extraction of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Chlorhexidine has the property of substantivity, i.e. the ability to bind to hard and soft tissue with slow release. Antibacterial mouthrinses/dentifrices containing triclosan hold promise for the reduction of plaque and gingivitis but are not yet available in the United States. The quaternary ammonium compounds and sanguinarine compounds (Viadent) have some merit, but studies of their efficacy in plaque and gingivitis reduction are mixed. New products containing various fluorides and oxygenating agents may have potential for the future as antiplaque and antigingivitis agents.

Topics: Alkaloids; American Dental Association; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Oxidants; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Salicylates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes; Triclosan; United States

Antimicrobial agents, applied either professionally or delivered from dentifrices or mouthwashes, could reduce caries by controlling plaque formation, suppressing cariogenic species, or by inhibiting bacterial metabolism. Chlorhexidine has proven anticaries activity; other agents might also prevent caries by means of their antiplaque properties. Sugar substitutes stabilize the microflora by reducing the number of acid challenges to plaque and stimulating saliva flow; some also have antimicrobial properties, especially against mutans streptococci. Vaccines have been prepared from purified antigens of mutans streptococci. These vaccines confer protection in non-human primates, but have yet to be tested in a human clinical trial.

Topics: Alkaloids; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacterial Vaccines; Benzophenanthridines; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Copper; Dental Caries; Humans; Isoquinolines; Lactobacillus; Menthol; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans; Sweetening Agents; Triclosan; Zinc

Topics: Alkaloids; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes

Previous reports have indicated that certain mouthrinses, even when used as directed can induce oral pain. In order to help determine the causal agent(s), various commercially available mouthrinses, as well as control solutions, were tested in a psychophysical study in which subjects rated categories of pain during and after mouthrinsing. More specifically, the studies tested the effects of ethanol concentration on induced pain. The results show that there is a direct relationship between ethanol content and the amount of induced pain. Furthermore, the amount of pain was found to increase with time of rinsing, and to slowly decrease after cessation of rinsing. Lastly, comparison of ethanol/water controls with a marketed product (Clear Choice) matched for ethanol content showed that, while ethanol was the key factor in mouthwash-induced oral pain, other presently unidentified agents can also add to the effect.

Topics: Adult; Alkaloids; Analysis of Variance; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Cetylpyridinium; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Ethanol; Facial Pain; Female; Humans; Isoquinolines; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Organic Chemicals; Pain Measurement; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Regression Analysis; Salicylates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes; Time Factors

There is a continuing search for ingredients to enhance the chemical plaque inhibitory action of oral hygiene products. Sanguinarine, other natural extracts and triclosan have already been used in products. The aim of this study was to evaluate a number of triclosan and natural product rinses for effects on plaque regrowth. In particular, the influence of other rinse components were assessed, notably sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and zinc. The study was a randomised, blind, 9-cell cross-over design to measure the effects of each rinse on 4-day plaque regrowth from a zero baseline. 15 volunteers rinsed 2x daily with each product and plaque was recorded by area and score. The 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse (positive control) was significantly more effective, and the saline rinse (negative control) significantly less effective, than other rinses. Sanguinarine alone was little different from saline and the addition of zinc made a modest improvement in activity. The 3 triclosan/SLS rinses were more effective than the sanguinarine rinses but similar to their minus triclosan control rinse. A natural product/SLS experimental rinse was second to chlorhexidine and, in many analyses, significantly better than all other rinses, but caused some oral erosions. The results indicate that the plaque inhibitory properties of basic ingredients such as SLS may be difficult to enhance or surpass. However, the possible range of recipes, particularly using natural ingredients, provides scope for research and development in the field of oral hygiene products.

Topics: Adult; Alkaloids; Astringents; Benzophenanthridines; Chamomile; Chlorhexidine; Chlorides; Dental Plaque; Double-Blind Method; Eugenol; Female; Flavonoids; Humans; Isoquinolines; Krameriaceae; Male; Mouthwashes; Oils, Volatile; Plants, Medicinal; Resins, Plant; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Tannins; Terpenes; Thymol; Triclosan; Zinc; Zinc Compounds

The aim of this investigation was to determine whether sublethal concentrations of chlorhexidine (Cx), hexetidine (Hx), cetylpyridinium chloride (Cc), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sanguinarine (Sg), sodium fluoride (NaF), and ammonium fluoride (NH4F) could affect hydrophobicity and adhesion of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (S-HA). Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) showed that both species were susceptible to all agents tested. Growth in the presence of sub-MIC concentrations of Cx, SDS, Cc, NaF, or NH4F did not change significantly the hydrophobicity of S. sanguis cells when compared to the control which lacked any agent. However, growth in the presence of Hx or Sg resulted in a significant reduction in their hydrophobicity. Sub-MIC levels of SDS or Sg in the growth medium resulted in S. mutans cells with increased affinity for hexadecane compared with the control. The adherence of S. sanguis was changed significantly only by Hx or Sg, resulting in less cells adhering to S-HA. However, S. mutans cells previously incubated with NaF, NH4F, or Sg showed a higher adherence to S-HA than the control. The mechanisms of interference with adherence are at present not completely understood. Thus, antimicrobial agents at sub-MIC concentrations can interfere selectively with hydrophobicity and/or adhesion of oral streptococci.

Topics: Adsorption; Alkaloids; Alkanes; Ammonium Compounds; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacterial Adhesion; Benzophenanthridines; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Durapatite; Fluorides; Hexetidine; Humans; Isoquinolines; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Saliva; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sodium Fluoride; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis; Surface Properties; Water

Sanguinaria extract, which contains benzophenanthridine alkaloids, has been used as a folk medicine for many years. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC values) for sanguinarine were determined for common and etiologically important plaque bacteria. Because the efficacy of sanguinarine is believed to be enhanced by zinc, isobolograms were assessed to determine their mode(s) of interaction. Hydrogen ion concentration influenced the inhibitory activity of both sanguinarine and zinc. For sanguinarine, at the optimum pH (6.5), MIC values were 4 or 8 micrograms/ml for Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii. MIC values were 0.125-0.50 mmol Zn/ml. MBC values ranged from 1 to 8 mmol Zn/ml at pH 5.5. Isobologram data revealed that sanguinarine and zinc interacted synergistically. Viadent oral rinse, which contained 300 micrograms sanguinaria extract/ml and 0.2% zinc chloride (14.9 mmol Zn/l), was inhibitory to all strains tested. MIC values were 1 or 2% (ml Viadent oral rinse/100 ml aqueous solution) for all strains except A. viscosus for which the MIC value was 12% (vol/vol).

Topics: Actinomyces; Alkaloids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzophenanthridines; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Colony Count, Microbial; Dental Plaque; Humans; Isoquinolines; Mouth; Mouthwashes; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis; Zinc