sodium-dodecyl-sulfate and prochloraz

Fish in vivo screening methods to detect endocrine active substances, specifically interacting with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, have been developed by both the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). In application of these methods, i.e. regulatory testing, this paper provides a proposal on the setting of test concentrations using all available acute and chronic data and also discusses the importance of avoiding the confounding effects of systemic toxicity on endocrine endpoints. This guidance is aimed at reducing the number of false positives and subsequently the number of inappropriate definitive vertebrate studies potentially triggered by effects consequent to systemic, rather than endocrine, toxicity. At the same time it provides a pragmatic approach that maximizes the probability of detecting an effect, if it exists, thus limiting the potential for false negative outcomes.

Topics: Androstenedione; Animals; Endocrine Disruptors; Ethylene Glycols; Fishes; Flutamide; Imidazoles; Ketoconazole; Maximum Tolerated Dose; Octanols; Phenols; Potassium Permanganate; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Guidelines for experimental studies of percutaneous penetration prescribe optimal barrier integrity of the skin. The barrier integrity of the skin exposed in occupational or household situations is, however, not always ideal, and skin problems are among the most dominant reasons for absence from work. We have therefore evaluated an experimental model for percutaneous penetration through slightly damaged skin. The influence of a slight damage to the skin was evaluated using five pesticides covering a wide range of solubilities. We used an experimental model with static diffusion cells mounted with human skin. A slight damage to the barrier integrity was induced by pre-treatment of the skin with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) before pesticide exposure. The experimental model with 3 h pre-treatment with SLS (0.1% or 0.3%) assured a significant but controlled damage to the barrier integrity, a damage that remained unchanged for an experimental period of 48 h. Based on the percutaneous penetration of five pesticides, we conclude that a slightly damaged skin may significantly affect the rate, lag-time as well as total penetration of chemicals covering a wide range of solubilities. The percutaneous penetration of the most hydrophilic compounds will be those most affected. These findings should be considered when setting standards for dermal exposure to chemicals.

Topics: Carbamates; Dimethoate; Humans; Imidazoles; Methiocarb; Permeability; Pyrimidines; Skin; Skin Absorption; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Triazoles