sodium-chlorate and sodium-nitrate

Histomoniasis is currently a re-emerging disease of major significance for many commercial turkey and broiler breeder production companies because of the unavailability of drugs or vaccines. The protozoa Histomonas meleagridis (HM) requires the presence of enteric microflora to promote the disease. The objectives of this research note were to evaluate the effect of dietary administration of sodium chlorate (SC) and sodium nitrate (SN) in vitro and in vivo for HM prophylaxis in poults. A total of 128 day-of-hatch female poults obtained from a commercial hatchery were wing-tagged and randomly assigned into 1 of 4 experimental groups: negative control (NC), positive control, dietary inclusion of SC (3,200 ppm) and SN (500 ppm). Poults from groups SC and SN started on their respective diets on day 12. All groups, except the NC, were challenged with 2 × 10

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Antiprotozoal Agents; Chlorates; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Nitrates; Poultry Diseases; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Trichomonadida; Turkeys

Controlling the morphological characteristics of micellar solutions is important for surfactant performance and for achieving desired properties. In this work we study how monovalent anions of the lyotropic series affect micellization, micellar transitions, and micellar growth of the cationic surfactant N-cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPyCl), with the aim of achieving a tool to methodically tune these self-assembly characteristics. For the first time, a set of ions of the Hofmeister series were studied by combining indirect (surface tension, conductivity, optical absorption, viscosity, dynamic light scattering) and direct-imaging cryogenic-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Following recent literature on anionic surfactants, we considered the pyridinium headgroup as a chaotropic cation, interacting with cosmotrope and chaotrope anions (Cl(-), Br(-), NO(3)(-), ClO(3)(-)). We show that the micelles' structure is strongly influenced by both the nature and concentration of added anions and their location in the lyotropic series, but the lyotropic number by itself cannot explain all the effects measured. Especially interesting was the relatively small effect of the chlorate ion on the CMC, but its large effect on micellar transition and growth. We further test the influence of a hydrotrope on the first and second CMC and micellar growth, and compare it with the data obtained with the inorganic salts.

Topics: Anions; Bromides; Cetylpyridinium; Chemical Phenomena; Chlorates; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Micelles; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Nitrates; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Compounds; Sodium Salicylate; Surface Tension; Surface-Active Agents

We have studied the effect of counterion binding efficiency on the linear viscoelastic properties of wormlike micelles formed from hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in the presence of different nonpenetrating inorganic salts: potassium bromide (KBr), sodium nitrate (NaNO(3)), and sodium chlorate (NaClO(3)). We have varied the salt/surfactant ratio R at fixed surfactant concentration of 350 mM. Results are compared to data for the system cetylpyridinium chloride (CPyCl) and the penetrating counterion sodium salicylate (NaSal) (Oelschlaeger, C.; Schopferer, M.; Scheffold, F.; Willenbacher, N. Langmuir 2009, 25, 716-723). Mechanical high-frequency rheology and diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) based tracer microrheology are used to determine the shear moduli G' and G'' in the frequency range from 0.1 Hz up to 1 MHz (Willenbacher, N.; Oelschlaeger, C.; Schopferer, M.; Fischer, P.; Cardinaux, F.; Scheffold, F. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2007, 99, 068302, 1-4). This enables us to determine the plateau modulus G(0), which is related to the cross-link density or mesh size of the entanglement network, the bending stiffness kappa (also expressed as persistence length l(p) = kappa/k(B)T) corresponding to the semiflexible nature of the micelles, and the scission energy E(sciss), which is related to their contour length. The viscosity maximum shifts to higher R values, and the variation of viscosity with R is less pronounced as the binding strength decreases. The plateau modulus increases with R at low ionic strength and is constant around the viscosity maximum; the increase in G(0) at high R, which is presumably due to branching, is weak compared to the system with penetrating counterion. The scission energy E(sciss) approximately = 20 k(B)T is independent of counterion binding efficiency irrespective of R and is slightly higher compared to the system CPyCl/NaSal, indicating that branching may be significant already at the viscosity maximum in this latter case. The micellar flexibility increases with increasing binding efficiency of counterions according to the Hofmeister series. The persistence length values for systems CTAB/KBr, CTAB/NaNO(3), and CTAB/NaClO(3) are 40, 34, and 29 nm, respectively, independent of R, and are significantly higher than in the case of CPyCl/NaSal.

Topics: Binding Sites; Bromides; Cetrimonium; Cetrimonium Compounds; Chlorates; Micelles; Molecular Structure; Nitrates; Potassium Compounds; Thermodynamics

As discrete particles and/or as surface coatings on other minerals in natural systems, aluminum hydroxides are efficient sinks for Hg(II). The Hg(II) adsorption on gibbsite was determined as a function of temperature (T), pH, and the type of background electrolytes, i.e., NaNO(3), NaClO(4), and NaCl. When the equilibration time t(E) approximately 2 h, the Hg(II) retention on gibbsite was found to be a reversible process, which was ascribed to adsorption. The Hg(II) adsorption capacity, i.e., Gamma(Hg(II)), varied with the type of electrolyte used in accordance with the following order: Gamma(NO(3))(Hg(II)) > or = Gamma(ClO(4))(Hg(II)) > or = Gamma(Cl)(Hg(II)). In all cases, the estimated thermodynamic parameters showed that the Hg(II) adsorption on gibbsite was endothermic and spontaneous. The Hg(II) adsorption data were quantified with the Langmuir or Hill, and Dublin-Radushkevick (DR), isotherms at all temperatures and acidity levels examined. Always, the Hg(II) adsorption data were in compliance with the DR model. However, the Hg(II) adsorption in NaNO(3) or NaClO(4) was interpreted in terms of the Langmuir model. When NaCl was used as electrolyte, the Hg(II) adsorption was modeled well with the Hill equation. The mean free energy values calculated from DR plots concluded that Hg(II)-gibbsite interactions are a result of chemical bonding.

Topics: Adsorption; Aluminum Hydroxide; Chlorates; Electrolytes; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mercury; Nitrates; Oxidation-Reduction; Sodium Chloride; Temperature; Thermodynamics