selamectin and moxidectin

For a number of reasons, several of the more 'traditional' ectoparasiticides in the small animal veterinarian's armoury have been withdrawn over the past few years. New, safer products which are long-acting and easier to apply than the conventional dips, rinses and aerosol sprays of the past have replaced them. However, relatively few such novel acaricidal preparations have become commercially available. Consequently, practitioners and researchers frequently experiment with the drugs they have at their disposal to assess their efficacy against a variety of target acarids when used at different dosages and/or via different routes of administration, compared with those recommended by the manufacturer. This paper reviews the anecdotal and peer-reviewed reports describing the use of modern acaricides in dogs and cats that have recently appeared in the veterinary literature. It should be stressed, however, that no medicine should be prescribed for extra-label use without the informed consent of the owner.

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Administration, Oral; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Mites; Pyrazoles; Scabies; Toluidines

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Europe; Female; Flea Infestations; Imidazoles; Isoxazoles; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Male; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Pyrazoles; Tick Infestations; Treatment Outcome

A clinical field investigation was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of 10% imidacloprid/2.5% moxidectin for the treatment of ear mites (Otodectes cynotis) in dogs. The study was a multi-centered, blinded, positive controlled, randomized clinical trial conducted under field conditions with privately owned pets. A total of 17 veterinary clinics enrolled cases for the study. An otoscopic examination was performed to confirm the presence of O. cynotis residing in the ear of the dog prior to enrollment. A single-dog household was enrolled in the study if the dog had 5 or more ear mites and an acceptable physical examination. A multi-dog household was eligible if at least one dog in the household had 5 or more mites and all dogs in the household had acceptable physical exams and met the inclusion criteria. Qualified households were randomly assigned to treatments to receive either 10% imidacloprid+2.5% moxidectin topical solution or topical selamectin solution (positive control product) according to a pre-designated enrollment ratio of 2:1, respectively. If more than one dog in a multiple dog household had adequate numbers of ear mites, one dog was randomly selected to represent the household for efficacy evaluation prior to treatment. Treatments were administered twice per label and dose banding directions for each product approximately 28 days apart (Days 0 and 28), by the dog's owner at the study site. All dogs in a household were treated on the same day and with the same product. The owners completed a post-treatment observation form one day after each treatment. Post-treatment otoscopic examinations were performed by the investigators or attending veterinarian on Days 28 and 56. Physical examinations were performed on Days 0 and 56. One hundred and four (104) households were evaluated for efficacy on SD 28, and 102 households were evaluated for efficacy on SD 56. The dogs' ages ranged from 2 months to 16 years. A total of 247 dogs were evaluated for safety. Percent efficacy was based on the percentage of dogs cleared of ear mites. Mite clearance on Day 28 was 71% for the imidacloprid+moxidectin group and 69% for the selamectin group. Mite clearance on Day 56 was 82% for the imidacloprid+moxidectin group and 74% for the selamectin group. No serious adverse events associated with either product were observed during the study. The study demonstrated that 10% imidacloprid+2.5% moxidectin applied using two topical treatments, 28 days apart, was saf

Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Combinations; Ear Diseases; Imidazoles; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Mite Infestations; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds

A topically applied formulation containing 10% imidacloprid+1% moxidectin (Advocate/Advantage multi) has been developed for monthly application to cats for the prevention of feline heartworm (HW) disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis; and for the treatment and control of flea infestations, ear mite infestations, and intestinal nematode infections. A study model was designed to evaluate the safety of this product in cats harboring adult D. immitis infections. Eighty adult cats (40 males/40 females) were each inoculated with 60 third-stage D. immitis larvae on test day (TD) 1. On TD 243-245 echocardiographic imaging was performed on each cat to confirm and estimate the number of adult D. immitis residing in the cardiovascular system. A total of 35 cats were subsequently eligible for safety evaluation based on inclusion criteria. Four treatment groups were established and randomly selected for treatment: imidacloprid+moxidectin solution at the label dose (n=9) (group 1), imidacloprid+moxidectin solution at 5x the Iabel dose (n=9) (group 2), 6% selamectin topical solution (Revolution) at the label dose (positive control, n=8) (group 3), and topical treatment with placebo (negative control, n=9) (group 4). All cats were treated on TD 250. Treatments for groups 1, 3, and 4 were repeated on TDs 278 and 306. Group 2 cats were euthanized and examined for adult D. immitis on TD 288. All other cats were euthanized and examined for adult D. immitis on TD 334. No adverse events attributable to treatment with the test articles were observed during the study. The geometric mean numbers of adult D. immitis recovered at necropsy from treatment groups 1-4 were 2.9, 3.2., 4.0, and 2.7, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the comparison of adult D. immitis recovered at necropsy (ANOVA overall group effect P-value of 0.5356). The results of this study demonstrate that imidacloprid+moxidectin topical solution can be used safely in cats heavily infected with adult D. immitis.

Topics: Animals; Anthelmintics; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dirofilaria immitis; Dirofilariasis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Imidazoles; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Male; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds

Efficacy and safety of treatment with imidacloprid 10%+moxidectin 2.5% spot-on (Advocate, Advantage multi; Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) were tested in dogs naturally infested with Sarcoptes scabiei or Otodectes cynotis in a multi-centre, controlled, randomized, blinded field study conducted in France, Germany, Albania and the UK. The study was performed according to a non-inferiority design to demonstrate that the efficacy of imidacloprid/moxidectin spot-on was not inferior to that of a control product containing selamectin (Stronghold spot-on; Pfizer). All Sarcoptes-infested dogs were topically treated twice (days 0 and 28) with the dosage recommended by the respective manufacturer (27 dogs with imidacloprid/moxidectin, 26 with selamectin). All Otodectes-infested dogs were treated on day 0 (35 dogs with imidacloprid/moxidectin, 34 with selamectin), and only those still positive on day 28 received a second treatment. Parasitological cure rate in Sarcoptes-infested dogs was 100% for both treatments, while parasitological cures rates in the Otodectes-infested dogs at day 28 and day 56 were 68.6 and 85.7% with imidacloprid/moxidectin, and 64.7 and 88.2% with Stronghold. Non-inferiority of Advocate was confirmed statistically. Clinical assessment of skin lesion scores at day 56 showed that with either product >96% of the dogs treated against sarcoptic mange were improved or cured, the difference between the groups being non-significant. On the basis of a final clinical assessment of lesion scores, 80% of the dogs treated with imidacloprid/moxidectin against otoacariosis and 85.3% of those treated with selamectin were rated cured or improved. Only three mild, possibly drug-related adverse reactions were observed among alI treated animals (two in the imidacloprid/moxidectin group, one in the selamectin group). It is concluded that imidacloprid/moxidectin spot-on is an effective and safe treatment for sarcoptic mange and otoacariosis in the dog.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ear Diseases; Female; Imidazoles; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Male; Mite Infestations; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Therapy, Combination; Imidazoles; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Scabies; Treatment Outcome

The frequency of canine heartworm infection in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was high before chemoprophylactic treatment was available, with one of the highest rates of infection (52.5 %) found among dogs living on the eastern shore of the state. Following the launch of a chemoprophylactic product, the rate of infection gradually decreased, and new infections were rarely reported. After 2005, outbreaks reported at the eastern shore as well as for new infections in other areas of high infection frequency were considered to possibly be related to reduced efficacy of macrocyclic lactones. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of topical heartworm preventatives from different drug families at the high challenge area of the state of Rio de Janeiro.. A total of 46 dogs, including animals negative for Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae and antigen (Snap 4 Dx, IDEXX Laboratories, USA) at the initial screening were randomly allocated to two monthly treatment groups. Dogs in one group received topical moxidectin + imidacloprid and dogs in the other group received topical selamectin for eight consecutive months. Blood samples were obtained for microfilariae and antigen detection until the eleventh month after the first treatment. Dogs becoming microfilaremic or antigenemic on or before day 180 were considered to be infected prior to the first dose and were excluded from the study.. A total of 29 dogs completed the study, including 14 treated with moxidectin + imidacloprid and 15 treated with selamectin. No dogs treated with moxidectin + imidacloprid (0/14) became infected during the treatment period, whereas four dogs of the selamectin group (4/15) became infected.. Topical moxidectin + imidacloprid is 100 % effective in preventing D. immitis infections in dogs living in a high challenge natural environment.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Anthelmintics; Brazil; Chemoprevention; Dirofilaria immitis; Dirofilariasis; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Therapy, Combination; Environment; Female; Imidazoles; Ivermectin; Lactones; Macrolides; Male; Microfilariae; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds

Avermectins are a family of macrolides known for their anthelmintic activities and traditionally believed to be inactive against all bacteria. Here we report that members of the family, ivermectin, selamectin, and moxidectin, are bactericidal against mycobacterial species, including multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Avermectins are approved for clinical and veterinary uses and have documented pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. We suggest that avermectins could be repurposed for tuberculosis treatment.

Topics: Anthelmintics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant

Two studies were conducted to evaluate and compare the efficacy of imidacloprid + moxidectin and selamectin topical solutions against the KS1 flea strain infesting cats. In both studies the treatment groups were comprised of non-treated controls, 6% w/v selamectin (Revolution®; Pfizer Animal Health) topical solution and 10% w/v imidacloprid + 1% w/v moxidectin (Advantage Multi® for Cats, Bayer Animal Health) topical solution. All cats were infested with 100 fleas on Days -2, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The difference in the studies was that in study #1 efficacy evaluations were conducted at 24 and 48 hours post-treatment or post-infestation, and in study #2 evaluations were conducted at 12 and 24 hours.. In study #1 imidacloprid + moxidectin and the selamectin formulation provided 99.8% and 99.0% efficacy at 24 hours post-treatment. On day 28, the 24 hour efficacy of the selamectin formulation dropped to 87.1%, whereas the imidacloprid + moxidectin formulation provided 98.9% efficacy. At the 48 hour assessments following the 28 day infestations, efficacy of the imidacloprid + moxidectin and selamectin formulations was 96.8% and 98.3% respectively. In study # 2 the efficacy of the imidacloprid + moxidectin and selamectin formulations 12 hours after treatment was 100% and 69.4%, respectively. On day 28, efficacy of the imidacloprid + moxidectin and selamectin formulations 12 hours after infestation was 90.2% and 57.3%, respectively. In study #2 both formulations provided high levels of efficacy at the 24 hour post-infestation assessments, with selamectin and imidacloprid + moxidectin providing 95.3% and 97.5% efficacy, following infestations on day 28.. At the 24 and 48 hour residual efficacy assessments, the imidacloprid + moxidectin and selamectin formulations were similarly highly efficacious. However, the imidacloprid + moxidectin formulation provided a significantly higher rate of flea kill against the KS1 flea strain infesting cats at every 12 hour post-infestation residual efficacy assessment. Both formulations should provide excellent flea control for an entire month on cats.

Topics: Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Cat Diseases; Cats; Ctenocephalides; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Flea Infestations; Imidazoles; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Male; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Random Allocation; Treatment Outcome

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of three spot-on drugs on canaries during Dermanyssus gallinae natural infections and during the breeding season. Three groups of canary couples (seven couples each) were included: group A was treated with ivermectin, B with selamectin, and C with moxidectin. All the drugs were administered topically infrascapularly. The parasitic charge was estimated before the treatment (t(0)) and after 8 (t(1)), 16 (t(2)), 24 (t(3)), and 32 (t(4)) days following the initial treatment. No significant differences were detected among the three tested drugs for the five repeats for each of the four mite stages (egg, larva, nymphs, and fed and unfed adults). With regard to the decrease in the mean numbers of red mites, ivermectin and selamectin exerted their efficacy at t(2), contrary to moxidectin at t(3).

Topics: Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Bird Diseases; Canaries; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Mycoses

A breeding colony consisting of 250 different strains of mice was treated with the topical acaricide selamectin for the mouse fur mite Myocoptes musculinus, with no apparent ill effect, suggesting that this drug is safe for use in mice. To further evaluate their efficacy in treating Myocoptes spp., we compared selamectin with another acaricide, moxidectin, in a controlled manner. Infested mice were treated with selamectin or moxidectin at the time of cage change, and a subset of mice was retreated 10 d later. Mice underwent routine cellophane tape examination of the pelage for 1 y. Although no adult mites were found in any group at 1 mo after treatment, egg casings were found in the selamectin treatment group as late as 6 mo after treatment, prompting concern about its effectiveness. Moxidectin used in combination with cage changing was effective in eradicating mites, with mice negative for traces of mites on cellophane tape examination of the pelage from months 2 through 12 after treatment.

Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Female; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Macrolides; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mite Infestations; Rodent Diseases; Treatment Outcome

The transport of the antiparasitic agents, ivermectin, selamectin and moxidectin was studied in human intestinal epithelial cell monolayers (Caco-2) and canine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Both models expressed the mdr1-coded 170 kDa ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Fluxes of the P-gp substrate rhodamine-123 (Rh-123) across Caco-2 monolayers showed that ivermectin and selamectin acted as potent P-gp inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.1 microm. In contrast, moxidectin was a weaker P-gp inhibitor with an IC50 of 10 microm. The transport of radiolabelled ivermectin, selamectin and moxidectin through Caco-2 monolayers showed that ivermectin, selamectin and moxidectin were P-gp substrates with secretory/absorptive ratios of 7.5, 4.7 and 2.6 respectively. Secretory transport of [3H]-ivermectin and [3H]-selamectin was blocked by the P-gp inhibitor, verapamil. Ivermectin and selamectin inhibited the efflux of Rh-123 from PBL and the concentration of inhibition was similar to that of verapamil. In contrast, moxidectin did not have a significant effect on Rh-123 efflux from PBL. The data suggest that ivermectin and selamectin are potent P-gp substrates, while moxidectin is a weak one.

Topics: Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; Caco-2 Cells; Dogs; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Ivermectin; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Macrolides; Rhodamines