salicylates and sanguinarine

Topics: Alkaloids; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Benzydamine; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Gingivitis; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Peroxides; Salicylates; Sodium Bicarbonate; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes; Triclosan

The Seal of Acceptance of the American Dental Association's Council on Dental Therapeutics has been awarded to Listerine and chlorhexidine gluconate (Peridex). The mechanism of action of Listerine involves bacterial cell wall destruction, bacterial enzymatic inhibition, and extraction of bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Chlorhexidine has the property of substantivity, i.e. the ability to bind to hard and soft tissue with slow release. Antibacterial mouthrinses/dentifrices containing triclosan hold promise for the reduction of plaque and gingivitis but are not yet available in the United States. The quaternary ammonium compounds and sanguinarine compounds (Viadent) have some merit, but studies of their efficacy in plaque and gingivitis reduction are mixed. New products containing various fluorides and oxygenating agents may have potential for the future as antiplaque and antigingivitis agents.

Topics: Alkaloids; American Dental Association; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Oxidants; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Salicylates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes; Triclosan; United States

Topics: Alkaloids; Bacteremia; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Isoquinolines; Periodontal Diseases; Root Planing; Salicylates; Terpenes; Therapeutic Irrigation; Tin Fluorides

Topics: Alkaloids; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes

Plaque control can be achieved by mechanical means. Since plaque removal can be laborious and difficult, chemical agents became important adjuncts to traditional oral hygiene procedures. Chlorhexidine is one of the synthetic antiseptics that has a unique antiplaque effect and 0.2% chlorhexidine can achieve a practically complete plaque control. It has one negative effect namely an extrinsic brown-yellow staining. Listerine has proven its ability to reduce plaque and gingivitis in a moderate way. Hexetidine has a greater antiplaque effect in combination with zinc and can be compared with a 0.1% chlorhexidine. Povidone-iodine can not be used to keep plaque at low levels. Sanguinarine can reduce plaque accumulation when the toothpaste and mouthrinse are used together. H2O2 is an antiplaque agent but has some negative effects such as ulcerations... One can conclude that the use of a chemical agent cannot replace a good mechanical plaque control but is rather an adjunct to oral hygiene under certain conditions.

Topics: Alkaloids; Anti-Infective Agents; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Hexetidine; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Povidone-Iodine; Salicylates; Terpenes

Topics: Alkaloids; Anti-Infective Agents; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Humans; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Terpenes

Previous reports have indicated that certain mouthrinses, even when used as directed can induce oral pain. In order to help determine the causal agent(s), various commercially available mouthrinses, as well as control solutions, were tested in a psychophysical study in which subjects rated categories of pain during and after mouthrinsing. More specifically, the studies tested the effects of ethanol concentration on induced pain. The results show that there is a direct relationship between ethanol content and the amount of induced pain. Furthermore, the amount of pain was found to increase with time of rinsing, and to slowly decrease after cessation of rinsing. Lastly, comparison of ethanol/water controls with a marketed product (Clear Choice) matched for ethanol content showed that, while ethanol was the key factor in mouthwash-induced oral pain, other presently unidentified agents can also add to the effect.

Topics: Adult; Alkaloids; Analysis of Variance; Benzoates; Benzophenanthridines; Cetylpyridinium; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Ethanol; Facial Pain; Female; Humans; Isoquinolines; Male; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Organic Chemicals; Pain Measurement; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Regression Analysis; Salicylates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Terpenes; Time Factors

Inflammatory periodontal diseases are related to dental plaque formation. Increase in the perfusion of the inflamed tissue results in increased oxygen supply. Although oxygen has healing effects, it is bound to be a mediator of peroxidation in biological membranes. Chemotherapeutic agents such as chlorhexidine, listerine, sanguinarine, and cetylpridinium chloride and oral antibiotics such as tetracycline HCl and doxycyline were tested for their antioxidative activities. While doxycycline has the highest antioxidant activity in lower volumes (0.1 ml), sanguinarine, listerine and a pace after them, tetracycline HCl, had similar effects in higher volumes (0.3 and 0.4 ml). The results showed that in addition to their antiseptic or antimicrobial effects, these preparations have an antioxidative activity against spontaneous oxidation.

Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antioxidants; Benzophenanthridines; Brain; Cattle; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Doxycycline; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Isoquinolines; Malondialdehyde; Membranes; Mouthwashes; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxides; Salicylates; Terpenes; Tetracycline

The aim of the present study was to describe a 4-day no oral hygiene model to assess the pattern of de novo plaque formation and to use this model to appraise the potential of some mouthwash preparations to retard or inhibit plaque formation in the human dentition. 10 subjects were recruited for the trial. During a preparatory period, the participants were exposed to repeated professional plaque control and given oral hygiene instruction to eliminate signs of gingivitis. At the end of the preparatory period, each participant received a final professional tooth cleaning and was subsequently told to abstain from mechanical plaque control efforts for the next 4 days. They were asked to rinse twice daily for 60 s with 10 ml varying test solutions. On Day 4, the volunteers were exposed to a new clinical examination and the presence and amount of plaque were examined by the use of the plaque index system (P1I). The participants were subsequently given a professional tooth cleaning and asked to exercise proper self performed plaque control during the next 10 days. A new test period was then initiated. 6 different mouthwash preparations were tested in each subject namely, (1) placebo (a negative control rinse), (2) Veadent mouthrinse, (3) Listerine mouthrinse, (4) 0.06% triclosan + polyvinyl phosphonic acid (PVPA), (5) 0.06% triclosan + phenolic flavor and (6) 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (a positive control rinse). The results from the study revealed that the mean P1I values for individuals, groups of teeth and tooth surfaces provide an adequate but gross overall estimation of the potential of a given mouthrinse to retard/inhibit plaque build up. More detailed information on the effects of the test rinses could be obtained by data describing the % distribution of different P1I score categories; a high frequency of score 0 describes the potential of a mouthrinse to maintain tooth surfaces free from plaque while a low frequency of score 2/3 describes the ability of a treatment to retard/prevent gross plaque formation. The plaque pattern displays finally allowed assessment of the magnitude of plaque prevention, in comparison to the positive and negative controls, that could be achieved by a given compound in various parts and surfaces of the dentition. In this model, all test rinses (i) were significantly more effective than the placebo rinse in retarding de novo plaque build up and (ii) had a minor effects on plaque build up in the maxillary molars and at the a

Topics: Adult; Alkaloids; Anti-Infective Agents; Benzophenanthridines; Bicuspid; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Drug Combinations; Erythrosine; Flavoring Agents; Humans; Isoquinolines; Mandible; Maxilla; Models, Biological; Molar; Mouthwashes; Organophosphorus Compounds; Placebos; Polyvinyls; Salicylates; Terpenes; Triclosan

The adsorption of active agents from six commercially available mouthrinses to ground and polished enamel, with and without adsorbed salivary constituents, was monitored by contact angle measurements and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Human enamel samples were treated with mouthrinses containing chlorhexidine (Peridex), stannous fluoride/amine fluoride (Meridol), thymol/benzoic acid (Listerine), sanguinarine (Veadent), sodium fluoride (Prodent), or cetylpyridinium chloride (Merocet). XPS indicated a sizeable adsorption of both active and non-active components for all products. After treatment, all enamel surface free energies increased except for the stannous fluoride/amine fluoride containing mouthrinse. It is suggested that non-active components in the products cause an increase in surface free energy. Despite this thermodynamically unfavorable increase in surface free energy, all rinses have plaque reducing effects, indicating that this unfavorable surface characteristic is overruled by the antibacterial properties of the components. Replacement of non-active components by less adsorbing surfactants could increase the efficiency of the products tested.

Topics: Adsorption; Alkaloids; Amines; Benzophenanthridines; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Enamel; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Humans; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Sodium Fluoride; Surface Properties; Terpenes; Tin Fluorides

This study evaluated physicochemical properties of eight commercially available mouthrinses, namely surface tension, in vivo enamel contact angle, viscosity, penetration coefficient, acidity and buffer capacity. The penetration coefficient, determined by the surface tension, contact angle and viscosity, is a measure of the ability of a liquid to penetrate into a capillary space, such as interproximal regions, gingival pockets and pores. The acidity is often determined by a compromise of the requirements for taste, enamel remineralization and stability of the solution. Among the eight mouthrinses evaluated, the physicochemical properties differed greatly, in particular, the penetration coefficient which varied by a factor of 1.8 over the products tested. Surprisingly several of the products tested were found to be extremely acidic.

Topics: Aerosols; Alkaloids; Amines; Anti-Infective Agents; Benzophenanthridines; Buffers; Cetylpyridinium; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Chlorhexidine; Dental Enamel; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Hexetidine; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Isoquinolines; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Sodium Fluoride; Surface Tension; Terpenes; Tin; Tin Fluorides; Viscosity; Water

Topics: Alkaloids; Benzophenanthridines; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Drug Combinations; Humans; Isoquinolines; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Mouthwashes; Salicylates; Terpenes; Tin Fluorides