salicylates and salicylaldehyde

As a neutral carrier component for the preparation of a potentiometric membrane sensor, the affinity and selectivity of the salophen type Schiff base ligand obtained by 1:2 condensation of 2.3-diaminopyridine with salicylaldehyde toward a series of common cations has been fully examined by DFT/B3LYP and integral equation formalism polarizable continum model (IEF-PCM or only given with PCM as default input in the computations) in combination with the experimental data. Both the potentiometric measurements and DFT calculations have exhibited that the ionophore shows appreciable selectivity for Cu(2+) ion over other cations. Four different approaches where the last three are the modified version of each other have been evaluated and compared with potentiometric data. Based upon the results of comparison among the approaches suggested to verify the selective behavior of ionophore toward Cu(2+), PCM implemented approach having a whole computational groundwork has given well-matched results with the observed data and with the method augmented with experimental hydration energies. The foremost interferences were detected by determining potentiometric selectivity coefficients for each metal ion relative to Cu(2+) and compared to the results obtained by the DFT calculations.

Topics: Aldehydes; Aminopyridines; Computer Simulation; Copper; Ionophores; Models, Chemical; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Potentiometry; Salicylates; Schiff Bases; Structure-Activity Relationship

The Schiff base N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-o-phenylenediamine (salophen) was prepared by the condensation of salicylaldehyde with o-phenylenediamine in ethanol solution. The compound was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), (1)H, (13)C and (1)H(15)N HMBC nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic measurements, and also by X-ray diffraction. The tautomerism of salophen was also studied by calculations using density functional theory (DFT). Two of the three tautomers were shown to coexist. A comparison of the DFT data of the three tautomers has shown that the most stable one is salophen 1, which is in accordance with experimental X-ray crystallographic data.

Topics: Aldehydes; Crystallography, X-Ray; Isomerism; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Molecular; Quantum Theory; Salicylates; Schiff Bases; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared

Plants attacked by herbivorous insects emit volatile organic compounds that are used by natural enemies to locate their host or prey. The composition of the blend is often complex and specific. It may vary qualitatively and quantitatively according to plant and herbivore species, thus providing specific information for carnivorous arthropods. Most studies have focused on simple interactions that involve one species per trophic level, and typically have investigated the aboveground parts of plants. These investigations need to be extended to more complex networks that involve multiple herbivory above- and belowground. A previous study examined whether the presence of the leaf herbivore Pieris brassicae on turnip plants (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) influences the response of Trybliographa rapae, a specialist parasitoid of the root feeder Delia radicum. It showed that the parasitoid was not attracted by volatiles emitted by plants under simultaneous attack. Here, we analyzed differences in the herbivore induced plant volatile (HIPV) mixtures that emanate from such infested plants by using Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA). This multivariate model focuses on the differences between odor blends, and highlights the relative importance of each compound in an HIPV blend. Dual infestation resulted in several HIPVs that were present in both isolated infestation types. However, HIPVs collected from simultaneously infested plants were not the simple combination of volatiles from isolated forms of above- and belowground herbivory. Only a few specific compounds characterized the odor blend of each type of damaged plant. Indeed, some compounds were specifically induced by root herbivory (4-methyltridecane and salicylaldehyde) or shoot herbivory (methylsalicylate), whereas hexylacetate, a green leaf volatile, was specifically induced after dual herbivory. It remains to be determined whether or not these minor quantitative variations, within the background of more commonly induced odors, are involved in the reduced attraction of the root feeder's parasitoid. The mechanisms involved in the specific modification of the odor blends emitted by dual infested turnip plants are discussed in the light of interferences between biosynthetic pathways linked to plant responses to shoot or root herbivory.

Topics: Acetates; Aldehydes; Alkanes; Animals; Brassica napus; Diptera; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Host-Parasite Interactions; Hymenoptera; Least-Squares Analysis; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Plant Shoots; Salicylates; Volatile Organic Compounds

The synthesis, structure, spectroscopic and electro-spectrochemical properties of steric hindered Schiff-base ligand [N,N'-(3,4-benzophenon)-3,5-Bu(t)(2)-salicylaldimine (LH(2))] and its mononuclear Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Mn(II) and Fe(II) complexes are described in this work. The new dissymmetric steric hindered Schiff-base ligand containing a donor set of NONO was prepared through reaction of 3,4-diaminobenzophenon with 3,5-Bu(t)(2)-salicylaldehyde. Certain metal complexes of this ligand were synthesized by treating an ethanolic solution of the ligand with an equimolar amount of metal salts. The ligand and its complexes were characterized by FT-IR, UV-vis, (1)H NMR, elemental analysis, molar conductivity and thermal analysis methods in addition to magnetic susceptibility, electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry techniques. The tetradentate and mononuclear metal complexes were obtained by reacting N,N'-(3,4-benzophenon)-3,5-Bu(t)(2)-salicylaldimine (LH(2)) with some metal acetate in a 1:1 mole ratio. The molar conductance data suggest metal complexes to be non-electrolytes.

Topics: Aldehydes; Benzophenones; Cobalt; Coordination Complexes; Copper; Electrochemistry; Ferrous Compounds; Ligands; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Manganese; Nickel; Organometallic Compounds; Salicylates; Schiff Bases; Spectrophotometry, Infrared; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared

Salicylate-containing phenolic glycosides (PGs) are abundant and often play a dominant role in plant-herbivore interactions of Populus and Salix species (family Salicaceae), but the biosynthetic pathway to PGs remains unclear. Cinnamic acid (CA) is thought to be a precursor of the salicyl moiety of PGs. However, the origin of the 6-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-on-oyl (HCH) moiety found in certain PGs, such as salicortin, is not known. HCH is of interest because it confers toxicity and antifeedant properties against herbivores. We incubated Populus nigra leaf tissue with stable isotope-labeled CA, benzoates, and salicylates, and measured isotopic incorporation levels into both salicin, the simplest PG, and salicortin. Labeling of salicortin from [13C6]-CA provided the first evidence that HCH, like the salicyl moiety, is a phenylpropanoid derivative. Benzoic acid and benzaldehyde also labeled both salicyl and HCH, while benzyl alcohol labeled only the salicyl moiety in salicortin. Co-administration of unlabeled benzoates with [13C6]-CA confirmed their contribution to the biosynthesis of the salicyl but not the HCH moiety of salicortin. These data suggest that benzoate interconversions may modulate partitioning of phenylpropanoids to salicyl and HCH moieties, and hence toxicity of PGs. Surprisingly, labeled salicyl alcohol and salicylaldehyde were readily converted to salicin, but did not result in labeled salicortin. Co-administration of unlabeled salicylates with labeled CA suggested that salicyl alcohol and salicylaldehyde may have inhibited salicortin biosynthesis. A revised metabolic grid model of PG biosynthesis in Populus is proposed, providing a guide for functional genomic analysis of the PG biosynthetic pathway.

Topics: Aldehydes; Animals; Benzaldehydes; Benzoic Acid; Benzyl Alcohols; Carbon Isotopes; Glucosides; Glycosides; Populus; Salicylates

The ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens 26K strain to utilize naphthalene at concentrations up to 600 mg/liter as the sole source of carbon and energy in mineral liquid media was shown. Using HPLC, TLC, and mass-spectrometry, the intermediates of naphthalene transformation by this strain were identified as naphthalene cis-1,2-dihydrodiol, salicylaldehyde, salicylate, catechol, 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde, and 1-naphthol. Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (a homotetramer with native molecular mass 125 kDa) and NAD+-dependent homohexameric naphthalene cis-1,2-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase with native molecular mass 160 kDa were purified from crude extract of the strain and characterized. NAD+-dependent homodimeric salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase with molecular mass 110 kDa was purified and characterized for the first time. Based on the data, a pathway of naphthalene degradation by P. fluorescens 26K is suggested.

Topics: Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; Aldehydes; Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase; Catechols; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Mass Spectrometry; Naphthalenes; Naphthols; Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Salicylates

Two new sterically hindered salicylaldimines, N-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine-4)-3,5-Bu2t-salicylaldimine (I) and N-(1-carboxyethyl piperidine-4)-3,5-Bu2t-salicylaldimine (II), have been prepared and characterized by IR, UV-vis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR techniques and the structure of II has been examined by X-ray crystallography. No intermolecular H-bonding, pi-pi stacking or C--H...pi interactions are observed in the structure. The crystal structure the was mainly governed by intermolecular steric repulsions, due to bulky tert-butyl groups and the tendency of salicylaldimine rings to pack in parallel mode forms one-dimensional columns.

Topics: Aldehydes; Amines; Crystallography, X-Ray; Heterocyclic Compounds; Ligands; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Models, Molecular; Piperidines; Salicylates; Schiff Bases; Spectrophotometry, Infrared

The reactions involved in the bacterial metabolism of naphthalene to salicylate have been reinvestigated by using recombinant bacteria carrying genes cloned from plasmid NAH7. When intact cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 carrying DNA fragments encoding the first three enzymes of the pathway were incubated with naphthalene, they formed products of the dioxygenase-catalyzed ring cleavage of 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene. These products were separated by chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and were identified by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylate (HCCA) and trans-o-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate (tHBPA). HCCA was detected as the first reaction product in these incubation mixtures by its characteristic UV spectrum, which slowly changed to a spectrum indicative of an equilibrium mixture of HCCA and tHBPA. Isomerization of either purified product occurred slowly and spontaneously to give an equilibrium mixture of essentially the same composition. tHBPA is also formed from HCCA by the action of an isomerase enzyme encoded by plasmid NAH7. The gene encoding this enzyme, nahD, was cloned on a 1.95-kb KpnI-BglII fragment. Extracts of Escherichia coli JM109 carrying this fragment catalyzed the rapid equilibration of HCCA and tHBPA. Metabolism of tHBPA to salicylaldehyde by hydration and aldol cleavage is catalyzed by a single enzyme encoded by a 1-kb MluI-StuI restriction fragment. A mechanism for the hydratase-aldolase-catalyzed reaction is proposed. The salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase gene, nahF, was cloned on a 2.75-kb BamHI fragment which also carries the naphthalene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase gene, nahB. On the basis of the identification of the enzymes encoded by various clones, the gene order for the nah operon was shown to be p, A, B, F, C, E, D.

Topics: Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; Aldehydes; Biodegradation, Environmental; Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Recombinant; Escherichia coli; Gene Deletion; Hydro-Lyases; Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; Isomerases; Models, Biological; Naphthalenes; Naphthols; Oxidoreductases; Plasmids; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Restriction Mapping; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

Salicylate hydroxylase (salicylate, NADH: oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating, decarboxylating), EC 1.14.13.1) in Pseudomonas putida catalyzed hydroxylation of the substrate analogue, salicylaldehyde, to form catechol and formate with stoichiometric consumption of NADH and O2. Consequently, a study of primary product derived from the carboxyl group of the authentic substrate, salicylate, was undertaken. The experimental results revealed that CO2 not H2CO3, was produced first.

Topics: Aerobiosis; Aldehydes; Anaerobiosis; Kinetics; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Pseudomonas; Salicylates; Substrate Specificity

Topics: Aldehydes; Salicylates

Topics: Aldehydes; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Naled; Salicylates

Topics: Aldehydes; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antifungal Agents; Bacteria; Fungi; Fungicides, Industrial; Salicylates

Topics: Aldehydes; Cobalt; Organic Chemicals; Organometallic Compounds; Salicylates