salicylates and salazinic-acid

Parmelia that belongs to the Parmeliaceae Family is a foliose lichen combined with one or two groups of fungi in Phylum Ascomycota or Basidiomycota and algae, which might be green algae or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). It is generally called "Stone Flower," "Charila," "Pattharphool," or "Shilaaapushpa" in India. Lichen can be generally found growing on walls, old trees and spread largely across India, especially in the mountain area. It is a source of edible organisms for people residing in some regions of Nepal and it is also cultivated in hillsides of Kashmir. It has been found that lichen contains a lot of distinctive chemical compounds such as evernic acid, lecanoric acid, lobaric acid, norstictic acid, physodic acid, and salazinic acid. Some species of this lichen are recommended traditionally for controlling diseases such as boils, bronchitis, inflammations, excessive salivation, toothache, vomiting, etc. It has also applied as an indicator for biomonitoring, astringent, carminative, demulcent, bitter, resolvent, emollient, laxative, sporofic, sedative, diuretic and considered for treating sores, bronchitis, excessive salivation, vomiting, tooth-ache, boils and inflammations. It has been utilized for preparing traditional food and acts as a bioindicator for air pollution and radiation. It shows antibacterial, antioxidant, antimycobacterial and antifungal activities, including haemolytic, anaesthetic, spasmolytic and antispasmodic and antitumour activities. It also has several unique phytoconstituents that could be in charge of different therapeutic activities, but the majority of them are still unexplored. The review mainly focuses on various facets, such as common names, synonyms, traditional uses, botanical descriptions, and pharmacological activities of seven species of Parmelia.

Topics: Depsides; Humans; Hydroxybenzoates; Lactones; Medicine, Traditional; Parmeliaceae; Salicylates

Despite numerous scientific advances, cancer continues to be one of the main causes of death in the world. This situation has driven the search for promising molecules. Lichen substances have been widely described for their pharmacological potential.. The present study evaluated the antitumour potential of a depsidone isolated from. The molecule was isolated from the acetonic extract of the lichen and recrystallized in acetone. The macrophage J774, sarcoma-180 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were used for the MTT cytotoxicity assay. The antitumor assay used a murine model (Swiss albino mice) with sarcoma-180. The animals were treated for seven consecutive days with doses of SAL (25 and 50 mg/kg) and 5-fluorouracil (20 mg/kg).. Its purity was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (94%), and its structure was confirmed by H. The present results demonstrate the potential of salazinic acid as a tumour inhibition agent.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Fluorouracil; Humans; Lichens; Mice; Salicylates; Sarcoma

Three new depsidones, parmosidones F - G (1 - 2), and 8'-O-methylsalazinic acid (3), and 3 new diphenylethers, parmetherines A - C (4 - 6), together with 2 known congeners were isolated from the whole thalli of

Topics: alpha-Glucosidases; Depsides; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors; Lactones; Lichens; Plant Extracts; Salicylates

Lichens are known to synthesize a variety of secondary metabolites having multifunctional activity in response to external environmental condition. Two common lichen extrolites, atranorin and salazinic acid, are known to afford antioxidant as well as photoprotectant nature depending on the abiotic/biotic stress. The present investigation aims to study the influence of altitudinal gradient on the quantitative profile of atranorin and salazinic acid in three lichen species, Bulbothrix setschwanensis (Zahlbr.) Hale, Everniastrum cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale and Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor) Choisy, Parmeliaceae using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique. Samples were collected from high-altitude area, usually considered as non-polluted sites of Garhwal Himalaya. Characterization and quantification of the lichen substances in samples were carried out comparing with the standards of atranorin and salazinic acid. Results indicated significant variation in the chemical content with the rising altitude. All the three lichen species showed higher quantities of chemical substances with the altitudinal rise, while among the three lichen species, E. cirrhatum showed the highest quantity of total lichen compounds. The higher abundance and frequency of E. cirrhatum with increasing altitude as compared to B. setschwanensis and P. reticulatum may be attributed due to the presence of higher quantity of photoprotecting/antioxidant chemicals especially salazinic acid. Thus, the present study shows the prominent role of secondary metabolite in wider ecological distribution of Parmelioid lichens at higher altitudes.

Topics: Altitude; Antioxidants; Ecosystem; Hydroxybenzoates; Lactones; Lichens; Salicylates; Secondary Metabolism; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Cancer is the second leading cause of human deaths in the USA. Despite continuous efforts to treat cancer over the past 50 years, human mortality rates have not decreased significantly. Natural products, such as lichens, have been good sources of anticancer drugs. This study reports the cytotoxic activity of crude extracts of 17 lichen species against Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) cells. Out of the 17 lichen species, extracts from 14 species showed cytotoxicity against Raji cells. On the basis of IC50 values, we selected Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa and Tuckermannopsis ciliaris to study the mechanism of cell death. Viability of normal lymphocytes was not affected by the extracts of X. chlorochroa and T. ciliaris. We found that extracts from both lichens decreased proliferation, accumulated cells at the G0 /G1 stage, and caused apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Both lichen extracts also caused upregulation of p53. The T. ciliaris extract upregulated the expression of TK1 but X. chlorochroa did not. We also found that usnic, salazinic, constictic, and norstictic acids were present in the extract of X. chlorochroa, whereas protolichesterinic acid in T. ciliaris extracts. Our data demonstrate that lichen extracts merit further research as a potential source of anticancer drugs.

Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Benzofurans; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Humans; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Lactones; Lichens; Lymphocytes; Molecular Structure; Salicylates; Thymidine Kinase; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; United States

Three lichen extracts and ten lichenic compounds have been screened for their photoprotective activities. The determination of their Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and Protection Factor-UVA (PF-UVA) values was done in vitro. Among them, a Lasallia pustulata extract and gyrophoric acid exhibited SPF values over 5, which is better than Homosalate (SPF≈4). Their photoprotective properties are only slightly modified after a 2-hours period of irradiation. Salazinic acid and L. pustulata presented characteristics of a UVA booster like the butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) (PF-UVA≈2 vs. 2.8 for Avobenzone). Salazinic acid was a better anion superoxide scavenger than ascorbic acid and none of them exhibited a photosensitizing cytotoxicity by exposing them on HaCaT cells to UVA radiations (photo-irritancy factor PIF<5).

Topics: Antioxidants; Ascomycota; Benzoates; Benzofurans; Cell Line; Fumarates; Humans; Lactones; Salicylates; Sun Protection Factor; Ultraviolet Rays; Usnea

To investigate the chemical constituents of the lichen plants Parmelia tinctorum and Parmelia nimandairana collected from Meng Mountain in Shandong province.. Various chromatographic techniques were used to isolate and purify the constituents and their structures were elucidated by means of spectral evidence and physiochemical properties.. Four compounds were isolated from Parmelia tinctorum and identified as: lecanoric acid (I), evernic acid (II), ethyl orsellinate (III) and 3,5-dihydroxytoluene (IV). Two compounds were isolated from Parmelia nimandairana and identified as: usnic acid (V) and salazinic acid (VI).. Compounds V and VI are isolated from Parmelia nimandairana for the first time.

Topics: Benzofurans; China; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Hydroxybenzoates; Lactones; Lichens; Molecular Structure; Resorcinols; Salicylates; Solvents

The aim of this study is to investigate chemical composition of acetone extracts of the lichens Parmelia caperata, P. saxatilis and P. sulcata and antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of some their major metabolites. The phytochemical analysis of acetone extracts of three Parmelia lichens were determined by HPLC-UV method. The predominant phenolic compounds in these extracts were protocetraric and usnic acids (P. caperata) and depsidone salazinic acid (other two species). Besides these compounds, atranorin and chloroatranorin, were also detected in some of these extracts. Antioxidant activity of their isolated metabolites was evaluated by free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging and reducing power. As a result of the study salazinic acid had stronger antioxidant activity than protocetraric acid. The antimicrobial activity was estimated by determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration by the broth microdilution method. Both compounds were highly active with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 0.015 to 1mg/ml. Anticancer activity was tested against FemX (human melanoma) and LS174 (human colon carcinoma) cell lines using MTT method. Salazinic acid and protocetraric acid were found to be strong anticancer activity toward both cell lines with IC(50) values ranging from 35.67 to 60.18μg/ml. The present study shows that tested lichen compounds demonstrated a strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. That suggest that these lichens can be used as new sources of the natural antimicrobial agents, antioxidants and anticancer compounds.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Benzofurans; Cell Line, Tumor; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring; Humans; Lactones; Lichens; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Salicylates

A chromatographic method is described for the purification and characterization of secondary lichen substances with biological activity. A simple reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method with gradient elution has been developed that allows the determination and isolation of salazinic, usnic and stictic acids from lichen samples in a single run and the quantification of every acid in the tested extracts. The antioxidant activity of both the isolated compounds and the respective lichen belonging to Xanthoparmelia genus was determined by the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay; their effect as free radical scavengers, effect on cell survival by the 3(4,5-dimethyltiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium reduction assay and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate method were tested on U373 MG human astrocytome cell line. Both lichens extracts and all isolated compounds protected U373 MG cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced damage, suggesting that they could act as antioxidant agents in those neurodegenerative disorders associated with oxidative damage, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

Topics: Antioxidants; Benzofurans; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Free Radical Scavengers; Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; Humans; Lactones; Lichens; Oxepins; Plant Extracts; Salicylates

Five compounds representative of major structural classes of lichen polyketides, VIZ. (+)-usnic (1), salazinic (2), vulpinic (3), gyrophoric (4), and evernic acids (5), were investigated for their ability to affect cell proliferation or wound healing, two functional targets of relevance for research on cancer or tissue regeneration. The experiments were carried out on MM98 malignant mesothelioma cells, A431 vulvar carcinoma cells, and HaCaT keratinocytes. The NRU and CV cytotoxicity assays showed high toxicity for (+)-usnic acid, intermediate toxicity for vulpinic acid, and low toxicity for salazinic, gyrophoric and evernic acids. Scratch wounding experiments on HaCaT monolayers, in the presence of subtoxic doses of lichen compounds, showed strong wound closure effects by (+)-usnic and gyrophoric acid, an intermediate effect by vulpinic and salazinic acids, and no effect by evernic acid. A combination of (+)-usnic and gyrophoric acids gave a further increase in the wound closure rates. The results of a cell migration test correlated with the wound healing data. In conclusion, (+)-usnic acid might be a particularly interesting compound for the prevention of hyperproliferation syndromes, while (+)-usnic and gyrophoric acids qualify as interesting leads in the promotion of tissue regeneration.

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Benzoates; Benzofurans; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Female; Furans; Humans; Hydroxybenzoates; Keratinocytes; Lactones; Lichens; Neoplasms; Phenylacetates; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Salicylates; Wound Healing

Several compounds, whose structures represent the most common chemical classes of lichen metabolites, were screened for in vitro activity against Mycobacterium aurum, a non-pathogenic organism with a similar sensitivity profile to M. tuberculosis. Of the compounds tested, usnic acid from Cladonia arbuscula exhibited the highest activity with an MIC value of 32 microg/ml. Atranorin and lobaric acid, both isolated from Stereocaulon alpinum, salazinic acid from Parmelia saxatilis and protolichesterinic acid from Cetraria islandica all showed MIC values >/=125 microg/ml.

Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzofurans; Depsides; Hydroxybenzoates; Lactones; Lichens; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium; Salicylates