salicylates and formic-acid

Nosemosis type C caused by the microsporidium Nosema ceranae is one of the most widespread of the adult honey bee diseases, and due to its detrimental effects on both strength and productivity of honey bee colonies, an appropriate control of this disease is advisable. Fumagillin is the only veterinary medicament recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) to suppress infections by Nosema, but the use of this antibiotic is prohibited in the European Union and few alternatives are available at present to control the disease. In the present study three therapeutic agents (Nosestat®, Phenyl salicylate and Vitafeed Gold®) have been tested to control N. ceranae infection in honey bee colonies, and have been compared to the use of fumagillin. None of the products tested was effective against Nosema under our experimental conditions. Low consumption of the different doses of treatments may have had a strong influence on the results obtained, highlighting the importance of this issue and emphasizing that this should be evaluated in studies to test therapeutic treatments of honey bee colonies.

Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Bees; Beta vulgaris; Cyclohexanes; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Formates; Iodine; Microsporidiosis; Nosema; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Salicylates; Sesquiterpenes

The integral membrane protein prestin, a member of the SLC26 anion transporter family, is responsible for the voltage-driven electromotility of mammalian outer hair cells. It was argued that the evolution of prestin's motor function required a loss of the protein's transport capabilities. Instead, it was proposed that prestin manages only an abortive hemicycle that results in the trapped anion acting as a voltage sensor, to generate the motor's signature gating charge movement or nonlinear capacitance. We demonstrate, using classical radioactive anion ([(14)C]formate and [(14)C]oxalate) uptake studies, that in contrast to previous observations, prestin is able to transport anions. The prestin-dependent uptake of both these anions was twofold that of cells transfected with vector alone, and comparable to SLC26a6, prestin's closest phylogenetic relative. Furthermore, we identify a potential chloride-binding site in which the mutations of two residues (P328A and L326A) preserve nonlinear capacitance, yet negate anion transport. Finally, we distinguish 12 charged residues out of 22, residing within prestin's transmembrane regions, that contribute to unitary charge movement, i.e., voltage sensing. These data redefine our mechanistic concept of prestin.

Topics: 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Anion Transport Proteins; Antiporters; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chlorides; CHO Cells; Cricetinae; Cricetulus; Electric Capacitance; Formates; Gerbillinae; Ion Transport; Mice; Mutation, Missense; Oxalates; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Salicylates; Sulfate Transporters

With the recent decline of honey bees, Apis mellifera (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), there is a need for alternative or supplemental crop pollinators, such as Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). However, O. cornifrons propagation could be impeded by a cleptoparasitic mite, Chaetodactylus krombeini Baker. We investigated the effects of formic acid and wintergreen oil on mortality of C. krombeini hypopi and O. cornifrons adults by determining the lethal concentration of each compound on each species. On average, >4.8 and >1.8 h were required to cause mortality in O. cornifrons adults when <2,473.5 ppm of formic acid and wintergreen oil was applied as a fumigant, respectively. When the two chemicals were directly applied to the exoskeleton of O. cornifrons adults, 353.4 ppm of wintergreen oil caused bee mortality within 10 min; however, no mortality was found with any formic acid application attempted. Mortality of C. krombeini hypopi occurred 5 and 10 min after application of >176.7 ppm of formic acid and wintergreen oil, respectively. Estimates of LC50 for C. krombeini hypopi treated with formic acid and wintergreen oil were 54.3 and 271.3 ppm, respectively. This study showed that C. krombeini could be controlled effectively without inducing O. cornifrons adult mortality based on concentration and duration of fumigation.

Topics: Acaricides; Animals; Bees; Formates; Lethal Dose 50; Mites; Oils, Volatile; Plant Extracts; Salicylates

Growth of Staphylococcus aureus with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory salicylate reduces susceptibility of the organism to multiple antimicrobials. Transcriptome analysis revealed that growth of S. aureus with salicylate leads to the induction of genes involved with gluconate and formate metabolism and represses genes required for gluconeogenesis and glycolysis. In addition, salicylate induction upregulates two antibiotic target genes and downregulates a multidrug efflux pump gene repressor (mgrA) and sarR, which represses a gene (sarA) important for intrinsic antimicrobial resistance. We hypothesize that these salicylate-induced alterations jointly represent a unique mechanism that allows S. aureus to resist antimicrobial stress and toxicity.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Formates; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Gluconates; Gluconeogenesis; Glycolysis; Microarray Analysis; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Messenger; Salicylates; Staphylococcus aureus

This study used a modified tooth-clearing technique to allow observation of accessory canals following filling with a warm gutta-percha technique and one of two endodontic cements.. Ten extracted human maxillary molars with three roots were selected and divided into two equal groups of five teeth. Each group had 15 canals. Root canal preparation was performed with a modified double flared technique; irrigation with 5% NaOCl and lubrication with RC-Prep were used. The canals were then filled with gutta-percha and cement utilizing a warm vertical condensation technique in the apical third followed by thermo-mechanical compaction in the middle and coronal thirds. Pulp Canal Sealer or AH-Plus were used in the experimental groups. The teeth were demineralized with a modified buffered acid solution, cleared in methylsalicylate and examined under a stereomicroscope. Accessory canals were evaluated in the apical, middle and coronal thirds of each root canal and categorized as narrow or wide, following observation on four surfaces. The depth of penetration of gutta-percha and cement into lateral canals was scored using a 5-point system.. Complete transparency of the roots was achieved. Accessory canals were detected in all specimens. In coronal ramifications, gutta-percha filled the empty spaces (coronal thirds, grades 3 and 4: 70.9% in AH-Plus group and 68.8% in Pulp Canal Sealer group). In the apical accessory canals, gutta-percha entered less frequently (apical thirds, grades 3 and 4: 17.9% in the AH-Plus group and 3.2% in the Pulp Canal Sealer group); cement without gutta-percha (grades 1 and 2) was present in 55.5% in the AH-Plus group and 38.7% of the Pulp Canal Sealer group. Analysis showed that AH-Plus cement resulted in significantly greater filling of the apical accessory canals compared to Pulp Canal Sealer.. The modified tooth-clearing technique allowed observation of fine morphological details in all specimens. Effective gutta-percha filling was evident in most of the wide coronal lateral canals whilst the apical narrow ramifications were often incompletely filled by cement. Overall AH-Plus demonstrated better diffusion into lateral accessory canals compared to Pulp Canal Sealer.

Topics: Citrates; Decalcification Technique; Dental Pulp Cavity; Epoxy Resins; Fixatives; Formates; Gutta-Percha; Humans; Hydrochloric Acid; Molar; Quality of Health Care; Root Canal Filling Materials; Root Canal Obturation; Root Canal Preparation; Salicylates; Sodium Citrate; Zinc Oxide-Eugenol Cement

In order to analyse a wide range of xenobiotics and their metabolites present in biological fluids, NMR spectroscopy can be used. A large variety of xenobiotics (therapeutic agents, pesticides, solvents, alcohols) can be characterized and quantitated directly, without sample preparation. NMR investigations were applied to acute poisoning cases, involving drugs such as salicylates and valproic acid (VPA). In a salicylate poisoning case, the three major metabolites of acetylsalicylic acid have been detected in crude urine, and rapid identification of lysine revealed the origin of the intoxication, namely lysine acetylsalicylate (Aspegic). Valproic acid as its glucuronide was identified in urine samples from two poisoned patients. 1H NMR was also used to identify and quantitate paraquat (Gramoxone) in urine owing to its two aromatic signals at 8.49 and 9.02 ppm, in two acutely poisoned patients (183 and 93 mg/l). An intentional poisoning case with tetrahydrofuran (THF) was also investigated. Serum and urine samples were collected. THF was characterized by its resonances at 1.90 and 3.76 ppm, and quantified at 813 and 850 mg/l in the two biological fluids, respectively. Moreover, two other compounds were detected: lactate and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis of serum samples from three poisoned patients revealed methanol in one case and ethylene glycol in the two others. Moreover, in the same spectrum, the corresponding metabolites formate and glycolate were found. Compared with the reference chromatographic or spectrophotometric methods, requiring time-consuming extraction and/or derivatization steps, NMR spectroscopy allows the determination of many exogenous and endogenous compounds, without any pre-selection of the analytes.

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Anticonvulsants; Ethylene Glycols; Forensic Medicine; Formates; Furans; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Hemostatics; Herbicides; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Methanol; Paraquat; Pesticides; Salicylates; Solvents; Valproic Acid; Xenobiotics