salicylates and cetalkonium-chloride

The oral application is the application of the first choice for drug administration. A lot of drugs exhibit relatively low bioavailability. This may be caused by binding of the drug in the gastro-intestinal tract, by poor penetration of the intestinal mucose or by highly hydrophilic properties. Therefore, problem drugs were only used for i.v. administration (intravenously) or for i.m. administration (intramuscularly). In the present study, cefpirom was investigated as a model substance. Cefpirom (Cp) is a semi-synthetic amino-2-thiazolyl-methoxyimino cephalosporin. It exhibits highly hydrophilic properties (P(ow)=0.02+/-0.01) and a very low bioavailability (AUC=524+/-403 microg min/ml). It was only applied i.v. or i.m. In this work, the influence of absorption enhancers (aggregation and ion-pair formation) on the bioavailability and on the hydrophilic properties of Cp was investigated. The bioavailability of cefpirom was improved through the combination with absorption enhancers (hexadecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, BAC; hexylsalicylic acid, HSA). The absolute bioavailability of the Cp combination with absorption enhancers was 21 times larger for BAC and 15 times larger for HSA than in the case when Cp was used alone.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biological Availability; Cefpirome; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cephalosporins; Dodecanol; Fatty Alcohols; Female; Injections, Intravenous; Intestinal Absorption; Intubation, Gastrointestinal; Membranes, Artificial; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Rabbits; Salicylates

For many clinicians and parents "teething" remains a convenient diagnosis to explain all manner of local and systemic upset in the young child. Many therapies are on the market to help alleviate the symptoms of primary tooth eruption. In this article we highlight the problems of "teething" as a diagnosis by presenting a case where an initial misdiagnosis of teething compromised a patient's life. The same patient then suffered from topical analgesic misuse during the recovery period.

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Choline; Diagnostic Errors; Drug Combinations; Echocardiography; Fatty Alcohols; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial; Humans; Infant; Male; Mefenamic Acid; Mitral Valve Stenosis; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Salicylates; Tooth Eruption