salicylates and benzyl-benzoate

We investigated the larvicidal potential of 10 plant essential oils (EOs) against the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus. Among the EOs, larvicidal activity against Ae. albopictus was strongest in those derived from massoia (Massoia aromatica) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans). Larvicidal activities of massoia and nutmeg EOs against Ae. albopictus were 95.0% and 85.0% at 50 μg/mL, respectively. A total of 4 and 14 compounds were identified from massoia and nutmeg, respectively, and two massoia lactones, C10 and C12, were isolated from massoia EO. Among the identified compounds, benzyl salicylate, terpinolene, C12 massoia lactone, sabinene, benzyl benzoate, methyl eugenol, and C10 massoia lactone exhibited the strong larvicidal activity. Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)-stabilized Pickering emulsions of massoia and nutmeg EOs were developed to overcome the insolubility of EOs in water. CNC/massoia and CNC/nutmeg emulsions were stable for at least 10 days, and larvicidal activities of CNC/massoia PE and CNC/nutmeg were higher than those of crude massoia and nutmeg EOs. This study presents a CNC-stabilized PE, a suitable formulation for EOs, as a potential larvicide against Ae. albopictus.

Topics: Aedes; Animals; Benzoates; Cellulose; Chromatography, Gas; Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; Emulsions; Eugenol; Insecticides; Lactones; Larva; Myristica; Nanoparticles; Oils, Volatile; Plant Oils; Salicylates; Solubility

The differences of volatile components in male (MFB) and female flower buds (FFB) of

Topics: Benzoates; Cyclohexanones; Flowers; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Populus; Salicylates; Solid Phase Microextraction; Volatile Organic Compounds

Over 4000 small chemicals have been identified as allergens capable of inducing skin sensitization. Many sensitizers are hypothesized to act as haptens producing novel antigens, which can be presented to T cells by human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). Recent studies suggest that some chemical allergens use hapten-independent mechanisms.. To determine whether molecular docking can identify HLA molecules that bind skin-sensitizing chemical allergens.. Structural models of HLA molecules were used as the basis for molecular docking of 22 chemical allergens. Allergens predicted to bind HLA-B*57:01 were tested for their ability to stimulate T cells by the use of proliferation and interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assays.. Chemical allergens that did not satisfy the criteria for hapten activity in vitro were predicted to bind more strongly to common HLA isoforms than those with known hapten activity. HLA-B*57:01, which is an HLA allele required for drug hypersensitivity reactions, was predicted to bind several allergens, including benzyl benzoate, benzyl cinnamate, and benzyl salicylate. In in vitro T cell stimulation assays, benzyl salicylate and benzyl cinnamate were found to stimulate T cell responses from HLA-B*57:01 carriers.. These data suggest that small-molecule skin sensitizers have the potential to interact with HLA, and show that T cell-based in vitro assays may be used to evaluate the immunogenicity of skin-sensitizing chemicals.

Topics: Allergens; Benzoates; Benzyl Compounds; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Cinnamates; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Haptens; HLA-B Antigens; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Perfume; Salicylates; T-Lymphocytes

Benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional (Lilial) are added to bodycare cosmetics used around the human breast. We report here that all three compounds possess oestrogenic activity in assays using the oestrogen-responsive MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. At 3 000 000-fold molar excess, they were able to partially displace [(3)H]oestradiol from recombinant human oestrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta, and from cytosolic ER of MCF7 cells. At concentrations in the range of 5 x 10(-5) to 5 x 10(-4 )m, they were able to increase the expression of a stably integrated oestrogen-responsive reporter gene (ERE-CAT) and of the endogenous oestrogen-responsive pS2 gene in MCF7 cells, albeit to a lesser extent than with 10(-8 )m 17beta-oestradiol. They increased the proliferation of oestrogen-dependent MCF7 cells over 7 days, which could be inhibited by the antioestrogen fulvestrant, suggesting an ER-mediated mechanism. Although the extent of stimulation of proliferation over 7 days was lower with these compounds than with 10(-8 )m 17beta-oestradiol, given a longer time period of 35 days the extent of proliferation with 10(-4 )m benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate or butylphenylmethylpropional increased to the same magnitude as observed with 10(-8 )m 17beta-oestradiol over 14 days. This demonstrates that benzyl salicylate, benzyl benzoate and butylphenylmethylpropional are further chemical components of cosmetic products which give oestrogenic responses in a human breast cancer cell line in culture. Further research is now needed to investigate whether oestrogenic responses are detectable using in vivo models and the extent to which these compounds might be absorbed through human skin and might enter human breast tissues.

Topics: Aldehydes; Benzoates; Binding, Competitive; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cosmetics; Cytosol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Estradiol; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Estrogen Receptor beta; Estrogen Receptor Modulators; Female; Humans; Ligands; Molecular Structure; Protein Binding; Recombinant Proteins; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Salicylates; Transfection

The complex anatomy of the mammalian cochlea is most readily understood by representation in three-dimensions. However, the cochlea is often sectioned to minimize the effects of its anatomic complexity and optical properties on image acquisition by light microscopy. We have found that optical aberrations present in the decalcified cochlea can be greatly reduced by dehydration through graded ethanols followed by clearing with a mixture of five parts methyl salicylate and three parts benzyl benzoate (MSBB). Clearing the cochlea with MSBB enables acquisition of high-resolution images with multiple fluorescent labels, through the full volume of the cochlea by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The resulting images are readily applicable to three-dimensional morphometric analysis and volumetric visualizations. This method promises to be particularly useful for three-dimensional characterization of anatomy, innervation and expression of genes or proteins in the many new animal models of hearing and balance generated by genetic manipulation. Furthermore, the MSBB is compatible with most non-protein fluorophores used for histological labeling, and may be removed with traditional transitional solvents to allow subsequent epoxy embedding for sectioning.

Topics: Animals; Benzoates; Cochlea; Fluorescent Dyes; Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner; Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer; Histological Techniques; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Immunohistochemistry; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Microscopy, Confocal; Models, Anatomic; Salicylates

The loss of the plasticizers dibutylphthalate, butylphthalylbutyl glycolate, benzylbenzoate, methylsalicylate, and benzylsalicylate from four soft lining materials was measured. A 0.1% aqueous solution of triton X-100, reduced was used as immersion medium, since the solubility of plasticizer in this medium was close to that of saliva. The loss of plasticizer was monitored up to 30 d after mixing. For two of the materials, the average amount of leached dibutylphthalate within the first day exceeded the proposed tolerable daily intake (TDI) by about 11 and 32 times, respectively, for an average adult person. Similarly, for these two materials, the average daily amount within the first 30 d of leached dibutylphthalate was 2.2 and 6.6 times larger, respectively, than the TDI limit. The cumulative amount leached over 30 d for each of the four materials was 128-253 mg plasticizer g(-1). The results indicate the need for further biological evaluations of these products.

Topics: Adult; Benzoates; Dental Restoration, Temporary; Denture Liners; Denture, Complete; Humans; Linear Models; Materials Testing; Maximum Tolerated Dose; Octoxynol; Phthalic Acids; Plasticizers; Salicylates; Saliva, Artificial

Although the arterial supply of the human testis via the testicular artery is a well-studied subject, the pattern of approach that this vessel takes when reaching the gland is, on the other hand, not as well described. Based on the observation of angiological preparations of 196 adult human testes, the authors describe the presence of transmediastinal testicular vessels in one fourth of the cases. These were of two varieties, as regards the testicular mediastinum: centrifugal and centripetal. The centrifugal vessels were briefly mentioned in the nineteenth century scientific literature, undescribed in twentieth century anatomical studies and only recently referred to in color Doppler ultrasonographic studies; the centripetal vessels are previously undescribed. The authors propose the terms transmediastinal centrifugal and centripetal arteries to designate them.

Topics: Adult; Arteries; Barium Sulfate; Benzoates; Contrast Media; Desiccation; Fixatives; Fluorescence; Formaldehyde; Gelatin; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Medical Illustration; Oxidants; Salicylates; Testis

Several observations have indicated that house-dust mites (HDM) play an important role in allergic diseases. Thus, the primary form of treatment should aim at reducing exposure to HDM for these patients. Allergen-avoidance measures in homes have been demonstrated to be beneficial in decreasing the risk of sensitization, severity of symptoms, bronchial reactivity, and basophil sensitivity. Various chemical methods, as well as physical measures, have been tried to eliminate mite allergens from house dust. However, none have gained wide acceptance because of the lack of effectiveness and safety, and the high cost. It is clear that new approaches are required for effective long-term control of HDM allergens. This study compared the acaricidal activities of phenyl salicylate, tea leaf extract (high tannic acid content), and essential oils (eucalyptus and laurel) with that of benzyl benzoate. The contact, short-duration persistence, and residual effects of various concentrations of these chemicals and benzyl benzoate were assessed in laboratory conditions with specially designed wells. Our data suggest that benzyl benzoate may not be effective when applied according to the manufacturer's instructions, but may be effective when applied more frequently (i.e., three to four times a year) and for longer periods (up to 24 h) even with lower concentrations (0.4%). Essential oils were shown to have little acaricidal activity, but virtually no effect was observed with tea. Among the chemicals used, phenyl salicylate seems to be promising as an alternative acaricide.

Topics: Animals; Benzoates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Insecticides; Mites; Oils, Volatile; Salicylates; Time Factors

Variation in the components of soft lining materials, i.e. the size of polymer particles, the ethyl alcohol content of the liquids and the type of plasticizer, were investigated with respect to their effects on the growth and colonization of Candida albicans. Inhibitory effects on fungal growth and/or acid production were found to vary depending upon the components of soft lining materials. In particular, two plasticizers, benzyl benzoate (BB) and benzyl salicylate (BS), significantly decreased the growth rate, whereas the size of polymer particle had little effect on fungal growth. Ethyl alcohol content of liquid significantly affected the fungal growth and/or acid production depending upon the plasticizer used. For instance, in the case of BS, the antifungal effect was related to ethyl alcohol contents, whereas a reverse effect was observed with benzyl n-butyl phthalate (BBP). Further examination using scanning electron microscopy revealed that Candida blastospores colonized lining materials in the following two ways depending on the plasticizers used. On the BS and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) specimen, the blastospore of this yeast associated loosely, whereas, in the case of BB, BBP and butyl phthalyl butyl glycorate (BPBG), fungal blastospore tightly and invasively colonized onto the specimens. These results clearly demonstrated a relationship between components of soft lining materials and fungal growth and colonization.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Antifungal Agents; Benzoates; Biofilms; Candida albicans; Denture Liners; Dibutyl Phthalate; Ethanol; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Methacrylates; Phthalic Acids; Plasticizers; Salicylates; Spores, Fungal; Statistics, Nonparametric; Wettability

Topics: Benzoates; Humans; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Salicylates

Topics: Analgesics; Benzoates; Caffeine; Cardiovascular Agents; Humans; Muscle Relaxants, Central; Parasympatholytics; Phenacetin; Salicylates