salicylates and azelaic-acid

Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) has posed a substantial challenge for patients with higher Fitzpatrick skin types, specifically types III to VI. Treatment modalities pose a number of limitations due to the number of treatments required, potential side effects, and overall efficacy. Fortunately, multiple therapies have been delineated that can be moderately to highly efficacious in treating PIH in patients with skin of color. This article will review some of these modalities and procedures for this common patient concern.

Topics: Chemexfoliation; Dermatitis; Dermatologic Agents; Dicarboxylic Acids; Drug Combinations; Ethanol; Glycolates; Humans; Hydroquinones; Hyperpigmentation; Inflammation; Keratolytic Agents; Lactic Acid; Pyrones; Resorcinols; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Skin Pigmentation; Tretinoin

Efficient communication between the pest-colonised and non-colonised organs is vital for the timely manifestation of defences that restrict systemic spread of pests. The vasculature provides an important conduit for translocation of signals that contribute to long-distance communication within a plant. Airborne signals also contribute to this process. In recent years, major advances have been made in identifying metabolites that are candidate systemic signals in plant defence against pathogens. Methyl salicylate, jasmonates, azelaic acid and a diterpenoid have been implicated as mobile signals associated with the activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which confers enhanced resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens. By contrast, auxins probably contribute to negative regulation of systemic defences.

Topics: Cyclopentanes; Dicarboxylic Acids; Diterpenes; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immunity, Innate; Oxylipins; Plants; Pseudomonas syringae; Salicylates; Signal Transduction; Xanthomonas

Precise classification methods are used to define acne according to type (comedonal, papulopustular, or nodular) and severity. The relative effectiveness of several topical and systemic agents has been established in clinical trials, making possible an algorithm of specific treatment decisions based on acne classification.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adapalene; Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Algorithms; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzoyl Peroxide; Contraceptives, Oral; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Decision Trees; Dermatologic Agents; Dicarboxylic Acids; Humans; Isotretinoin; Macrolides; Naphthalenes; Nicotinic Acids; Salicylates; Tretinoin; United States

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Administration, Topical; Benzoyl Peroxide; Clindamycin; Dicarboxylic Acids; Erythromycin; Humans; Miconazole; Oxytetracycline; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Tretinoin

Treating the leaves of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. grossum) with an aqueous solution of cellulase resulted in a four-fold increase in the salicylic acid level compared to a control plant. The level of endogenous azelaic acid was also elevated by the cellulase treatment. Azelaic acid has recently been reported to act as a mobile "priming" agent to arm plants against pathogenic attack. Our results are consistent with this and that the cellulase treatment enhanced the ability of sweet pepper to withstand viral attack.

Topics: Capsicum; Cellulase; Dicarboxylic Acids; Plant Leaves; Salicylates