salicylates and 5-methoxysalicylic-acid

The pollution of aquatic environments by drugs is a problem for which scarce research has been conducted in regards of their removal. Amycolatopsis sp. Poz 14 presents the ability to biotransformation naphthalene at high efficiency, therefore, in this work this bacterium was proposed as an assimilator of naproxen and carbamazepine. Growth curves at different concentrations of naproxen and carbamazepine showed that Amycolatopsis sp. Poz 14 is able to utilize these drugs at a concentration of 50 mg L

Topics: Actinomycetales; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biotransformation; Carbamazepine; Carbon; Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase; Catechols; Dioxygenases; Environmental Pollution; Gentisates; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Kinetics; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Naphthalenes; Naproxen; Salicylates

Since its introduction, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has been widely used for the mass analysis of biomolecules. The "soft ionization" of MALDI enables accurate mass determination of intact biomolecules. However, the ionization and desorption processes of MALDI are not adequately soft as many labile biomolecules, such as glycoconjugates containing sialic acid or the sulfate functional group, easily dissociate into fragments and sometimes, no intact molecules are observed. In this study, we compared the conventional matrix of MALDI, namely 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, to various soft matrices of MALDI-specifically, 5-methoxysalicylic acid, diamond nanoparticle trilayers, HgTe nanostructures, ionic liquid, and droplets of frozen solutions-by using three labile glycoconjugates as analytes: gangliosides, heparin, and pullulan. We demonstrated that droplets of frozen solution are the softest matrices for gangliosides and heparin. In particular, droplets of frozen solution do not generate fragments for gangliosides and can be used to determine the relative abundance of various gangliosides, whereas ionic liquid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid butylamine is the most suitable matrix for pullulan mass analysis. Graphical Abstract.

Topics: Gangliosides; Gentisates; Glucans; Glycoconjugates; Heparin; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Ionic Liquids; Nanostructures; Salicylates; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 5-methoxysalicylic acid (5MeOSA) have been experimentally reported in the region of 4000-10 cm(-1) and 4000-50 cm(-1), respectively. The optimized geometric parameters, conformational equilibria, normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of 5MeOSA (C(8)H(8)O(4)) are theoretically examined by means of B3LYP hybrid density functional theory (DFT) method together with 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. Furthermore, reliable vibrational assignments have made on the basis of potential energy distribution (PED) calculated and the thermodynamics functions, highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) of 5MeOSA have been predicted. Calculations are employed for different conformations of 5MeOSA, both in gas phase and in solution. Solvent effects are investigated using chloroform and dimethylsulfoxide. All results indicate that B3LYP method is able to provide satisfactory results for predicting vibrational frequencies and the structural parameters, vibrational frequencies and assignments, IR and Raman intensities of 5MeOSA are solvent dependent.

Topics: Chloroform; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Models, Chemical; Molecular Conformation; Quantum Theory; Salicylates; Solvents; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Thermodynamics; Vibration

This paper reports the use of mass spectrometry to characterize oligonucleotides immobilized to the surfaces of biochips. Biotinylated oligonucleotides were immobilized to self-assembled monolayers that present a streptavidin layer and then treated with a complementary strand to present short duplexes. Treatment of the surface with 5-methoxysalicylic acid and ammonium citrate matrix allows the individual oligonucleotides to be observed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/iozation and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Examples are shown wherein this method is applied to assays of hybridization, of cleavage by a deoxyribozyme, of a dephosphorylation reaction, and of the adducts formed on treatment of DNA with cis-platin. This work provides an early example of the application of mass spectrometry to DNA biochips and may substantially expand the applications of the now common oligonucleotide arrays.

Topics: Biochemistry; Biological Assay; Biotinylation; Citric Acid; DNA; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Mass Spectrometry; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Oligonucleotides; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Salicylates; Surface Plasmon Resonance; Surface Properties

5-Methoxysalicylic acid (MSA) is demonstrated to be a useful matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry of oligonucleotides, when desorption/ionization without fragmentation is desired. When MSA is combined with the additive spermine, the need for desalting is reduced. The MSA/spermine matrix yields linear TOF mass spectra with improved resolution, less fragmentation, and less intense alkali ion adduct peaks than those spectra obtained using 3-hydroxypicolinic acid and 6-aza-2-thiothymine with spermine or diammonium hydrogen citrate as additives. Instrumental conditions are discussed to improve the spectral resolution, specifically the use of longer delay times in the delayed-extraction ion source.

Topics: Citric Acid; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Indicators and Reagents; Oligonucleotides; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Salicylates; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spermine

Telemetric shuttles for the in vivo investigation of the gastrointestinal tract have been available for sometime. We describe herein the use of a new shuttle model whose original features include: a) continuous, real time transmission of its location in the small bowel and accurate measurement of the gut length, b) controlled release of 1 ml of a given substance at any chosen site, allowing detailed investigation of intestinal absorption at different levels of the small bowel under physiological conditions. Small bowel length was measured in dogs using the shuttle and was later compared to the actual small gut length measured in the same animals at laparotomy. The telemetric measurements appeared to closely match the direct operative measurements. Insulin absorption from the canine small bowel was then investigated releasing different dosages of insulin together with the pancreatic enzyme inhibitors Soybean and Aprotinine and a surfactant (5-methoxysalicylate). By adjusting the dose of insulin released, the type of adjuvant substance delivered with it and the site of release in the small bowel, we have been able to precisely define the conditions of insulin absorption. Insulin as such is exclusively absorbed in the ileum when released in doses of 500 IU or higher and mixed with aprotinine. For absorption to take place the solution delivered by the shuttle needs to have the correct pH and natremic concentration.

Topics: Animals; Aprotinin; Blood Glucose; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Insulin; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Salicylates; Soybean Oil; Telemetry

The effect of sodium 5-methoxysalicylate on absorption was assessed by measurement of the appearance of test compounds in the portal blood output of a perfused rat gut model. The test compounds were a hexapeptide analogue of somatostatin, insulin, and horseradish peroxidase. Considerable amounts of sodium 5-methoxysalicylate were present in the portal blood 10 min after intraduodenal administration. When co-administered with sodium 5-methoxysalicylate (60 mg), a marked increase in the concentrations of the test substances occurred at t = 15 min which lasted for a further 15 min. Quantities of less than 60 mg had much reduced adjuvant effects. In control experiments with no adjuvant, the concentrations of the test substances remained low throughout the 1-h period of blood collection. After the administration of 60 mg of sodium 5-methoxysalicylate, slight mucosal damage was apparent at 10 min. This became progressively worse with time and, at 1 h, extensive mucosal stripping had occurred. The results suggest, although they do not prove, that apparent adjuvant effects in the small intestine may be a direct consequence of serious mucosal damage. This means that care must be taken in the investigation of adjuvant properties to exclude the possibility that an observed increase in transport is due to gross loss of integrity of the membrane.

Topics: Animals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; In Vitro Techniques; Insulin; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Models, Biological; Molecular Weight; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Salicylates

Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Gluconeogenesis; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Liver; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid

Lymphatic uptake of sodium cefoxitin after injection into rectal connective tissue was greater than after injection into the femoral muscle of rats. Coadministration with sodium 5-methoxysalicylate enhanced lymphatic drug uptake at both sites. This enhancement may be an indirect result of 5-methoxysalicylate's suppression of vascular permeation of the cefoxitin. An adjuvant-induced increase in lymphatic fluid flow may also be partially involved in the enhancement of cefoxitin lymphatic transport.

Topics: Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Cefoxitin; Connective Tissue; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Lymphatic System; Male; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rectum; Salicylates; Time Factors

The rectal absorption of pepleomycin sulfate (PEPS) in rats was increased significantly by the coadministration with each of diclofenac (DC), sodium 5-methoxysalicylate (5-MSA) and phenylalanine enamine of ethylacetoacetate (Enamine). 5-MSA increased the lymphatic uptake of PEPS after rectal administration while DC and Enamine did not. The mechanism behind the enhancing action of 5-MSA on the lymphatic uptake of PEPS may be due to the suppressing action of 5-MSA on the vascular permeability to PEPS. DC increased the vascular permeability to PEPS but Enamine did not affect it. Findings obtained in this study may indicate that adjuvant used acts independently at the rectal mucosal membrane and at the vascular membrane for membrane for membrane permeability to PEPS.

Topics: Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Amines; Animals; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Bleomycin; Diclofenac; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Intestinal Absorption; Lymphatic System; Male; Peplomycin; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rectum; Salicylates

Uptake of sodium cefoxitin, D-phenylalanine and insulin into human red blood cells was significantly enhanced by the presence of salicylate and 5-methoxysalicylate in the medium. The mechanism of adjuvant action appeared to depend on an affinity between the adjuvant and the protein fraction in the erythrocyte membrane. The inhibitory effect of DIDS and phlorizin on the salicylate-enhanced uptake of these compounds strongly suggests that the ability of salicylate to permeate the membrane may be essential for it to act as an adjuvant.

Topics: 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid; 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate; 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid; Cefoxitin; Cell Membrane Permeability; Erythrocyte Membrane; Humans; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Hydroxybenzoates; In Vitro Techniques; Insulin; Phenylalanine; Phlorhizin; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid

The mechanism underlying uptake of certain compounds in ionized form across human red blood cell membrane was examined. The ionized forms of salicylate, 5-methoxy-salicylate and phenylalanylphenylalanine were significantly taken up into the interior space of human red blood cells instead of remaining in the membrane. Inhibition of the uptake of these compounds by 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonate stilbene and phlorizin indicates that their permeation of the erythrocyte membrane may involve the membrane protein fraction. Chelation at the protein site does not appear to occur. Instead, an amino group in the protein structure may mediate the transport of these ionized compounds.

Topics: Absorption; Biological Transport; Dipeptides; Erythrocyte Membrane; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Hydroxybenzoates; In Vitro Techniques; Ions; Osmolar Concentration; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid

Topics: Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Animals; Calcium Chloride; Cefmetazole; Cefoxitin; Cephalosporins; Cephamycins; Edetic Acid; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; In Vitro Techniques; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Rats; Salicylates; Salicylic Acid; Time Factors

Sodium salicylate and 5-methoxysalicylate both increased the rectal absorption of insulin in dogs when co-administered with insulin in various formulations. Microenema formulations containing 4% gelatin showed the highest insulin bioavailability of the formulations studied whereas microenemas (without gelatin) and suppository formulations were not as effective in enhancing the rectal absorption of insulin.

Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Dogs; Enema; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Insulin; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Rectum; Salicylates; Sodium Salicylate; Suppositories

The absorption-promoting effect of sodium 5-methoxysalicylate was studied in the rat with respect to rectal delivery of pentagastrin and gastrin. Rectal bioavailability was quantitated by direct comparison of pharmacological effect with intravenous dose response. Coadministration of the absorption adjuvant greatly enhanced the rectal bioavailability of the model polypeptides. Sodium 5-methoxysalicylate, therefore, is representative of a new type of absorption promoter which appears to facilitate rectal absorption of polypeptide drug entities.

Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Gastric Juice; Gastrins; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Pentagastrin; Peptides; Rats; Salicylates; Suppositories

Sodium 5-methoxysalicylate, previously shown to enhance the rectal absorption of several drugs, facilitates the absorption of insulin from the upper gastrointestinal tract, resulting in significantly elevated insulin levels and lowered glucose concentrations in the plasma of rats. Restricting the movement of insulin and adjuvant down the intestine by either ligation or use of a more viscous vehicle further increased the absorption of insulin.

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Hydroxybenzoate Ethers; Insulin; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Salicylates