rhoifolin and poncirin

The consumption of plant-based food is important for health promotion, especially concerning the prevention and management of chronic diseases. Flavonoids are the main bioactive compounds in citrus fruits, with multiple beneficial effects, especially antidiabetic effects. We systematically review the potential antidiabetic action and molecular mechanisms of citrus flavonoids based on in vitro and in vivo studies. A search of the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection databases for articles published since 2010 was carried out using the keywords citrus, flavonoid, and diabetes. All articles identified were analyzed, and data were extracted using a standardized form. The search identified 38 articles, which reported that 19 citrus flavonoids, including 8-prenylnaringenin, cosmosiin, didymin, diosmin, hesperetin, hesperidin, isosiennsetin, naringenin, naringin, neohesperidin, nobiletin, poncirin, quercetin, rhoifolin, rutin, sineesytin, sudachitin, tangeretin, and xanthohumol, have antidiabetic potential. These flavonoids regulated biomarkers of glycemic control, lipid profiles, renal function, hepatic enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes, and modulated signaling pathways related to glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity that are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes and its related complications. Citrus flavonoids, therefore, are promising antidiabetic candidates, while their antidiabetic effects remain to be verified in forthcoming human studies.

Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Citrus; Diabetes Mellitus; Disaccharides; Flavanones; Flavones; Flavonoids; Glycosides; Hesperidin; Humans; Inflammation; Phytochemicals; Polyphenols; Propiophenones

The total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts from peel of kumquat were higher than those from pulp, and those extracted from immature kumquat were higher than those from mature kumquat. The highest levels of phenolic and flavonoid content were obtained in hot water extracts. The flavonoids of kumquat extracted from hot water were mainly soluble conjugated compounds, including C-glycosides, such as 3',5'-di-C-β-glucopyranosylphloretin (DGPP), acacetin 8-C-neohesperidoside (margaritene), acacetin 6-C-neohesperidoside (isomargaritene), apigenin 8-C-neohesperidoside, and O-glycosides, such as acacetin 7-O-neohesperidoside (fortunellin), isosakuranetin 7-O-neohesperidoside (poncirin) and apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside (rhoifolin). A positive relationship existed between total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging potency (p<0.001). Total flavonoid content showed a similar correlation (p<0.001) to DPPH scavenging potency. The effective flavonoids contributing to antioxidant activity were DGPP and apigenin 8-C-neohesperidoside, which could be extracted in high amounts, by hot water at 90°C, from immature kumquat peel.

Topics: Antioxidants; Apigenin; Biphenyl Compounds; Disaccharides; Flavonoids; Fruit; Glycosides; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenols; Picrates; Plant Extracts; Rutaceae; Solvents