pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid has been researched along with glutamic acid in 148 studies
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 55 (37.16) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 81 (54.73) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 12 (8.11) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Buchhalter, JR; Djali, S; Robinson, MB | 1 |
| Wu, C | 1 |
| Attwell, D; Ballerini, L; Edwards, M; Miller, B; Sarantis, M; Silver, RA | 1 |
| Heinemann, U; Pannicke, T; Reichelt, W; Stabel, J | 1 |
| Massieu, L; Morales-Villagrán, A; Tapia, R | 1 |
| Bridges, RJ; Chamberlin, AR; Cotman, CW; Miller, S | 1 |
| Bloc, A; Dusticier, N; Forni, C; Kerkerian-Le Goff, L; Samuel, D | 1 |
| Isaacson, JS; Nicoll, RA | 1 |
| Balcar, VJ; Bao, S; King, NJ; Shen, J | 1 |
| Balcar, VJ; Li, Y | 1 |
| Allchin, RE; Batten, TF; McWilliam, PN; Vaughan, PF | 1 |
| Hansen, L; Suzdak, PD; Thomsen, C | 1 |
| Johnston, GA; Mitrovic, AD | 1 |
| Chapman, AG; Meldrum, BS; Millan, MH | 1 |
| DaSilva, AM; Gillis, RA; McManigle, JE; Panico, WH | 1 |
| Andersson, K; Chen, Y; Espinoza, S; Godukhin, OV; Goiny, M; Herrera-Marschitz, M; Loidl, CF; Lubec, G; Meana, JJ; Nylander, I; Pettersson, E; Silveira, R; Terenius, L; Ungerstedt, U; You, ZB | 1 |
| Obrenovitch, TP; Urenjak, J; Zilkha, E | 4 |
| Dichter, MA; Fitzsimonds, RM | 1 |
| Chalmers, DJ; Jane, DE; Kilpatrick, IC; Sunter, DC; Thompson, GA; Udvarhelyi, PM; Watkins, JC | 1 |
| Massieu, L; Tapia, R; Velasco, I | 1 |
| Ghijsen, WE; Lopes da Silva, FH; Veenstra, E; Zuiderwijk, M | 1 |
| Bezzi, P; Danbolt, NC; Racagni, G; Rizzini, BL; Trotti, D; Ullensvang, K; Volterra, A | 1 |
| Kawai, H; Nishida, Y; Okazaki, S; Saito, S | 1 |
| Amin, N; Pearce, B | 1 |
| McGinty, JF; Rawls, SM | 3 |
| Boutelle, M; Demestre, M; Fillenz, M | 1 |
| Bert, L; Parisi, L; Renaud, B; Robert, F; Stoppini, L | 1 |
| Cano, J; Machado, A; Matarredona, ER; Santiago, M | 1 |
| Ghijsen, WE; Zuiderwijk, M | 1 |
| Galloway, MP; West, AR | 1 |
| Barbour, B; Clark, BA | 1 |
| Massieu, L; Tapia, R | 1 |
| Dutertre, M; Forni, C; Kerkerian-Le Goff, L; Liévens, JC; Salin, P | 1 |
| Kennedy, RT; Lada, MW; Vickroy, TW | 1 |
| Kuo, JS; Lin, NN; Tsai, PJ; Yang, CS | 2 |
| Semba, J; Wakuta, MS | 1 |
| Aizenman, E; Chung, HJ; Lea, E; Potthoff, WK; Robinson, MB; Rosenberg, PA; Schnuer, J; Wang, GJ | 1 |
| Akaike, A; Ibi, M; Inoue, R; Kihara, T; Kimura, J; Kitamura, Y; Sawada, H; Shimohama, S; Taniguchi, T; Urushitani, M | 1 |
| Endo, K; Hori, Y; Kitajima, T; Ogata, H; Yamaguchi, S | 1 |
| Massieu, L; Sánchez-Carbente, MR | 1 |
| Kapousta-Bruneau, NV; Kusaka, S; Puro, DG | 1 |
| Baldwin, RA; Katsumori, H; Wasterlain, CG | 1 |
| Kim, JH; Vezina, P | 1 |
| Brown, DR | 1 |
| McGinty, JF; Rawls, SM; Terrian, DM | 1 |
| Ho, IK; Liu, N; Rockhold, RW | 1 |
| Del Arco, A; Mora, F | 3 |
| El-Sherif, Y; Khan, T; Singh, N; Wieraszko, A | 1 |
| Cebers, G; Kovács, AD; Liljequist, S | 1 |
| Berger, SP; Fox, L; Ho, LB; Reid, MS | 1 |
| Herrero, I; Manahan-Vaughan, D; Reymann, KG; Sánchez-Prieto, J | 1 |
| Araque, A; Doyle, RT; Haydon, PG; Li, N | 1 |
| Isaac, JT; Kidd, FL | 1 |
| Boussin, FD; Dereuddre-Bosquet, N; Dormont, D; Gras, G; Haïk, S; Le Grand, R; Martin, M; Rimaniol, AC | 1 |
| Gähwiler, BH; Gerber, U; Jabaudon, D; Scanziani, M | 1 |
| Carter, AG; Regehr, WG | 1 |
| Bauer, J; Blauth, E; Darstein, M; Feuerstein, TJ; Freiman, TM; Hummel, A; Jehle, T | 1 |
| Fishman, PS; Matthews, CC; Wollack, JB; Zielke, HR | 1 |
| Gómez-Román, N; Massieu, L; Montiel, T | 1 |
| Helliwell, P; Kucharski, R; Maleszka, R | 1 |
| Claudio, OI; Ferchmin, P; Moshé, SL; Ortiz, JG; Sperber, EF; Velísek, L | 1 |
| Dreyer, EB; Gochenauer, G; Mackler, SA; Naskar, R; Quinto, K; Robinson, MB; Schuettauf, F; Vorwerk, CK; Zurakowski, D | 1 |
| Bennett, GC; Boarder, MR | 1 |
| Asai, S; Hosoi, I; Iribe, Y; Ishikawa, K; Kanematsu, K; Katayama, Y; Kohno, T; Kunimatsu, T | 1 |
| Balcar, VJ; Bubb, WA; Dias, LS; Lawrance, ML; Provis, T; Rae, C | 1 |
| Bézine, MF; Gaillet, S; Malaval, F; Plachez, C; Récasens, M | 1 |
| Abe, K; Saito, H | 1 |
| Austin, JD; Kim, JH; Perugini, M; Vezina, P | 1 |
| Chatton, JY; Magistretti, PJ; Shimamoto, K | 1 |
| Del Arco, A; Mora, F; Prieto, L; Segovia, G | 2 |
| Mora, F; Segovia, G | 1 |
| Andreassen, OA; Beal, MF; Bogdanov, MB; Dedeoglu, A; Ferrante, KL; Jenkins, BG; Kaddurah-Daouk, R | 1 |
| Oliet, SH; Piet, R; Poulain, DA | 1 |
| García, O; Massieu, L | 2 |
| Cebere, A; Cebers, G; Högberg, H; Kovács, AD; Liljequist, S; Moreira, T | 1 |
| Schousboe, A; Shimamoto, K; Waagepetersen, HS | 1 |
| Ackley, MA; Asghar, AU; Bird, GC; King, AE | 1 |
| Del Río, P; Massieu, L; Montiel, T | 1 |
| Li, S; Stys, PK | 1 |
| Asghar, AU; Bird, GC; King, AE | 1 |
| Dunlop, J | 1 |
| Barabás, P; Kardos, J; Kovács, I; Kovács, R; Pálhalmi, J; Schousboe, A | 1 |
| Elliott, JM; Harrison, PJ; Meller, R; Sharp, T | 1 |
| Tapia, R; Velasco, I | 1 |
| Cebere, A; Cebers, G; Kovács, AD; Liljequist, S | 2 |
| Bazan, NG; DeCoster, MA; Lambeau, G; Lazdunski, M | 1 |
| Howe, JR; Robert, A; Usowicz, MM; Wall, MJ | 1 |
| Clark, BA; Cull-Candy, SG | 1 |
| Kanno, T; Kohmura, E; Kondoh, T; Nagai, K; Nishizaki, T; Nomura, T; Ohta, K; Saito, N; Yajima, Y; Yamamoto, S | 1 |
| Falzano, L; Fiorentini, C; Frank, C; Giammarioli, AM; Rufini, S | 1 |
| Bert, L; Denoroy, L; Desvignes, C; Parrot, S; Renaud, B; Robert, F; Suaud-Chagny, MF | 1 |
| Himi, T; Ikeda, M; Murota, SI; Yasuhara, T | 1 |
| Birman, S; Boucraut, J; Had-Aissouni, L; Kerkerian-Le Goff, L; Ré, DB; Samuel, D | 1 |
| Fishman, PS; Matthews, CC; Parks, DA; Zielke, HR | 1 |
| Lariosa-Willingham, KD; Rao, TS; Yu, N | 1 |
| Small, PL; Waterman, SR | 1 |
| Haces, ML; Hernández-Fonseca, K; Massieu, L; Montiel, T | 1 |
| Barabás, P; Kardos, J; Kovács, I; Schousboe, A | 1 |
| Kanamori, K; Kondrat, RW; Ross, BD | 1 |
| Bär, PR; de Graan, PN; Hol, EM; van Muiswinkel, FL; Wisman, LA | 1 |
| Hayase, T; Yamamoto, K; Yamamoto, Y | 1 |
| Kim, HS; Lee, YB; Lim, DK | 1 |
| Galluzzo, M; Grieco, R; Pèzzola, A; Pintor, A; Popoli, P; Reggio, R | 1 |
| Hope, BT; Kreuter, JD; Mattson, BJ; Wang, B; You, ZB | 1 |
| Auberson, YP; Bashir, ZI; Brown, MW; Collingridge, GL; Johnson, BE; Massey, PV; Molnar, E; Moult, PR | 1 |
| Gebhardt, C; Heinemann, U; Iserhot, C; Schmitz, D | 1 |
| Camacho, A; Estrada-Sánchez, AM; Massieu, L; Montiel, T | 1 |
| Qu, H; Schousboe, A; Shimamoto, K; Sonnewald, U; Waagepetersen, HS | 1 |
| Cohen-Solal, C; de Jesus Ferreira, MC; Guiramand, J; Martin, A; Récasens, M; Vignes, M | 1 |
| Akaike, A; Kanki, R; Katsuki, H; Kawai, Y; Kume, T; Nakamizo, T; Sawada, H; Shimohama, S; Sugimoto, H; Yoshida, K | 1 |
| Dickinson, DA; Fando, JL; Forman, HJ; Martín del Río, R; Martín, ME; Muñoz, FM; Salinas, M | 1 |
| Tapia, R; Tovar-y-Romo, LB | 1 |
| Cata, JP; Chen, JH; Weng, HR | 1 |
| Juneja, LR; Okubo, T; Terashima, T; Yamada, T; Yokogoshi, H | 1 |
| Benetti, AP; Bereiter, DA | 1 |
| de Yebra, L; Kerkerian-Le Goff, L; Liévens, JC; Mahy, N; Malpesa, Y; Pugliese, M; Ursu, G | 1 |
| Sihra, TS; Wang, KY; Wang, SJ; Wang, WC | 1 |
| Kallingal, GJ; Mintz, EM | 1 |
| Anand, A; Gaskins, D; Lee, Y; Shekhar, A | 1 |
| Chefer, V; Mahoney, JL; Schepers, RJ; Shippenberg, TS; Zapata, A | 1 |
| Had-Aissouni, L; Kachidian, P; Kerkerian-Le Goff, L; Masmejean, F; Melon, C; Nafia, I; Nieoullon, A; Re, DB | 1 |
| Armengaud, C; El Hassani, AK; Gauthier, M; Giurfa, M | 1 |
| Buisson, A; Gouix, E; Had-Aissouni, L; Léveillé, F; Melon, C; Nicole, O | 1 |
| Ferrante, A; Ferretti, R; Martire, A; Pepponi, R; Popoli, P | 1 |
| Armengaud, C; Dupuis, JP; El Hassani, AK; Gauthier, M | 1 |
| Kardos, J; Lasztóczi, B; Nyitrai, G | 1 |
| Crespo-López, ME; do Nascimento, JL; Garcia, TB; Herculano, AM; Mota, TC; Oliveira, KR; Picanço-Diniz, DL | 1 |
| del Rio, RM; Feldmann, N; Gjinovci, A; Tamarit-Rodriguez, J; Wiederkehr, A; Wollheim, CB | 1 |
| de Jong, J; Houdijk, AP; Vaessen, MJ; van Leeuwen, PA; Vermeulen, MA | 1 |
| Armengaud, C; Boumghar, K; Couret-Fauvel, T; Garcia, M | 1 |
| Chancellor, MB; Hikita, K; Hinata, N; Honda, M; Muraoka, K; Saito, M; Takenaka, A; Yoshimura, N | 1 |
| Bäckman, CM; Chefer, V; Counotte, DS; O'Donnell, P; Oh, E; Ramamoorthy, S; Schultz-Kuszak, KN; Shippenberg, TS; Tejeda, HA | 1 |
| Cao, Z; Cui, Y; Hagerman, PJ; Hulsizer, S; Kim, KH; Pessah, IN; Pretto, DL; Tassone, F | 1 |
| Jiang, QY; Li, XG; Sui, WG; Wang, XQ; Yan, HC | 1 |
| Alttoa, A; Harro, J; Leito, I; Raudkivi, K | 1 |
| Gao, CQ; Li, HC; Li, XG; Sui, WG; Wang, XQ; Yan, HC; Yin, YL | 1 |
| Chae, JW; Choi, JI; Heo, BH; Kim, HS; Kim, WM; Lee, HG; Park, KS; Yoon, MH | 1 |
1 review(s) available for pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid and glutamic acid
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
13C enrichment of extracellular neurotransmitter glutamate in rat brain--combined mass spectrometry and NMR studies of neurotransmitter turnover and uptake into glia in vivo.
Topics: Acetamides; Acetates; Animals; Brain; Brain Chemistry; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dicarboxylic Acids; Extracellular Fluid; Fluoroacetates; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Glucose; Glutamic Acid; Infusions, Intravenous; Intracellular Fluid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Microdialysis; Models, Biological; Neuroglia; Neurotransmitter Agents; Nitrogen Isotopes; Organosilicon Compounds; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Trifluoroacetic Acid | 2003 |
147 other study(ies) available for pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid and glutamic acid
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Inhibition of glutamate uptake with L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate potentiates glutamate toxicity in primary hippocampal cultures.
Topics: alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; Animals; Biological Transport; Cells, Cultured; Dicarboxylic Acids; Drug Synergism; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Kinetics; Macrophages; Neuroglia; Neurons; Neurotoxins; Pregnancy; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Valine | 1993 |
Possible role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in regulating ethanol-evoked brain ascorbate release.
Topics: alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Brain Chemistry; Dicarboxylic Acids; Electrophysiology; Ethanol; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Injections, Intraventricular; Kainic Acid; Male; Microelectrodes; N-Methylaspartate; Neostriatum; Piperazines; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Synaptic Transmission | 1994 |
Glutamate uptake from the synaptic cleft does not shape the decay of the non-NMDA component of the synaptic current.
Topics: Animals; Cerebellum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Electrophysiology; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; In Vitro Techniques; Ion Channel Gating; Ion Channels; Neuroglia; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Retina; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Urodela | 1993 |
alpha-Aminoadipic acid blocks the Na(+)-dependent glutamate transport into acutely isolated Müller glial cells from guinea pig retina.
Topics: 2-Aminoadipic Acid; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Barium; Carrier Proteins; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Glutamic Acid; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Techniques; Membrane Potentials; Neuroglia; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Potassium Channels; Pyrrolidines; Retina; Sodium; Symporters | 1994 |
Accumulation of extracellular glutamate by inhibition of its uptake is not sufficient for inducing neuronal damage: an in vivo microdialysis study.
Topics: Animals; Cell Death; Choline; Choline O-Acetyltransferase; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dizocilpine Maleate; Extracellular Space; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Glutamic Acid; Kainic Acid; Male; Microdialysis; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1995 |
Pharmacological dissociation of glutamatergic metabotropic signal transduction pathways in cortical astrocytes.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Benzoates; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Cyclic AMP; Cycloleucine; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; Isoproterenol; Neuroglia; Neurotoxins; Phosphatidylinositols; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Signal Transduction | 1994 |
Effects of ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists on glutamate transport and transport-mediated changes in extracellular excitatory amino acids in the rat striatum.
Topics: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Animals; Binding, Competitive; Biological Transport; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acids; Extracellular Space; Female; Glutamic Acid; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Amino Acid | 1995 |
The uptake inhibitor L-trans-PDC enhances responses to glutamate but fails to alter the kinetics of excitatory synaptic currents in the hippocampus.
Topics: Animals; Culture Techniques; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Guinea Pigs; Hippocampus; Membrane Potentials; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission | 1993 |
Na(+)-dependent high affinity uptake of L-glutamate in primary cultures of human fibroblasts isolated from three different types of tissue.
Topics: Aspartic Acid; Biological Transport; Cells, Cultured; Dicarboxylic Acids; Fibroblasts; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Kinetics; Muscles; Peripheral Nerves; Pyrrolidines; Skin; Sodium; Tritium | 1994 |
The Na(+)-dependent binding of [3H]L-aspartate in thaw-mounted sections of rat forebrain.
Topics: 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Autoradiography; Dicarboxylic Acids; Female; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Male; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Presynaptic Terminals; Prosencephalon; Pyrrolidines; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Amino Acid; Sodium | 1994 |
Electrical stimulation of the vagus increases extracellular glutamate recovered from the nucleus tractus solitarii of the cat by in vivo microdialysis.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dicarboxylic Acids; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Extracellular Space; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Medulla Oblongata; Microdialysis; Pyrrolidines; Vagus Nerve | 1994 |
L-glutamate uptake inhibitors may stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in baby hamster kidney cells expressing mGluR1a via heteroexchange with L-glutamate without direct activation of mGluR1a.
Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Asparagine; Aspartic Acid; Cell Line; Cell Membrane; Cricetinae; Cycloleucine; Cysteine; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Glutamic Acid; Hydrolysis; Kidney; N-Methylaspartate; Phosphatidylinositols; Pyrrolidines; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate | 1994 |
Regional differences in the inhibition of L-glutamate and L-aspartate sodium-dependent high affinity uptake systems in rat CNS synaptosomes by L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate, threo-3-hydroxy-D-aspartate and D-aspartate.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Biological Transport; Cerebellum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Male; Organ Specificity; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium; Spinal Cord; Stereoisomerism | 1994 |
Extracellular amino acid levels in hippocampus during pilocarpine-induced seizures.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Dialysis; Dicarboxylic Acids; Epilepsy; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Male; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pilocarpine; Proline; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 1993 |
Respiratory effects produced by microinjection of L-glutamate and an uptake inhibitor of L-glutamate into the caudal subretrofacial area of the medulla.
Topics: 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Animals; Apnea; Blood Pressure; Cats; Cycloleucine; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Glutamic Acid; Heart Rate; Kynurenic Acid; Male; Neurotoxins; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Piperazines; Pyrrolidines; Receptors, Glutamate; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Respiration; Respiratory Function Tests; Tidal Volume; Trigeminal Caudal Nucleus | 1995 |
On the origin of extracellular glutamate levels monitored in the basal ganglia of the rat by in vivo microdialysis.
Topics: Amino Acids; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Basal Ganglia; Calcium; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Halothane; Kainic Acid; Male; Membrane Potentials; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Agents; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Potassium; Presynaptic Terminals; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium Channel Blockers; Spider Venoms; Substantia Nigra; Tetrodotoxin; Urethane | 1996 |
Evidence disputing the link between seizure activity and high extracellular glutamate.
Topics: Animals; Dicarboxylic Acids; Electroencephalography; Electrophysiology; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Male; Membrane Potentials; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Picrotoxin; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Seizures | 1996 |
Heterologous modulation of inhibitory synaptic transmission by metabotropic glutamate receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons.
Topics: Animals; Benzoates; Cells, Cultured; Cycloleucine; Dicarboxylic Acids; Evoked Potentials; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; Hippocampus; Neural Inhibition; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Synaptic Transmission | 1996 |
Evidence against high extracellular glutamate promoting the elicitation of spreading depression by potassium.
Topics: Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Cortical Spreading Depression; Dicarboxylic Acids; Drug Interactions; Electric Conductivity; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; Male; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Potassium; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate | 1996 |
Differential actions of 3-(4-chlorophenyl) glutamic acid stereoisomers and L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid upon L-homocysteic acid- and L-glutamic acid-induced responses from rat spinal motoneurones.
Topics: Animals; Dicarboxylic Acids; Drug Interactions; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Homocysteine; In Vitro Techniques; Membrane Potentials; Motor Neurons; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Spinal Cord; Stereoisomerism | 1995 |
Inhibition of glutamate uptake induces progressive accumulation of extracellular glutamate and neuronal damage in rat cortical cultures.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aspartic Acid; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; Kainic Acid; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate | 1996 |
Effects of uptake carrier blockers SK & F 89976-A and L-trans-PDC on in vivo release of amino acids in rat hippocampus.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Calcium; Dicarboxylic Acids; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Male; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nipecotic Acids; Potassium; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Taurine | 1996 |
The competitive transport inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2, 4-dicarboxylate triggers excitotoxicity in rat cortical neuron-astrocyte co-cultures via glutamate release rather than uptake inhibition.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Binding, Competitive; Biological Transport; Calcium; Cell Survival; Coculture Techniques; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Neuroglia; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Stereoisomerism; Tetrodotoxin | 1996 |
Acute neurotoxicity of L-glutamate induced by impairment of the glutamate uptake system.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Culture Media; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Neurons; Neurotoxins; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Organ Culture Techniques; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Spinal Cord | 1996 |
Glutamate toxicity in neuron-enriched and neuron-astrocyte co-cultures: effect of the glutamate uptake inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Coculture Techniques; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glutamic Acid; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate | 1997 |
L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid-evoked striatal glutamate levels are attenuated by calcium reduction, tetrodotoxin, and glutamate receptor blockade.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Isoquinolines; Male; Microdialysis; Neostriatum; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Oxidation-Reduction; Piperazines; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Tetrazoles; Tetrodotoxin | 1997 |
Stimulated release of lactate in freely moving rats is dependent on the uptake of glutamate.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Carrier Proteins; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Extracellular Space; Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Glutamic Acid; Grooming; Hippocampus; Lactic Acid; Male; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Symporters | 1997 |
Microdialysis monitoring of extracellular glutamate combined with the simultaneous recording of evoked field potentials in hippocampal organotypic slice cultures.
Topics: Animals; Dicarboxylic Acids; Electrophysiology; Evoked Potentials; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Microdialysis; Microelectrodes; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Organ Culture Techniques; Potassium; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Time Factors | 1997 |
Lack of involvement of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in MPP+ toxicity in striatal dopaminergic terminals: possible involvement of ascorbate.
Topics: 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; Amino Acids, Essential; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Aspartic Acid; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Dopamine Agents; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Microdialysis; MPTP Poisoning; Neostriatum; Nerve Endings; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase | 1997 |
Monitoring amino acid neurotransmitter release in the brain by in vivo microdialysis.
Topics: Animals; Biosensing Techniques; Brain; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; GABA Antagonists; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Agents; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nipecotic Acids; Pyrrolidines; Rats | 1997 |
Inhibition of glutamate reuptake potentiates endogenous nitric oxide-facilitated dopamine efflux in the rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study.
Topics: Animals; Arginine; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Glutamic Acid; Infusions, Parenteral; Kinetics; Male; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nitric Oxide; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 1997 |
Currents evoked in Bergmann glial cells by parallel fibre stimulation in rat cerebellar slices.
Topics: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Cadmium; Cerebellum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Glutamic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Nerve Fibers; Neuroglia; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synapses; Tetrodotoxin | 1997 |
Glutamate uptake impairment and neuronal damage in young and aged rats in vivo.
Topics: Aging; Amino Acids; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Kainic Acid; Kinetics; Male; Microdialysis; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1997 |
Effects of increased extracellular glutamate levels on the local field potential in the brain of anaesthetized rats.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Electrophysiology; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Male; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 1997 |
Continuous administration of the glutamate uptake inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate produces striatal lesion.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Glutamic Acid; In Situ Hybridization; Infusion Pumps, Implantable; Molecular Weight; Nerve Degeneration; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Osmotic Pressure; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1997 |
Evidence for neuronal origin and metabotropic receptor-mediated regulation of extracellular glutamate and aspartate in rat striatum in vivo following electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex.
Topics: Animals; Aspartic Acid; Benzoates; Calcium; Corpus Striatum; Cycloleucine; Dicarboxylic Acids; Egtazic Acid; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; Male; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Prefrontal Cortex; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Tetrodotoxin; Time Factors | 1998 |
Kappa receptor activation attenuates L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid-evoked glutamate levels in the striatum.
Topics: Animals; Benzeneacetamides; Calcium; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Kinetics; Male; Microdialysis; Naltrexone; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Perfusion; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Opioid, kappa | 1998 |
Elevated extracellular glutamate concentrations increased malondialdehyde production in anesthetized rat brain cortex.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Anesthesia; Animals; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Biological Transport; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; Male; Malondialdehyde; Microdialysis; Neurotoxins; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Oxidative Stress; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 1998 |
Effects of pharmacological inhibition of glutamate-uptake on ischaemia-induced glutamate efflux and anoxic depolarization latency.
Topics: Brain; Brain Ischemia; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Hypoxia; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines | 1998 |
Muscarinic receptors regulate extracellular glutamate levels in the rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Male; Microdialysis; Oxotremorine; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Muscarinic; Scopolamine | 1998 |
Regional differences in the effects of glutamate uptake inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid on extracellular amino acids and dopamine in rat brain: an in vivo microdialysis study.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Amino Acids; Animals; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Brain; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Glutamic Acid; Male; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Prefrontal Cortex; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Substantia Nigra; Ventral Tegmental Area; Visual Cortex | 1998 |
Dihydrokainate-sensitive neuronal glutamate transport is required for protection of rat cortical neurons in culture against synaptically released glutamate.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Calcium; Calcium Radioisotopes; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Extracellular Space; Fetus; Glutamic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Kainic Acid; N-Methylaspartate; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Synapses; Tetrodotoxin | 1998 |
Mechanism of selective motor neuronal death after exposure of spinal cord to glutamate: involvement of glutamate-induced nitric oxide in motor neuron toxicity and nonmotor neuron protection.
Topics: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Animals; Cell Death; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cyclic GMP; Dicarboxylic Acids; Embryo, Mammalian; Glutamic Acid; Models, Neurological; Motor Neurons; N-Methylaspartate; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Donors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spinal Cord | 1998 |
Involvement of the glutamate transporter and the sodium-calcium exchanger in the hypoxia-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ in rat hippocampal slices.
Topics: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Bepridil; Biological Transport; Calcium; Calcium Channel Blockers; Chelating Agents; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Fura-2; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Hypoxia; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Organ Culture Techniques; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium; Sodium-Calcium Exchanger | 1998 |
Transient inhibition of glutamate uptake in vivo induces neurodegeneration when energy metabolism is impaired.
Topics: Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Aspartic Acid; Biological Transport; Brain Chemistry; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Energy Metabolism; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Male; Microdialysis; Nerve Degeneration; Neurotoxins; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nitro Compounds; Propionates; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 1999 |
Plasma-induced changes in the physiology of mammalian retinal glial cells: role of glutamate.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cells, Cultured; Dicarboxylic Acids; Electroretinography; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Membrane Potentials; Neuroglia; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Plasma; Potassium Channels; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Retina | 1999 |
Reverse transport of glutamate during depolarization in immature hippocampal slices.
Topics: Aging; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Biological Transport; Calcium; Dicarboxylic Acids; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; In Vitro Techniques; Kainic Acid; Male; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Potassium; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium | 1999 |
Blockade of glutamate reuptake in the rat nucleus accumbens increases locomotor activity.
Topics: Animals; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glutamic Acid; Male; Microinjections; Motor Activity; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nucleus Accumbens; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Time Factors | 1999 |
Neurons depend on astrocytes in a coculture system for protection from glutamate toxicity.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Cell Communication; Cells, Cultured; Cerebellum; Culture Media, Conditioned; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Memantine; Mice; Neurons; Neurotoxins; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Signal Transduction; Tritium | 1999 |
Presynaptic kappa-opioid and muscarinic receptors inhibit the calcium-dependent component of evoked glutamate release from striatal synaptosomes.
Topics: 4-Aminopyridine; Animals; Calcium; Chelating Agents; Dicarboxylic Acids; Egtazic Acid; Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-; Enkephalins; Glutamic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Muscarinic Agonists; Muscarinic Antagonists; Naltrexone; Narcotic Antagonists; Neostriatum; Nerve Endings; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Potassium Channel Blockers; Potassium Channels; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Muscarinic; Receptors, Opioid, kappa; Receptors, Presynaptic; Synaptosomes | 1999 |
Contribution of glutamatergic systems in locus coeruleus to nucleus paragigantocellularis stimulation-evoked behavior.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Basal Ganglia; Behavior, Animal; Dicarboxylic Acids; Electric Stimulation; Electrodes, Implanted; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Kynurenic Acid; Locus Coeruleus; Male; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stereotaxic Techniques; Stereotyped Behavior | 1999 |
Effects of endogenous glutamate on extracellular concentrations of GABA, dopamine, and dopamine metabolites in the prefrontal cortex of the freely moving rat: involvement of NMDA and AMPA/KA receptors.
Topics: Animals; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Extracellular Space; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Male; Prefrontal Cortex; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Glutamate | 1999 |
The effect of glutamate uptake inhibitors on hippocampal evoked potentials in vitro.
Topics: Animals; Asparagine; Dicarboxylic Acids; Evoked Potentials; Female; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; N-Methylaspartate; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines | 1999 |
Prolonged enhancement of AP-1 DNA binding by blockade of glutamate uptake in cultured neurons.
Topics: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Animals; Biological Transport; Cells, Cultured; Cerebellum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dimerization; Dizocilpine Maleate; DNA-Binding Proteins; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Neurons; Neurotoxins; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Transcription Factor AP-1 | 1999 |
Nicotine stimulation of extracellular glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens: neuropharmacological characterization.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Aspartic Acid; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Biological Transport; Denervation; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; Haloperidol; Kainic Acid; Kinetics; Male; Mecamylamine; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nicotine; Nucleus Accumbens; Oxidopamine; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 2000 |
Presynaptic group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors may contribute to the expression of long-term potentiation in the hippocampal CA1 region.
Topics: Animals; Azetidinecarboxylic Acid; Calcium; Cycloleucine; Dicarboxylic Acids; Diglycerides; Electric Stimulation; Electroencephalography; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; Hippocampus; Long-Term Potentiation; Male; Neuroprotective Agents; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Presynaptic Terminals; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Resorcinols; Synaptosomes | 1999 |
SNARE protein-dependent glutamate release from astrocytes.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aspartic Acid; Astrocytes; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Botulinum Toxins; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Coculture Techniques; Dicarboxylic Acids; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Kainic Acid; Macrolides; Membrane Potentials; Membrane Proteins; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Neurons; Proton-Translocating ATPases; Pyrrolidines; Rats; SNARE Proteins; Vesicular Transport Proteins | 2000 |
Glutamate transport blockade has a differential effect on AMPA and NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the developing barrel cortex.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Aspartic Acid; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Benzothiadiazines; Biological Transport; Dicarboxylic Acids; Diuretics; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; GABA Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Kainic Acid; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Picrotoxin; Pyrrolidines; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors; Somatosensory Cortex; Synaptic Transmission; Thalamus | 2000 |
Na+-dependent high-affinity glutamate transport in macrophages.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Aspartic Acid; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Binding, Competitive; Carrier Proteins; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Glutamic Acid; Glutathione; Humans; Intracellular Fluid; Ion Transport; Macaca fascicularis; Macrophages; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microglia; Monocytes; Pyrrolidines; Sodium; Symporters; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha | 2000 |
Acute decrease in net glutamate uptake during energy deprivation.
Topics: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Aspartic Acid; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Biological Transport; Brain Ischemia; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Kinetics; Membrane Potentials; N-Methylaspartate; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Organ Culture Techniques; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyrrolidines; Quinoxalines; Rats | 2000 |
Prolonged synaptic currents and glutamate spillover at the parallel fiber to stellate cell synapse.
Topics: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Animals; Cerebellum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dizocilpine Maleate; Electric Stimulation; Evoked Potentials; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Nerve Fibers; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Time Factors | 2000 |
Effects of riluzole on electrically evoked neurotransmitter release.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Calcium; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Mice; Neostriatum; Neuroprotective Agents; Neurotransmitter Agents; Norepinephrine; Pyrrolidines; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Riluzole; Serotonin; Tetrodotoxin; Tritium | 2000 |
Enzymatic degradation protects neurons from glutamate excitotoxicity.
Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Fetus; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; Glutamic Acid; Kinetics; Mice; Neurons; Neurotoxins; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines | 2000 |
In vivo potentiation of glutamate-mediated neuronal damage after chronic administration of the glycolysis inhibitor iodoacetate.
Topics: Animals; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dizocilpine Maleate; Enzyme Inhibitors; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Amino Acids; Glutamic Acid; Glycolysis; Hippocampus; Iodoacetates; Male; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2000 |
Diethylmaleate decreased ascorbic acid release induced by cerebral ischemia in cerebral cortex of the anesthetized rat.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Anesthesia; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Brain Chemistry; Brain Ischemia; Carrier Proteins; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Extracellular Space; Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Glutamic Acid; Glutathione; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Male; Maleates; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Symporters | 2000 |
Pharmacological interference with glutamate re-uptake impairs long-term memory in the honeybee, apis mellifera.
Topics: Amnesia; Animals; Bees; Brain Chemistry; Conditioning, Classical; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Glutamic Acid; Memory; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Smell | 2000 |
Plasticity of excitatory amino acid transporters in experimental epilepsy.
Topics: Animals; Dicarboxylic Acids; Epilepsy; Female; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Kainic Acid; Magnesium; Neuronal Plasticity; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pilocarpine; Propionates; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, Glutamate; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Up-Regulation; Veratridine | 2000 |
Depression of retinal glutamate transporter function leads to elevated intravitreal glutamate levels and ganglion cell death.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Blotting, Western; Cell Death; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dicarboxylic Acids; DNA Primers; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; Glutamic Acid; Kainic Acid; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Oligonucleotides, Antisense; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptors, Neurotransmitter; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Vitreous Body | 2000 |
The effect of nucleotides and adenosine on stimulus-evoked glutamate release from rat brain cortical slices.
Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Deaminase; Animals; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glutamic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nucleotides; Purinergic P2 Receptor Agonists; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Triazines; Xanthines | 2000 |
Oxygen-independent real-time monitoring of distinct biphasic glutamate release using dialysis electrode in rat striatum during anoxia: in vivo evaluation of glutamate release and reversed uptake.
Topics: Animals; Cobalt; Computer Systems; Corpus Striatum; Dialysis; Dicarboxylic Acids; Electrodes; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; Hypoxia; Ions; Male; Microinjections; omega-Conotoxin GVIA; Oxygen; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sodium | 2000 |
Endogenous dopamine potentiates the effects of glutamate on extracellular GABA in the prefrontal cortex of the freely moving rat.
Topics: Animals; Benzazepines; Dialysis Solutions; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Dopamine Antagonists; Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Extracellular Space; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Locomotion; Male; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nomifensine; Prefrontal Cortex; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Dopamine D1; Receptors, Dopamine D2; Sulpiride; Time Factors | 2000 |
Strategies for studies of neurotoxic mechanisms involving deficient transport of L-glutamate: antisense knockout in rat brain in vivo and changes in the neurotransmitter metabolism following inhibition of glutamate transport in guinea pig brain slices.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Aspartic Acid; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Biological Transport; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Female; Glutamic Acid; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Techniques; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Neurotransmitter Agents; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thionucleotides | 2000 |
Transient increase in the high affinity [3H]-L-glutamate uptake activity during in vitro development of hippocampal neurons in culture.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Aspartic Acid; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Biological Transport; Carrier Proteins; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media, Serum-Free; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1; Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Kainic Acid; Neuroglia; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Symporters; Time Factors; Tritium | 2001 |
Possible linkage between glutamate transporter and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in cultured rat cortical astrocytes.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Astrocytes; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Blotting, Western; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Phosphorylation; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Glutamate; Signal Transduction | 2001 |
Previous exposure to amphetamine enhances the subsequent locomotor response to a D1 dopamine receptor agonist when glutamate reuptake is inhibited.
Topics: 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine; Amphetamine; Animals; Benzazepines; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine Agonists; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Synergism; Excitatory Amino Acid Agents; Glutamic Acid; Male; Microinjections; Motor Activity; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nucleus Accumbens; Pyrrolidines; Quinolines; Rats; Receptors, Dopamine D1; Receptors, Dopamine D2; Time | 2001 |
Effects of glial glutamate transporter inhibitors on intracellular Na+ in mouse astrocytes.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Astrocytes; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Benzofurans; Binding, Competitive; Cells, Cultured; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethers, Cyclic; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamic Acid; Intracellular Fluid; Kainic Acid; Mice; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Protein Isoforms; Pyrrolidines; Sodium; Stereoisomerism | 2001 |
Endogenous glutamate-taurine interaction in striatum and nucleus accumbens of the freely moving rat: studies during the normal process of aging.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Locomotion; Male; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nucleus Accumbens; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Taurine | 2001 |
Involvement of NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors in the effects of endogenous glutamate on extracellular concentrations of dopamine and GABA in the nucleus accumbens of the awake rat.
Topics: Animals; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Male; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nucleus Accumbens; Piperazines; Pyrrolidines; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, Kainic Acid; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate | 2001 |
Increases in cortical glutamate concentrations in transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice are attenuated by creatine supplementation.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Biological Transport; Body Weight; Brain Chemistry; Creatine; Dicarboxylic Acids; Disease Models, Animal; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microdialysis; Motor Activity; Motor Neuron Disease; N-Methylaspartate; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Oxidative Stress; Psychomotor Performance; Pyrrolidines; Superoxide Dismutase | 2001 |
Control of glutamate clearance and synaptic efficacy by glial coverage of neurons.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Aminobutyrates; Animals; Astrocytes; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Female; Glutamic Acid; In Vitro Techniques; Lactation; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Supraoptic Nucleus; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission | 2001 |
Strategies for neuroprotection against L-trans-2,4-pyrrolidine dicarboxylate-induced neuronal damage during energy impairment in vitro.
Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cerebellum; Coloring Agents; Convulsants; Cyclic N-Oxides; Dicarboxylic Acids; Energy Metabolism; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glutamic Acid; Mitochondria; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nitro Compounds; Nitrogen Oxides; Propionates; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium Azide; Tetrazolium Salts; Thiazoles; Vitamin E | 2001 |
Glutamate-glutamine cycle and aging in striatum of the awake rat: effects of a glutamate transporter blocker.
Topics: Aging; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Male; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2001 |
Increased ambient glutamate concentration alters the expression of NMDA receptor subunits in cerebellar granule neurons.
Topics: Animals; Blotting, Western; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Immunohistochemistry; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger | 2001 |
Comparison of effects of DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (DL-TBOA) and L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (t-2,4-PDC) on uptake and release of [3h]D-aspartate in astrocytes and glutamatergic neurons.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Cells, Cultured; Cerebellum; D-Aspartic Acid; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Mice; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Tritium | 2001 |
Modulation of primary afferent-mediated neurotransmission and Fos expression by glutamate uptake inhibition in rat spinal neurones in vitro.
Topics: Afferent Pathways; Animals; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Genes, fos; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; In Vitro Techniques; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Posterior Horn Cells; Propionates; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Pyrrolidines; Rats | 2001 |
Neurotoxicity of glutamate uptake inhibition in vivo: correlation with succinate dehydrogenase activity and prevention by energy substrates.
Topics: 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetoacetates; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Brain Ischemia; Convulsants; Creatine; Dicarboxylic Acids; Drug Interactions; Energy Metabolism; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Male; Neostriatum; Nerve Degeneration; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Neurotoxins; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nitro Compounds; Propionates; Pyrrolidines; Pyruvic Acid; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Succinate Dehydrogenase | 2001 |
Dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex during stress is reduced by the local activation of glutamate receptors.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; Animals; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Homovanillic Acid; Male; Microdialysis; N-Methylaspartate; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Prefrontal Cortex; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, Glutamate; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Stress, Physiological; Synaptic Transmission | 2001 |
Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase inhibition and depolarization induce glutamate release via reverse Na(+)-dependent transport in spinal cord white matter.
Topics: alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Benzodiazepines; Calcium; Dicarboxylic Acids; Enzyme Inhibitors; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Kynurenic Acid; Male; Membrane Potentials; Nerve Fibers, Myelinated; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Ouabain; Potassium; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Receptors, AMPA; Sodium; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Spinal Cord; Thiourea | 2001 |
Glutamate uptake inhibition modulates dorsal horn neurotransmission: a comparison between normal and arthritic rats.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Feedback, Physiological; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; In Vitro Techniques; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Posterior Horn Cells; Propionates; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Synaptic Transmission | 2001 |
Substrate exchange properties of the high-affinity glutamate transporter EAAT2.
Topics: Cells, Cultured; Central Nervous System; D-Aspartic Acid; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; Excitatory Amino Acids; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Radioligand Assay; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Tritium | 2001 |
Light-induced changes in glutamate release from isolated rat retina is regulated by cyclic guanosine monophosphate.
Topics: Aminoquinolines; Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cyclic GMP; Dark Adaptation; Dicarboxylic Acids; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glutamic Acid; Male; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Organ Culture Techniques; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Photic Stimulation; Purinones; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retina; Synaptic Transmission; Vision, Ocular | 2002 |
In vitro evidence that 5-hydroxytryptamine increases efflux of glial glutamate via 5-HT(2A) receptor activation.
Topics: Animals; Bucladesine; Calcium; Cell Line; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Culture Media, Conditioned; Dicarboxylic Acids; Diuretics; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Furosemide; Glutamic Acid; Neuroglia; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; Receptors, Serotonin; Serotonin; Serotonin Antagonists; Serotonin Receptor Agonists | 2002 |
High extracellular gamma-aminobutyric acid protects cultured neurons against damage induced by the accumulation of endogenous extracellular glutamate.
Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cytoprotection; Dicarboxylic Acids; Extracellular Space; GABA Agonists; GABA-A Receptor Agonists; GABA-B Receptor Agonists; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2002 |
Selective and AMPA receptor-dependent astrocyte death following prolonged blockade of glutamate reuptake in rat cerebellar cultures.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Cerebellum; Culture Media, Conditioned; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Protein Subunits; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA; RNA, Messenger | 2002 |
Secreted phospholipase A2 potentiates glutamate-induced calcium increase and cell death in primary neuronal cultures.
Topics: Animals; Antimutagenic Agents; Arachidonic Acid; Calcium; Calcium Channels; Calcium Signaling; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Cobalt; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Intracellular Fluid; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Phospholipases A; Phospholipases A2; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Signal Transduction | 2002 |
The speeding of EPSC kinetics during maturation of a central synapse.
Topics: Aging; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antihypertensive Agents; Benzothiadiazines; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Cerebellum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Glutamic Acid; Kinetics; Male; Nerve Fibers; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, AMPA; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission; Synaptic Vesicles | 2002 |
Activity-dependent recruitment of extrasynaptic NMDA receptor activation at an AMPA receptor-only synapse.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Cerebellum; Dendrites; Dicarboxylic Acids; Diffusion; Electric Stimulation; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; In Vitro Techniques; Interneurons; Iontophoresis; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, AMPA; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Recruitment, Neurophysiological; Synapses; Synaptic Transmission | 2002 |
L-trans-PDC enhances hippocampal neuronal activity by stimulating glial glutamate release independently of blocking transporters.
Topics: Animals; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; In Vitro Techniques; Membrane Potentials; Mice; Neuroglia; Neurons; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Synaptic Membranes | 2002 |
Glutamate-induced calcium increase in myotubes depends on up-regulation of a sodium-dependent transporter.
Topics: 2-Chloroadenosine; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Biological Transport; Calcium; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Cycloheximide; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Glutamic Acid; Mice; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle, Skeletal; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Purines; Pyrrolidines; Symporters; Up-Regulation | 2002 |
In vivo temporal sequence of rat striatal glutamate, aspartate and dopamine efflux during apomorphine, nomifensine, NMDA and PDC in situ administration.
Topics: Animals; Apomorphine; Aspartic Acid; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Dopamine Agonists; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; Electrodes, Implanted; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Glutamic Acid; Male; Microdialysis; N-Methylaspartate; Neostriatum; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nomifensine; Online Systems; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 2002 |
Oxidative neuronal death caused by glutamate uptake inhibition in cultured hippocampal neurons.
Topics: Acetylcysteine; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Antioxidants; Aspartic Acid; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dizocilpine Maleate; Drug Interactions; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Fluorescent Dyes; Glutamic Acid; Glutathione; Hippocampus; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Oxidative Stress; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reactive Oxygen Species | 2003 |
Glutamate transport alteration triggers differentiation-state selective oxidative death of cultured astrocytes: a mechanism different from excitotoxicity depending on intracellular GSH contents.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Apoptosis; Astrocytes; Biological Transport; Cell Death; Cell Differentiation; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Glutamic Acid; Glutathione; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Oxidative Stress; Pyrrolidines; Rats | 2003 |
Loss of GABAergic neuronal phenotype in primary cerebellar cultures following blockade of glutamate reuptake.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Carrier Proteins; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Cerebellum; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Fluorescent Dyes; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Gene Expression; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Glutamic Acid; Indicators and Reagents; Membrane Proteins; Membrane Transport Proteins; Neurofilament Proteins; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Organic Anion Transporters; Organic Chemicals; Propidium; Pyrrolidines; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Messenger; Time Factors | 2003 |
Glutamate-pyruvate transaminase protects against glutamate toxicity in hippocampal slices.
Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Survival; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Excitatory Amino Acids; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; In Vitro Techniques; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Pyruvic Acid; Rats | 2003 |
Glutamate-dependent glutamine, aspartate and serine release from rat cortical glial cell cultures.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Aspartic Acid; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Dexamethasone; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Neuroglia; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serine; Time Factors | 2003 |
The glutamate-dependent acid resistance system of Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri is inhibited in vitro by L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid.
Topics: Acids; Bacterial Proteins; Culture Media; Dicarboxylic Acids; DNA, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; In Vitro Techniques; Membrane Proteins; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Phenotype; Plasmids; Pyrrolidines; Shigella flexneri; Sigma Factor | 2003 |
Acetoacetate protects hippocampal neurons against glutamate-mediated neuronal damage during glycolysis inhibition.
Topics: Acetoacetates; Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dizocilpine Maleate; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Routes; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Interactions; Embryo, Mammalian; Enzyme Inhibitors; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Glutamic Acid; Glycolysis; Hippocampus; Iodoacetates; Male; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pregnancy; Pyrrolidines; Pyruvic Acid; Quinoxalines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Time Factors | 2003 |
Exogenous glutamate and taurine exert differential actions on light-induced release of two endogenous amino acids in isolated rat retina.
Topics: Animals; Dark Adaptation; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Kainic Acid; Male; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Organ Culture Techniques; Photic Stimulation; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Retina; Taurine | 2003 |
Cells over-expressing EAAT2 protect motoneurons from excitotoxic death in vitro.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Blotting, Western; Cell Communication; Cell Death; Coculture Techniques; Dicarboxylic Acids; Genetic Engineering; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Motor Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 2003 |
Glutamate uptake inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine 2,4-dicarboxylate becomes neurotoxic in the presence of subthreshold concentrations of mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionate: involvement of mitochondrial reducing activity and ATP production.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Cerebellum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Mitochondria; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nitro Compounds; Propionates; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2003 |
Brain excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) and treatment of methamphetamine toxicity.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Anxiety; Biological Transport; Brain; Cocaine; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Excitatory Amino Acids; Glutamic Acid; Male; Methamphetamine; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Motor Activity; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Stereotyped Behavior; Stress, Physiological | 2003 |
Effects of dehydroevodiamine exposure on glutamate release and uptake in the cultured cerebellar cells.
Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Bucladesine; Cells, Cultured; Cerebellum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Synergism; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Glutamic Acid; Male; Neuroglia; Neurons; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 2004 |
Adenosine A 2A receptor antagonists prevent the increase in striatal glutamate levels induced by glutamate uptake inhibitors.
Topics: Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; Glutamic Acid; Kainic Acid; Male; Microdialysis; Neuroprotective Agents; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrimidines; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Triazines; Triazoles | 2004 |
Cocaine-induced Fos expression in rat striatum is blocked by chloral hydrate or urethane.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Chloral Hydrate; Cocaine; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Drug Interactions; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Extracellular Fluid; Glutamic Acid; Male; Microdialysis; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Synaptic Transmission; Urethane | 2004 |
Differential roles of NR2A and NR2B-containing NMDA receptors in cortical long-term potentiation and long-term depression.
Topics: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Glutamic Acid; Long-Term Potentiation; Long-Term Synaptic Depression; N-Methylaspartate; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Phenols; Picrotoxin; Piperidines; Protein Subunits; Pyrrolidines; Quinoxalines; Rats; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate | 2004 |
Glutamate transporters and metabotropic receptors regulate excitatory neurotransmission in the medial entorhinal cortex of the rat.
Topics: alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Amino Acids; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Dicarboxylic Acids; Drug Interactions; Entorhinal Cortex; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; In Vitro Techniques; N-Methylaspartate; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Synaptic Transmission; Xanthenes | 2004 |
Differential effects of the substrate inhibitor l-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate (PDC) and the non-substrate inhibitor DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (DL-TBOA) of glutamate transporters on neuronal damage and extracellular amino acid levels in rat
Topics: Animals; Aspartic Acid; Behavior, Animal; Cell Death; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Electroencephalography; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Injections, Intraventricular; Male; Microdialysis; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2005 |
Role of glutamine and neuronal glutamate uptake in glutamate homeostasis and synthesis during vesicular release in cultured glutamatergic neurons.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Cells, Cultured; Citric Acid Cycle; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Glutamic Acid; Glutaminase; Glutamine; Homeostasis; Mice; Mitochondria; Neurons; Potassium; Presynaptic Terminals; Pyrrolidines; Synaptic Transmission; Synaptic Vesicles | 2005 |
Gliotoxicity in hippocampal cultures is induced by transportable, but not by nontransportable, glutamate uptake inhibitors.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Neuroglia; Neurons; Neurotoxins; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Valine | 2005 |
Protective effect of serofendic acid on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in rat cultured motor neurons.
Topics: Animals; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cysteine; Dicarboxylic Acids; Diterpenes; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Interactions; Embryo, Mammalian; Glutamic Acid; Motor Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nitric Oxide Donors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; S-Nitrosothiols; Spinal Cord; Time Factors | 2005 |
Protective effect of L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxilic acid preload against cell death induced by oxygen/glucose deprivation in differentiated PC12 cells.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Blotting, Western; Cell Death; Cell Differentiation; Cell Survival; Cystine; Dicarboxylic Acids; Drug Interactions; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; Extracellular Space; Glucose; Glutamic Acid; Glutathione; Glutathione Reductase; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Hypoxia; Models, Biological; Neuroprotective Agents; PC12 Cells; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Time Factors | 2005 |
Cerebral neurons of transgenic ALS mice are vulnerable to glutamate release stimulation but not to increased extracellular glutamate due to transport blockade.
Topics: 4-Aminopyridine; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Animals; Biological Transport; Dicarboxylic Acids; Disease Models, Animal; Dizocilpine Maleate; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins; Humans; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Microdialysis; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Superoxide Dismutase | 2006 |
Inhibition of glutamate uptake in the spinal cord induces hyperalgesia and increased responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons to peripheral afferent stimulation.
Topics: Action Potentials; Afferent Pathways; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; Glutamic Acid; Hyperalgesia; Male; Neurons, Afferent; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Nociceptors; Posterior Horn Cells; Presynaptic Terminals; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Spinal Nerve Roots; Synaptic Transmission | 2006 |
Effects of theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on neurotransmitter release and its relationship with glutamic acid neurotransmission.
Topics: Animals; Aspartic Acid; Brain; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Glutamates; Glutamic Acid; Glycine; Male; Microdialysis; Neurotransmitter Agents; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2005 |
Amino acid release at the spinomedullary junction after inflammation of the TMJ region in male and female rats.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Amino Acids; Animals; Arthritis; Carrier Proteins; Dicarboxylic Acids; Female; Glutamic Acid; Injections, Intra-Articular; Male; Medulla Oblongata; Microdialysis; Mustard Plant; Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Osmolar Concentration; Ovariectomy; Plant Oils; Potassium; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rest; Sex Factors; Spinal Cord; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders | 2006 |
Dissociation between hippocampal neuronal loss, astroglial and microglial reactivity after pharmacologically induced reverse glutamate transport.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Astrocytes; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Cell Death; Dicarboxylic Acids; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Encephalitis; Gliosis; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Male; Microglia; Nerve Degeneration; Neuroglia; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2006 |
Unexpected inhibitory regulation of glutamate release from rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals by presynaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A receptors.
Topics: Amphetamines; Animals; Calcium; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Drug Interactions; Enzyme Inhibitors; Glutamic Acid; Ketanserin; Male; Membrane Potentials; Neural Inhibition; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; omega-Agatoxin IVA; omega-Conotoxin GVIA; Presynaptic Terminals; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A; Serotonin Antagonists; Serotonin Receptor Agonists; Spiro Compounds; Sulfonamides; Synaptosomes; Time Factors | 2006 |
Glutamatergic activity modulates the phase-shifting effects of gastrin-releasing peptide and light.
Topics: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; Animals; Circadian Rhythm; Cricetinae; Dicarboxylic Acids; Drug Interactions; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Gastrin-Releasing Peptide; Glutamic Acid; Light; Male; Mesocricetus; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Photic Stimulation; Pyrrolidines; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus; Third Ventricle | 2006 |
Glia mechanisms in mood regulation: a novel model of mood disorders.
Topics: Affect; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Amygdala; Animals; Astrocytes; Behavior, Animal; Circadian Rhythm; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; Exploratory Behavior; Glutamic Acid; Kainic Acid; Male; Mood Disorders; Neuroglia; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Social Behavior | 2007 |
The effects of local perfusion of DAMGO on extracellular GABA and glutamate concentrations in the rostral ventromedial medulla.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Animals; Area Under Curve; Behavior, Animal; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-; Extracellular Fluid; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Hyperalgesia; Male; Medulla Oblongata; Microdialysis; Narcotic Antagonists; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Peptides; Potassium Chloride; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reaction Time | 2008 |
Preferential vulnerability of mesencephalic dopamine neurons to glutamate transporter dysfunction.
Topics: alpha-Synuclein; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Cells, Cultured; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Embryo, Mammalian; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1; Female; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Glutamic Acid; Mesencephalon; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; Pregnancy; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Reactive Oxygen Species; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase | 2008 |
Inhibitory neurotransmission and olfactory memory in honeybees.
Topics: Animals; Bees; Chloride Channels; Dicarboxylic Acids; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Ivermectin; Mandible; Memory; Pyrrolidines; Smell; Synaptic Transmission | 2008 |
Reverse glial glutamate uptake triggers neuronal cell death through extrasynaptic NMDA receptor activation.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Cell Death; Cells, Cultured; Coculture Techniques; Dicarboxylic Acids; Enzyme Activation; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; Glutamic Acid; Humans; Mice; Microtubule-Associated Proteins; Mitochondria; Neuroglia; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Recombinant Fusion Proteins | 2009 |
Region-specific neuroprotective effect of ZM 241385 towards glutamate uptake inhibition in cultured neurons.
Topics: Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Binding, Competitive; Biological Transport; Biomimetics; Blotting, Western; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Glutamic Acid; Neostriatum; Neurons; Neuroprotective Agents; Organ Specificity; Pregnancy; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Substrate Specificity; Triazines; Triazoles | 2009 |
Glutamatergic and GABAergic effects of fipronil on olfactory learning and memory in the honeybee.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Bees; Chloride Channels; Chlorides; Crotonates; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Insect Proteins; Insecticides; Learning; Membrane Potentials; Memory; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Olfactory Perception; Pyrazoles; Pyrrolidines | 2009 |
Glutamate uptake shapes low-[Mg2+] induced epileptiform activity in juvenile rat hippocampal slices.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Aspartic Acid; CA3 Region, Hippocampal; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epilepsy; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Kainic Acid; Magnesium; Magnesium Deficiency; Male; Neurons; Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins; Organ Culture Techniques; Patch-Clamp Techniques; Pyramidal Cells; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Synaptic Transmission | 2010 |
Glutamate induces glutathione efflux mediated by glutamate/aspartate transporter in retinal cell cultures.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Cells, Cultured; Chick Embryo; Dicarboxylic Acids; Glutamic Acid; Glutathione; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Retina | 2011 |
Reduction of plasma membrane glutamate transport potentiates insulin but not glucagon secretion in pancreatic islet cells.
Topics: Alanine; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Cell Membrane; Cells, Cultured; Dicarboxylic Acids; Epinephrine; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glucagon; Glucagon-Secreting Cells; Glucose; Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Insulin; Insulin Secretion; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Ketoglutaric Acids; Malates; Male; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Transcription, Genetic | 2011 |
Glutamate reduces experimental intestinal hyperpermeability and facilitates glutamine support of gut integrity.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Caco-2 Cells; Dicarboxylic Acids; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epithelial Cells; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glutamate Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; Glutamic Acid; Glutamine; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Isoxazoles; Permeability; Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate; Pyrrolidines | 2011 |
Evidence for a role of GABA- and glutamate-gated chloride channels in olfactory memory.
Topics: Animals; Bees; Chloride Channels; Conditioning, Psychological; Dicarboxylic Acids; GABA Antagonists; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Ion Channel Gating; Learning; Memory; Mushroom Bodies; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Odorants; Picrotoxin; Pyrrolidines; Smell | 2012 |
Supraspinal and spinal effects of L-trans-PDC, an inhibitor of glutamate transporter, on the micturition reflex in rats.
Topics: Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Animals; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Glutamic Acid; Infusions, Intraventricular; Infusions, Spinal; Muscle Contraction; Neural Inhibition; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reflex; Spinal Nerves; Time Factors; Urethane; Urinary Bladder; Urination | 2013 |
Prefrontal cortical kappa-opioid receptor modulation of local neurotransmission and conditioned place aversion.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Avoidance Learning; Benzeneacetamides; Dicarboxylic Acids; Dopamine; Drug Interactions; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Glutamic Acid; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Microinjections; Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials; Naltrexone; Narcotic Antagonists; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Prefrontal Cortex; Pyramidal Cells; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Receptors, Opioid, kappa; Synaptic Transmission | 2013 |
Enhanced asynchronous Ca(2+) oscillations associated with impaired glutamate transport in cortical astrocytes expressing Fmr1 gene premutation expansion.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Ataxia; Biological Transport; Calcium Signaling; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Dicarboxylic Acids; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1; Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 2; Female; Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein; Fragile X Syndrome; Glutamic Acid; Kinetics; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; N-Methylaspartate; Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; Pyrrolidines; Receptors, Glutamate; Receptors, Kainic Acid; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Tremor; Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion | 2013 |
The in ovo administration of L-trans pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid regulates small intestinal growth in chicks.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Dicarboxylic Acids; Diet; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Glutamic Acid; Intestine, Small; Organ Size; Pyrrolidines | 2014 |
Differences in extracellular glutamate levels in striatum of rats with high and low exploratory activity.
Topics: Animals; CA1 Region, Hippocampal; Corpus Striatum; Dicarboxylic Acids; Exploratory Behavior; Extracellular Space; Glutamic Acid; Hippocampus; Male; Microdialysis; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar | 2015 |
L-Glutamate deficiency can trigger proliferation inhibition via down regulation of the mTOR/S6K1 pathway in pig intestinal epithelial cells.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Cycle; Cell Proliferation; Dicarboxylic Acids; Down-Regulation; Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Regulation; Glutamic Acid; Intestines; Pyrrolidines; Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; Signal Transduction; Swine; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases | 2016 |
The role of inversely operating glutamate transporter in the paradoxical analgesia produced by glutamate transporter inhibitors.
Topics: Adrenergic alpha-2 Receptor Antagonists; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG; Analgesics; Animals; Aspartic Acid; Dicarboxylic Acids; Extracellular Space; Formaldehyde; Glutamic Acid; Male; Nociception; Pyrrolidines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley | 2016 |