pyrophosphate and superphosphate

The germination index (GI) is the best index for evaluating compost phytotoxicity and maturity. In order to improve GI and reduce phytotoxicity of chicken manure compost, superphosphate, biochar, and a microbial inoculum were added in this study. Maturity indices (pH, electrical conductivity, and GI), water-soluble ion, organic matter, humic acid, humic precursor contents, and the bacteria community were analyzed during the experiment. NH

Topics: Animals; Charcoal; Chickens; Composting; Diphosphates; Humic Substances; Manure; Soil

The aim of this research is to investigate monocalcium phosphate monohydrate [Ca(H

Topics: Diphosphates; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lead; Phosphates; Solutions; Water

Superphosphate fertilizer (SSP) as an additive can reduce the nitrogen loss and increase available phosphorus in composting but few studies investigated the effect of SSP addition on heavy metal and microbial communities. In this study, different ratios (10%, 18%, 26%) of SSP were added into pig manure composting to assess the changes of heavy metal (Cu, Mn, As, Zn, and Fe) fractions, bacterial and fungal communities as well as their interactions. SSP addition at 18% had lower ecological risk but still increased the bioavailability of Cu, Mn, and Fe in composts compared to control. Adding 18% SSP into compost decreased bacterial number and increased the fungal diversity compared to CK. Redundancy analysis indicated heavy metal fractions correlated significantly with bacterial and fungal community compositions in composting with 18% SSP. Network analysis showed adding 18% SSP increased microbial interaction and positive cooperation especially enhanced the proportion of Proteobacteria and Ascomycota.

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Composting; Diphosphates; Manure; Metals, Heavy; Microbiota; Soil; Swine

Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Calcium Sulfate; Composting; Diphosphates; Greenhouse Gases; Guanidines; Manure; Methane; Nitrous Oxide; Phosphorus; Soil; Swine

This study assessed the effects of superphosphate (SPP) and phosphogypsum (PPG) on the bacterial and fungal community succession and molecular ecological networks during composting. Adding SPP and PPG had positive effects on the bacterial richness and diversity, negative effects on the fungal richness and diversity. The microbial diversity and richness were higher in PPG than SPP. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis clearly separated SPP and PPG from the control treatment with no additives. The dominant genera comprised Turicibacter, Bacillus, norank_o_SBR1031, Thermobifida, norank_f_Limnochordaceae, Truepera, Thermopolyspora, Mycothermus, Dipodascus, Thermomyces, and unclassified_p_Ascomycota. In all treatments, the major bacterial species differed clearly in the later thermophilic, cooling, and maturation composting stages, whereas the main fungal species varied significantly in the thermophilic stage. The changes in the dominant microorganisms in SPP and PPG may have inhibited or promoted the degradation of organic matter during various composting stages. Adding SPP and PPG led to more complex bacterial networks and less complex fungal networks, where SPP had more adverse effects on the fungal networks than PPG. SPP and PPG could potentially alter the co-occurrence patterns of the bacterial and fungal communities by changing the most influential species. SPP and PPG changed the composition and succession of the microbial community by influencing different physiochemical properties during various composting stages where the pH was the main explanatory factor. Overall, this study provides new insights into the effects of SPP and PPG on the microbial community and its interactions during composting.

Topics: Animals; Calcium Sulfate; Composting; Diphosphates; Manure; Phosphorus; Soil; Swine

Use of water-soluble phosphorus (P) fertilizers such as superphosphates (SP) has been increasingly concerned due to the loss of P and trace metals such as cadmium (Cd) into the environment. Activated phosphate rock holds promising as an alternate due to non-destructive and slow release nature. The objective of this study was to assess the leaching potential of P and trace metals from newly developed activated dolomite phosphate rock (HA-DPR and SLS-DPR), as compared to water-soluble fertilizers, including superphosphate (SP), diammonium phosphate (DAP) and original dolomite phosphate rock (DPR). Two representative agricultural soils (Alfisol and Spodosol soil) were sampled at the 0-20 cm depth from two farms for the column leaching experiments. Seven leachings were conducted at day 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56, respectively, and a total of 1050 mL of deionized water (equivalent to half year's rainfall in the Indian River area) was applied for leaching. Leachates were collected from each leaching event and analyzed for water-soluble P and metals. Activated DPR application led to an increase in soil pH by 1.4-1.7 units, whereas SP resulted in a decrease in soil pH by 0.4-1.6 units. P leaching from activated DPR were 33-61 times less than that from SP or DAP. HA-DPR and SLS-DPR treatments reduced cumulative trace metals in leachate by 1.3-12.3 times for the Alfisol soil, and 1.4 to 8.4 times for the Spodosol soil, respectively. These results indicate that activated DPR fertilizers are more environmentally friendly than water-soluble fertilizers.

Topics: Calcium Carbonate; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Magnesium; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Soil; Soil Pollutants

Previous studies revealed that superphosphate fertilizer (SSP) as an additive in compost can reduce the nitrogen loss and improve the effectiveness of phosphorus during composting. However, few studies have explored the influence of adding SSP with high levels on ammonia and greenhouse gas emission and the suitable amount for SSP addition according to a combined assessment of the composting process and product. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of SSP with high additive amounts on NH

Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Carbon; Carbon Dioxide; Composting; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Greenhouse Gases; Manure; Methane; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Swine

Cellulose and lignin belongs to refractory organic matters in the traditional composting. In this research, the degradation of lignocellulose in dairy cattle manure was investigated through adding calcium oxide (CaO) and superphosphate (SSP). In the presence of CaO and SSP, the degradation rate of cellulose and lignin were improved by 25.0% and 8.33%, respectively. The results indicated that the pH value in system would be slightly higher with the addition of CaO and SSP. Besides, the pH value of all cow manure piles were about 8.4 after composting rotten, which could be well neutralized by the gradually acidified soil in the southwest of China with the full effect of fertilizer released. In addition, the abundance of Bacillales, Actinomycetes, and Thermoactinomycetaceae in the experimental groups (AR) was slightly better than that in the control groups (CK) during composting, which led to a conclusion that an elaborate physical-chemical-multivariate aerobic microorganism evolution model of cellulose degradation products (PCMC) was deduced and the physical-chemical-multivariate aerobic microorganism model of lignin cycle degradation (PCML) was developed.

Topics: Actinobacteria; Animals; Calcium Compounds; Cattle; Cellulose; China; Composting; Diphosphates; Female; Fertilizers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lignin; Manure; Oxides; Soil

This study investigated the impact of adding zeolite (F), superphosphate (G), and ferrous sulfate (L) in various combinations on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and improving nitrogen conservation during factory-scale chicken manure composting, aimed to identify the combination that optimizes the performance of the process. Chicken manure was mixed with F, G, FL, or FGL and subjected to windrow composting for 46 days. Results showed that global warming potential (GWP) was reduced by 21.9% (F), 22.8% (FL), 36.1% (G), and 39.3% (FGL). Further, the nitrogen content in the final composting product increased by 27.25%, 9.45%, and 21.86% in G, FL, and FGL amendments, respectively. The fertilizer efficiency of the compost product was assessed by measuring the biomass of plants grown in it, and it was consistent with the nitrogen content. N

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Composting; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Global Warming; Greenhouse Gases; Manure; Methane; Nitrogen; Nitrous Oxide; Soil; Zeolites

Single superphosphate (SSP) as an additive could improve phosphorus availability and reduce nitrogen loss for composts, but few studies have explored the influence of SSP on the transformation of carbon fractions in composting. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of different components of SSP, including calcium dihydrogen phosphate (CDP), calcium sulfate (CS) and free acid (FA) on organic matter degradation and maturity during pig manure composting. The results showed that CDP had significantly negative effects on the duration of thermophilic phase and organic matter degradation, but lengthened the curing phase for the transformation of organic matter. FA could intensify the inhibiting effect of CDP and postpone the biodegradation process of composting, but CS could buffer the effect of CDP on the degradation of organic carbon fractions by controlling pH. The study reveals the roles of different components of SSP to the transformation of organic carbon fractions, which lays a foundation for regulating the effects of chemical additives during composting. Regulating the content of CDP in SSP or applying SSP with other chemical additives to control the biotoxicity of excess phosphate on microbial activity should be concerned for complete and efficient composting in further study.

Topics: Animals; Composting; Diphosphates; Manure; Nitrogen; Soil; Swine

The world demand for phosphate has gradually increased over the last decades, currently achieving alarming levels considering available rock reserves. The use of soil microorganisms, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), has been suggested as a promising alternative to improve phosphorus-use efficiency. However, the effect of the source of phosphorus on the interactions within the soil microbial community remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the links between the total dry matter content of sugarcane and the interactions within the soil microbial community under different phosphate sources, with/without AMF inoculation. The phosphate sources were Simple Superphosphate (SS, 18% of P

Topics: Diphosphates; Phosphorus; Saccharum; Soil; Soil Microbiology

Factory-scale chicken manure composting added with zeolite (F), superphosphate (G), or zeolite and ferrous sulfate (FL) simultaneously, were evaluate for their effects on the behaviors of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and bacterial communities. After composting, ARGs in manure decreased by 67.3% in the control, whereas the reductions were 86.5%, 68.6% and 72.2% in F, G and FL, respectively. ARGs encoding ribosomal protection proteins (tetO, tetB(P), and tetM) were reduced to a greater extent than tetG, tetL, sul1 and sul2. Bacteria pathogens were also effectively removed by composting. Network analysis showed that Firmicutes were the important potential host bacteria for ARGs. The bacterial communities and environmental factors, as well as the intI gene, contributed significantly to the variation of ARGs. The ARGs and integrons were reduced more when zeolite was added than when superphosphate was added; thus, it may be useful for reducing the risks of ARGs in chicken manure.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Composting; Diphosphates; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Genes, Bacterial; Manure; Zeolites

The contamination of soil with heavy metals is a severe problem due to adverse impact of heavy metals on environmental safety and human health. It is essential to remediate soil contaminated with heavy metals. This study has evaluated the effects of pine biochar, kaolin, and triple super phosphate (TSP) on multiple heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Cu, and Cd) in contaminated soil and accumulation of heavy metals in plants. The amendments can reduce availability of heavy metals in soil by increasing pH, adsorption, complexation, or co-precipitation. Different amendments have variable effects on accumulation of heavy metals in plants and in soil due to its diverse mechanism of stability. The results showed that application of triple super phosphate (TSP) has significant reduced soil Cd exchangeable (EXC) fraction from 58.59 to 21.30%. Bound to carbonates (CAR) fraction decreased from 9.84 to 5.11%, and bound to Fe-Mn oxides (OX) fraction increased from 29.61 to 69.86%. The triple super phosphate (TSP) has the ability to stabilize Cu and especially Cd. However, triple super phosphate (TSP) has enhanced ecological risk of Zn and Ni. Application of pine biochar has significantly enhanced soil pH. The kaolin has significantly reduced EXC fraction of Cd and increased OX fraction of Cu. The amendments and heavy metals have not caused significant effect on SPAD value of Buxus microphylla Siebold & Zucc (B. microphylla). The triple super phosphate (TSP) has significant decreased biomass of B. microphylla and bamboo-williow (Salix sp.) by 24.91 and 57.43%, respectively. Pine biochar and kaolin have increased the accumulation of Zn and Cd in plants. It is concluded that triple super phosphate (TSP) was effective in remediation of Cd and kaolin was effective in remediation of Cd and Cu. Pine biochar was effective in remediation of Cd, Cu, and Zn.

Topics: Buxus; Charcoal; China; Diphosphates; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kaolin; Metals, Heavy; Pinus; Salix; Soil; Soil Pollutants

This study investigated the effects of phosphogypsum, superphosphate, and dicyandiamide on gaseous emission and compost quality during sewage sludge composting. Results showed that phosphogypsum reduced ammonia (NH

Topics: Calcium Sulfate; Composting; Diphosphates; Gases; Guanidines; Phosphorus; Sewage; Soil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of various indicators in the assessment of environmental pollution and to determine the response of pine to changes of pollution levels. Mezaparks is a part of Riga that has been subject to various long-term effects of atmospheric pollution and, in particular, historically from a large superphosphate factory. To determine the spatial distribution of pollution, moss, pine bark and soil O and B horizons were used as sorbents in this study, as well as the additional annual increment of pine trees. The current spatial distribution of pollution is best shown by heavy metal accumulation in mosses and the long-term accumulation of P

Topics: Air Pollutants; Bryophyta; Diphosphates; Environmental Monitoring; Forests; Latvia; Pinus; Plant Bark; Soil; Spatial Analysis; Trees

A field experiment was conducted from 2005 to 2008 in Fulton County, Western Illinois with biosolids from conventional wastewater treatment applied as corn fertilizer in a series of P rates (0, 163, 325, 488, 650 kg P ha(-1)) along with commercial P fertilizer - triple superphosphate P (TSP) as reference to assess biosolids-P plant availability and potential loss to waterbodies through runoff. Air-dried biosolids and TSP were incorporated into surface soil at end of 2005, and corn (Zea mays) was planted for three consecutive years (2006-2008). Concentrations of soil extractable P except for Mehlich-3 P were always lower in the biosolids than TSP treatments at the same P rates. The soil potentially available P in water extractable P (WEP) and Olsen P derived from biosolids-P estimated by the exponential depletion model was 2-4% and 15-24% of total P in the applied biosolids, respectively. The residence time of biosolids-induced WEP and Olsen P in Midwest soil under annual corn cropping was 5 and 2 years, respectively. Corn tissue analysis showed lower increase in P concentration by biosolids-P than TSP. The elevation rate of soluble reactive P (SRP) concentration in simulated runoff was less by biosolids than TSP. Based on the data in this study, the plant availability and environmental risk of biosolids-P are lower than those of TSP in the Midwest soil, thus use of biosolids as P nutrient for corn would not cause a major impairment to water sources even P applied through biosolids was not completely used by annual crop.

Topics: Biological Availability; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Illinois; Phosphorus; Risk Assessment; Soil; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Zea mays

Lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) contamination in croplands pose severe health hazards and environmental concerns throughout soil-food chain transfer. In the present study, BCR, TCLP, CaCl2, and SBET techniques were employed to evaluate the simultaneous effectiveness of rice straw (RS) and its derived biochar (BC), multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), and single superphosphate (SSP) to immobilize the Pb and Cu in co-contaminated soil. The BCR sequential extraction results suggested that with increasing BC and SSP amount, the acid-soluble fractions decreased while oxidizable and residual proportions of Pb and Cu were increased significantly. Compared to SSP, the application of BC amendment substantially modified partitioning of Cu from easily exchangeable phase to less bioavailable residual bound fraction. The immobilized Pb and Cu were mainly transformed to reducible forms. The TCLP and CaCl2-extracted Pb and Cu were reduced significantly by the addition of BC compared to RS and MWCNT, whereas the bio-accessibility of Pb significantly reduced with RS addition. SSP showed better results for Pb immobilization while marginal for Cu in co-contaminated soil. Overall, the addition of BC offered the best results and could be effective in both Pb and Cu immobilization thereby reducing their mobility and bioavailability in the co-contaminated soil.

Topics: Biological Availability; Charcoal; Copper; Diphosphates; Environmental Pollution; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Lead; Nanotubes, Carbon; Oryza; Plant Stems; Soil; Soil Pollutants

This study investigated the effects of phosphogypsum and superphosphate on the maturity and gaseous emissions of composting kitchen waste. Two amended compost treatments were conducted using phosphogypsum and superphosphate as additives with the addition of 10% of initial raw materials (dry weight). A control treatment was also studied. The treatments were conducted under aerobic conditions in 60-L reactors for 35 days. Maturity indexes were determined, and continuous measurements of CH4, N2O, and NH3 were taken. Phosphogypsum and superphosphate had no negative effects on compost maturity, although superphosphate inhibited the temperature rise in the first few days. The addition of phosphogypsum and superphosphate drastically reduced CH4 emissions (by 85.8% and 80.5%, respectively) and decreased NH3 emissions (by 23.5% and 18.9%, respectively). However, a slight increase in N2O emissions (by 3.2% and 14.8%, respectively) was observed. Composting with phosphogypsum and superphosphate reduced total greenhouse gas emissions by 17.4% and 7.3% respectively.

Topics: Air Pollutants; Ammonia; Calcium Sulfate; Diphosphates; Methane; Nitrogen Dioxide; Phosphorus; Refuse Disposal; Soil; Solid Waste

To study the effects of superphosphate (SP) on the NH, and greenhouse gas emissions, vegetable waste composting was performed for 27 days using 6 different treatments. In addition to the controls, five vegetable waste mixtures (0.77 m3 each) were treated with different amounts of the SP additive, namely, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. The ammonia volatilization loss and greenhouse gas emissions were measured during composting. Results indicated that the SP additive significantly decreased the ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gas emissions during vegetable waste composting. The additive reduced the total NH3 emission by 4.0% to 16.7%. The total greenhouse gas emissions (CO2-eq) of all treatments with SP additives were decreased by 10.2% to 20.8%, as compared with the controls. The NH3 emission during vegetable waste composting had the highest contribution to the greenhouse effect caused by the four different gases. The amount of NH3 (CO2-eq) from each treatment ranged from 59.90 kg . t-1 to 81.58 kg . t-1; NH3(CO2-eq) accounted for 69% to 77% of the total emissions from the four gases. Therefore, SP is a cost-effective phosphorus-based fertilizer that can be used as an additive during vegetable waste composting to reduce the NH3 and greenhouse gas emissions as well as to improve the value of compost as a fertilizer.

Topics: Ammonia; Carbon Dioxide; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Greenhouse Effect; Methane; Phosphorus; Refuse Disposal; Soil; Vegetables; Volatilization

Chronic industrial fluoride toxicosis in the forms of dental, skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis was investigated in 162 villagers (94 males and 78 females) above 15 years of age living in the vicinity of superphosphate fertilizer plants located approximately 12 km south of Udaipur city of Rajasthan, India. Out of these villagers, 90 (55.5%) and 29 (18.0%) were found to be afflicted with mild to severe dental and skeletal fluorosis, respectively. Dental fluorosis characterized with light to deep-brownish bilaterally striated horizontal lines, pits or patches and fine dots or granules was noted on incisor teeth of villagers. Irregular wearing, excessive corrosions (abrasions), dark-brownish pigmentation of exposed cementum and dentine material, diastem as between teeth, pronounced loss of tooth supporting bone with recession and bulging of gingiva (gum) were also present in subjects of older age group (>55 years). Among 29 (18.0%) individuals, mild to moderate manifestations of skeletal fluorosis such as crippling, kyphosis, invalidism and genu-varum syndrome were found. In these fluorotic subjects pain/rigidity in major joints viz. neck, back, hip, knee and shoulder was also found. None of the fluorotic subjects showed evidence of genu-valgum syndrome. Other signs of chronic industrial fluoride intoxication in soft tissues (non-skeletal fluorosis) included colic, intermittent diarrhoea or constipation, bloating, polyuria and polydipsia. These findings indicate that surrounding environment of superphosphate fertilizer plants is contaminated with fluoride emission, which in turn is causing diverse ill health effects in humans which are discussed.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bone Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diphosphates; Environmental Monitoring; Female; Fertilizers; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; India; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence

This study aimed to develop a new, complex pig manure treatment and filtration process. The final scheme, called the AMAK process, comprised the following successive steps: mineralization with mineral acids, alkalization with lime milk, superphosphate addition, a second alkalization, thermal treatment, and pressure filtration. The proposed method produced a filtrate with 95%, 80%, and 96% reductions in chemical oxygen demand, nitrogen content, and phosphorus content, respectively. An advantage of the proposed method was that it incorporated a crystalline phase into the solid organic part of the manure, which enabled high filtration rates (>1000 kg m(-2) h(-1)) and efficient separation. The process also eliminated odor emissions from the filtrate and sediment. The treated filtrate could be used to irrigate crops or it could be further treated in conventional biological wastewater treatment plants. The sediment could be used for producing mineral-organic fertilizer. The AMAK process is inexpensive, and it requires low investment costs.

Topics: Agricultural Irrigation; Animals; Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; Crops, Agricultural; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Filtration; Manure; Nitrogen; Odorants; Phosphorus; Sus scrofa; Waste Disposal, Fluid

A new type of superphosphate (organic complexed superphosphate (CSP)) has been developed by the introduction of organic chelating agents, preferably a humic acid (HA), into the chemical reaction of single superphosphate (SSP) production. This modification yielded a product containing monocalcium phosphate complexed by the chelating organic agent through Ca bridges. Theoretically, the presence of these monocalcium-phosphate-humic complexes (MPHC) inhibits phosphate fixation in soil, thus increasing P fertilizer efficiency. This study investigateed the structural and functional features of CSP fertilizers produced employing diverse HA with different structural features. To this end were used complementary analytical techniques: solid-phase ³¹P NMR, ¹³C NMR, laser-confocal microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and molecular modeling. Finally, the agronomical efficiency of four CSP have been compared with that of SSP as P sources for wheat plants grown in both alkaline and acidic soils in greenhouse pot trials under controlled conditions. The results obtained from the diverse analytical studies showed the formation of MPHC in CSP. Plant-soil studies showed that CSP products were more efficient than SSP in providing available phosphate for wheat plants cultivated in various soils with different physicochemical features. This fact is probably associated with the ability of CSP complexes to inhibit phosphate fixation in soil.

Topics: Chelating Agents; Chemical Phenomena; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Structure-Activity Relationship; Triticum

Increasing availability of soil arsenic is of significance for accelerating phytoremediation efficiency of As-polluted sites. The effects of seven amendments, i.e., citrate, oxalate, EDTA, sodium polyacrylate (SPA), phosphate rock (PR), single superphosphate (SSP), and compost on fractionation and phytoavailability of soil As were investigated in lab culture experiment. The results showed that the addition of PR, SPA, EDTA or compost to soils significantly increased the concentration of NaHCO(3)-extractable As over a 120 d incubation period compared with the control (amendment-free) soil. Then, the four amendments were selected to add to As-contaminated soil growing Pteris vittata. It was concluded that As accumulation by the fern increased significantly under the treatments of PR and SPA by 25% and 31%, respectively. For As fractionation in soil, SPA increased Fe-As significantly by 51% and PR increased Ca-As significantly by 18%, while both the two amendments reduced occluded-As by 16% and 19%, respectively. Adding PR and SPA in soil increased the activities of urease and neutral phosphatase resulting from the improvement the fertility and physical structure of the soil, which benefits plant growth and As absorption of P. vittata. The results of the research revealed that both PR and SPA were effective amendments for improving phytoremediation of As-contaminated sites by P. vittata.

Topics: Acrylic Resins; Arsenic; Biodegradation, Environmental; Chemical Fractionation; Citric Acid; Diphosphates; Edetic Acid; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Fertilizers; Oxalates; Phosphates; Pteris; Soil; Soil Pollutants

In situ immobilization of Pb and Cd in soil of two gardens in Golden Orchard of Chongqing was studied using soil ameliorants, which included eight treatments: control, quicklime, superphosphate, organic manure, quicklime + superphosphate, quicklime + organic manure, superphosphate + organic manure, and quicklime + superphosphate + organic manure. The results showed that all ameliorant treatments could decrease soil acidity in both the loquat garden and peach garden except the superphosphate treatment. Compared with the control, the soil pH in the two gardens increased by 0. 93 and 0. 79 with quicklime treatment for 120 d, respectively. Ameliorant treatments could decrease the bioavailability of Pb and Cd in the soil, and thus reduce the contents of Pb and Cd in the fruits. The available Pb contents in the soil of loquat garden and peach garden significantly decreased after the 150 d treatment with quicklime and superphosphate, by 3.46% and 3.56%, respectively, and the Pb contents in loquat and peach decreased by 18.3% and 14.44%, respectively. The available Cd content in the soil of loquat garden decreased by 10. 95% after the 150 d treatment with quicklime. The available Cd content in the soil of peach garden decreased by 7.09% after the 150 d treatment with quicklime, superphosphate and organic manure. Ameliorant treatments could further decrease the Cd content in loquat, and the Cd contents in loquat and peach decreased by 30.91% and 24.62% with quicklime treatment, respectively.

Topics: Cadmium; Calcium Compounds; China; Diphosphates; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Eriobotrya; Fruit; Lead; Manure; Oxides; Prunus; Soil; Soil Pollutants

Based on a 20-year experiment of fertilization with organic and chemical fertilizers on a Fluvo-aquic soil under wheat-corn cropping system, this paper studied the relationships between Olsen-P concentration in plough layer and crop yields as well as the accumulation and vertical translocation of Olsen-P in soil profile. The results showed that when the Olsen-P concentration in plough layer maintained at 10-40 mg x kg(-1), the grain yields of wheat and corn were higher, whereas when the concentration of Olsen-P in plough layer was higher than 40 mg x kg(-1), it started to leach, which meant that in light loam Fluvo-aquic soil, the threshold value for P leaching might be 40 mg x kg(-1). In the treatments of chemical fertilization (NPK) and corn straw returning (SNPK) with the P application rate of 77-90 kg x hm(-2), the Olsen-P concentration in plough layer was increased by 0.63-0.72 mg x kg(-1) per 100 kg x hm(-2) of applied P, with an annual increment of 0.49-0.65 mg x kg(-1) and needed 45-60 years for reaching the threshold value for P leaching. In the treatments of chemical fertilization combined with manure application (MNPK, MNPK2, and 1.5MNPK), the formula of Olsen-P accumulation in 0-20 cm soil layer were Y(MNPK) = 3.1097x + 6.9615 (R2 = 0.8562), Y(MNPK2) = 2.4765x + 13.563 (R2 = 0.9307), and Y1.5MNPK = 4.506x + 6.4464 (R2 = 0.8862). It might take 8 years to reach the threshold value for Olsen-P leaching when the P application rate in treatment 1.5MNPK was 210 kg x hm(-2), 11 years when the P application rate in treatments MNPK2 and MNPK was 125 and 140 kg x hm(-2). Organic fertilization combined with chemical fertilization increased the Olsen-P accumulation rate being 2.5 times higher than chemical fertilization. Excessive application of organic fertilizer could increase the accumulation and leaching of Olsen-P in soil profile.

Topics: Agriculture; Crops, Agricultural; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Manure; Organic Chemicals; Phosphorus; Soil; Time Factors; Triticum; Zea mays

Soil phosphorus (P) release capability could be assessed through the degree of P saturation (DPS). Our main objective was to determine DPS and, hence, P threshold DPS values of an Ultisol treated with triple superphosphate (TSP), Gafsa phosphate rocks (GPR), or Christmas Island phosphate rocks (CIPR), plus or minus manure. P release was determined by the iron oxide-impregnated paper strip (strip P), while DPS was determined from ammonium oxalate-extractable aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and P. Soils were sampled from a closed incubation study involving soils treated with TSP, GPR, and CIPR at 0-400 mg P kg-1, and a field study where soils were fertilized with the same P sources at 100-300 kg P ha-1 plus or minus manure. The DPS was significantly influenced by P source x P rate, P source x manure (incubated soils), and by P source x P rate x time (field-sampled soils). Incubated soil results indicated that both initial P and total strip P were related to DPS by exponential functions: initial strip P = 1.38exp0.18DPS, R2 = 0.82** and total strip P = 8.01exp0.13DPS, R2 = 0.65**. Initial strip P was linearly related to total P; total P = 2.45, initial P + 8.41, R2 = 0.85**. The threshold DPS value established was about 22% (incubated soil). Field soils had lower DPS values <12% and strip P was related to initial DPS and average DPS in exponential functions: strip P = 2.6exp0.44DPS, R2 = 0.77** and strip P = 1.1DPS2 ¨C 2.4DPS + 6.2, R2 = 0.58**, respectively. The threshold values were both approximately equal to 8% and P release was 11-14 mg P kg-1. Results are evident that DPS can be used to predict P release, but the threshold values are environmentally sensitive; hence, recommendations should be based on field trials.

Topics: Adsorption; Aluminum; Crops, Agricultural; Diphosphates; Eutrophication; Fertilizers; Iron; Manure; Phosphorus; Soil

Orthophosphate fixation of metal contaminated soils in environments that undergo freeze-thaw cycles is understudied. Freeze-thaw cycling potentially influences the reaction rate, mineral chemical stability and physical breakdown of particles during fixation. This study determines what products form when phosphate (triple superphosphate [Ca(H(2)PO(4))(2)] or sodium phosphate [Na(3)PO(4)]) reacts with lead (PbSO(4) or PbCl(2)) in simple chemical systems in vitro, and assesses potential changes in formation during freeze-thaw cycles. Systems were subjected to multiple freeze-thaw cycles from +10 °C to -20 °C and then analysed by X-ray diffractometry. Pyromorphite formed in all systems and was stable over multiple freeze-thaw cycles. Low temperature lead orthophosphate reaction efficiency varied according to both phosphate and lead source; the most time-efficient pyromorphite formation was observed when PbSO(4) and Na(3)PO(4) were present together. These findings have implications for the manner in which metal contaminated materials in freezing ground can be treated with phosphate.

Topics: Diphosphates; Freezing; Lead; Minerals; Phosphates

The problem of an extensive contamination of soils with metals can be resolved using an in situ chemical immobilization technology. Five substances (natural zeolite, bog iron ore, "Polifoska 15" fertilizer, triple superphosphate, diammonium phosphate) were tested to determine their efficiency to immobilize Zn, Pb and Cd in smelter-contaminated soil in the Upper Silesia region. Soil samples were collected at three sites located in the vincity of a Pb-Zn smelter and a sludge landfill near the town of Bukowno. Effective reduction of leachable and fitoavailable Zn, Pb and Cd concentrations in soil was observed after addition of diammonium phosphate, "Polifoska 15" fertilizer and bog iron ore amendments. Additional test proved that immobilization effect gained by these amendments sustains at low-temperature conditions. It was noticed that phosphate addition resulted in lowering pH and mobilization of As(V) in soils. Good immobilization effectiveness and lack of major adverse effects of bog iron application suggest that this is the method of choice.

Topics: Adsorption; Diphosphates; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Iron; Metallurgy; Metals, Heavy; Phosphates; Poland; Soil Pollutants; Temperature; Water Pollution; Zeolites

A study was conducted to compare the effects of phosphate (P) materials in reducing cadmium extractability. Seven P materials (commercial P fertilizers--fused phosphate (FP), 'fused and superphosphate' [FSP], and rock phosphate [RP]; P chemicals--Ca[H(2)PO(4)](2).H(2)O, [NH(4)](2)HPO(4), KH(2)PO(4), and K(2)HPO(4)) were selected for the test. The selected P source was mixed with Cd-contaminated soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg P kg(-1) under controlled moisture conditions at 70% of water holding capacity, then incubated for 8 weeks. FP, Ca(H(2)PO(4))(2) H(2)O, KH(2)PO(4), and K(2)HPO(4) significantly decreased NH(4)OAc-extractable Cd (plant-available form) concentrations with increasing application rates. Compared to other phosphate materials used, K(2)HPO(4) was found to be the most effective in reducing the plant-available Cd concentration in soil, mainly due to the negative charge increase caused by soil pH and phosphate adsorption. Contrary to the general information, FSP and (NH(4))(2)HPO(4) increased Cd extractability at low levels of P application (<400 mg kg(-1)), and thereafter Cd extractability decreased significantly with increasing application rate. RP scarcely had an effect on reducing Cd extractability. Ion activity products of CdHPO(4), Cd(OH)(2), and CdCO(3) analyzed by the MINTEQ program were significantly increased by K(2)HPO(4) addition, but the effect of Cd-P compound formation on reducing Cd extractability was negligible. Conclusively, the P-induced alleviation of Cd extractability can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than Cd-P precipitation, and therefore, alkaline P materials such as K(2)HPO(4) are effective for immobilizing soil Cd.

Topics: Cadmium; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Phosphates; Potassium Compounds; Soil; Soil Pollutants

Wastewater from phosphate fertilizer industry that contains essentially a significant amount of both fluoride and phosphate was treated by separative precipitation of fluoride ions with hydrated lime. Thus, a phosphate-rich effluent with low content of fluoride was obtained. The microtoxicity of the treated wastewater was then monitored by LUMIStox and its phytotoxicity was investigated on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), wheat (Triticum aestivum), maize (Zea mays), ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) seed germination and plant growth. The cress (Lepidium sativum) was used as a standard species for the germination index and phytotoxicity evaluation. Seedlings of four species (namely wheat, maize, ryegrass, and alfalfa) were grown in pots, which were irrigated with untreated wastewater, treated wastewater, aqueous solution of triple superphosphate fertilizer (TSP) or with tap water as control. LUMIStox tests showed that lime treatment allowed a significant toxicity removal. The treated water displayed beneficial fertilizing effect on plants. An increase in the germination index from 100% to 119% was observed. However, the untreated wastewater inhibited the species germination even when diluted 10 times. Neither plants mortality nor growth inhibition was observed after 90 days of treated wastewater application. Moreover, an improvement in plant growth, leaf number and a root development were noticed in these plants when compared with those irrigated with tap water or with fertilizer. In contrast, leaf necrosis and growth inhibition were observed in plants amended with raw wastewater. The irrigation with treated wastewater also improved soil labile P content. Indeed, soils amended with treated wastewater had more a double labile P concentration (38.15 mg kg(-1)) in comparison with control soil (15.53 mg kg(-1)).

Topics: Calcium Compounds; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Fluorides; Germination; Industrial Waste; Lolium; Medicago sativa; Oxides; Phosphates; Plant Development; Plants; Solanum lycopersicum; Toxicity Tests; Triticum; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Zea mays

With high rates of phosphorus applied to increase "capital P" as a stock for plant uptake over several years, the question of P leaching is inevitable. We conducted an intact soil column experiment in the field to evaluate P leached from soils treated with triple superphosphate (TSP) and Gafsa phosphate rock (GPR) at 300, 600, and 900 kg P ha-1 with and without integration of cattle manure. The lysimeters, made from PVC tubes of 30-cm length, were inserted into the soil up to the 25-cm depth. The tubes were fitted with a resin bag containing a mixture of cation and anion exchange resin (50:50) at the lower end of the tube inserted into the soil. The tubes, arranged in a completely randomized design, were sampled randomly at 10-week intervals for 12 months. Phosphorus extractable from the top- and subsoil at the end of experiment and leached P were determined. More P was leached out from TSP (threefold) compared to GPR, and the amount of P leached increased with increasing rates of P fertilizer applied. Application of manure intensified the amounts of P leached from TSP, particularly at the 6-month sampling time. There was hardly any substantial P leached from the soil treated with GPR. Thus, for effective and efficient long-term P fertilizer management strategies, choosing the right P fertilizer source and monitoring P losses through leaching has to be done for enhanced fertilizer use efficiency and thus reducing P pollution of ground waters.

Topics: Animals; Diphosphates; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Fertilizers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Manure; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Plant Development; Soil; Soil Pollutants

The effectiveness of different soil tests in assessing soil phosphorus (P) in soils amended with phosphate rocks (PRs) is uncertain. We evaluated the effects of triple superphosphate (TSP) and PRs on extractable P by conventional soil tests (Mehlich 3 [Meh3] and Bray-1 [B1]) and a nonconventional test (iron oxide-impregnated paper, strip). Extracted amounts of P were in the order: Meh3 >B1 > strip. All the tests were significantly correlated (p = 0.001). Acidic reagents extracted more P from TSP than PRs, while the strip removed equal amounts from the two sources. The P removed by the three tests was related significantly to dry matter yield (DMY), but only in the first harvest, except for B1. Established critical P levels (CPLs) differed for TSP and PRs. In PR-fertilized soils, CPLs were 27, 17, and 12 mg P kg(-1) soil for Meh3, B1, and strip, respectively, and 42, 31, and 12 mg P kg(-1) soil, respectively, in TSP-fertilized soils. Thus, the strip resulted in a common CPL for TSP and PRs (12 mg P kg(-1) soil). This method can be used effectively in soils where integrated nutrient sources have been used, but there is need to establish CPLs for different crops. For cost-effective fertilizer P recommendations based on conventional soil tests, there is a need to conduct separate calibrations for TSP- and PR-fertilized soils.

Topics: Diphosphates; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Fertilizers; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Plant Development; Plants; Reproducibility of Results; Setaria Plant; Soil

The efficiency of three phosphate fertilizers including triple superphosphate (TSP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), and phosphate rock (PR) as stabilizing agents of cadmium-contaminated soils has been assessed in this study. Two types of assessment criteria, (a) the reduction of leachable cadmium concentration; and (b) the changes in Cd association with specific operational soil fraction based on the sequential extraction data, are used in the evaluation of stabilization performance of each fertilizer. Results of the study showed that after the 60-day stabilization, the leachable concentrations of Cd in PR-, DAP- and TSP- treated soils reduced from 306 mg/kg (the control) to 140, 34, and 12 mg/kg with the stabilization efficiency as TSP>DAP>PR. Results from the assessment of Cd speciation via sequential extraction procedure revealed that the soluble-exchangeable fraction and the surface adsorption fraction of Cd in the soils treated with PO(4) fertilizers, especially with TSP, have been reduced considerably. In addition, it is found that the reduction was correspondingly related with the increase of more stable forms of cadmium: the metal bound to manganese oxides and the metal bound to crystalline iron oxides. Treatment efficiency increased as the phosphate dose (based on the molar ratio of PO(4)/Cd) increased. In addition, it was observed that stabilization was most effective when using the molar ratio of PO(4)/Cd at 2:1 and at least 21-day and 28-day stabilization time for TSP and DAP, respectively.

Topics: Adsorption; Cadmium; Diphosphates; Ferric Compounds; Fertilizers; Manganese Compounds; Oxides; Phosphates; Soil Pollutants

This study evaluated the effect of temperature, molluscicides (Copper sulphate and Niclosamide), fertilizers (Superphosphate and Ammonium sulphate) on the hatchability of Fasciola gigantica eggs. The results showed that hatchability decreased to 4% when eggs were incubated in bile secretion at 37 degrees C for 5 days and to 1.4% for 10 days, but few eggs incubated in water at 37 degrees C hatched. Bile secretion at 37 degrees C was a poor medium for in-vitro egg preservation. But, hatching occurred only when eggs were transferred to water at 26 degrees C. Temperature fluctuation from 26-4 degrees C or from 32-4 degrees C had an inhibitory effect on embryos development (35.2% & 32.3%, respectively) as compared to controls (60% & 63.9%, respectively). The incubation period (19 & 17 days) was higher than controls (14 & 12 days, respectively). The LC50 & LC90 of Copper sulphate and Niclosamide against Biomphalaria alexandrina and Lymnaea natalenesis had no toxic effect on Fasciola eggs. The higher concentrations of Copper sulphate (30 ppm) and Niclosamide (1 ppm) slightly lower eggs hatchability rate than controls. The rate decreased by increasing the exposure time from 3 to 6 hours with both molluscicides. Ammonium sulphate had a lethal effect on eggs, but Superphosphate had some inhibitory effect on egg development, which increased by increasing Superphosphate concentration or with the prolongation of the exposure time.

Topics: Ammonium Sulfate; Animals; Copper Sulfate; Diphosphates; Fasciola; Fertilizers; Molluscacides; Niclosamide; Parasite Egg Count; Temperature; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome

Phosphate fertilizer is one of the most important fertilizers. The authors determined nine kinds of major elements in superphosphate, the most important phosphate fertilizer, by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The detection range of SiO2, Al2O3, TFe2O3, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O and P2O5 is 15.0%-90.0%, 0.20%-25.0%, 0.20%-25.0%, 0.01%-0.35%, 0.20%-40.0%, 0.10%-35.0%, 0.10%-7.50%, 0.05%-7.50% and 1.00%-100.00% respectively, and the precision of the method for SiO2, Al2O3, TFe2O3, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O and P2O5 range from 0.20% to 0.005%, so the method of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is a fast and effectual method for detecting the composition of phosphate fertilizer. The contents of the above elements showed (1) the detected superphosphate content is 18.101% of P2O5, which is accordant to the labeled level (> or = 16%); (2) the detected superphosphate contains much SiO2, TFe2O3, MgO, CaO and K2O, which are necessary for plant growth and the content of which is 16.954%, 1.495%, 1.580%, 21.428% and 1.585% respectively. These data showed that phosphate fertilizer sometimes can supply some trace elements for plants, but we should eliminate the interference effect of these elements when we research the role of phosphorus; (3) superphosphate contains 3.225% of Al2O3, so the authors should attention to the aluminium poison when superphosphate is used chronically.

Topics: Aluminum Oxide; Calcium Compounds; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Magnesium Oxide; Oxides; Potassium Compounds; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Compounds; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission

To reduce effectively cadmium (Cd) phytoextractability by phosphate fertilizer in Cd contaminated soil, fused and superphosphate (FSP) was applied at the rate of 0, 33.5 (recommendation level), 167.5, and 335 kg P ha(-1) for radish (Raphanus sativa L.). Unlike from what we expected, soil Cd extractability and Cd concentration in radish increased with increasing FSP application in the field. To determine the effect of FSP on Cd immobilization, FSP was mixed with the selected soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg P kg(-1) and then incubated for 8 weeks. As observed in the field study, NH(4)OAc extractable Cd concentration increased slightly with FSP addition up to 400 mg P kg(-1) and thereafter dramatically decreased upon increasing its application rate. Soil pH and negative charge were decreased at low level of FSP application up to 400 mg P kg(-1), but thereafter continually increased with increasing application level. This could be indirect evidence that net soil negative charge was increased by the specific adsorption of phosphate at the high rate of FSP application over 400 mg P kg(-1). The labile Cd fraction (water soluble and exchangeable+acidic fraction) increased with increasing FSP application by 400 mg P kg(-1) and thereafter gradually decreased with corresponding increase in unlabile fraction (oxidizable and residual fraction). Based on these results, FSP might be applied with a very high rate over 800 mg P kg(-1) to decrease Cd extractability in the selected field. However, this level is equivalent to 1440 kg P ha(-1), which is about 43 times higher than the recommendation levels for radish production and resulted in a significant increase in water soluble P concentration creating a new environmental problem. Therefore, the feasibility of FSP to reduce Cd extractability in the field is very low.

Topics: Cadmium; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Plant Roots; Plant Shoots; Raphanus; Soil Pollutants

Nutrient losses to surface waters following fertilization contribute to eutrophication. This study was conducted to compare the impacts of fertilization with inorganic fertilizer, swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) manure or poultry (Gallus domesticus) litter on runoff water quality, and how the duration between application and the first runoff event affects resulting water quality. Fertilizers were applied at 35 kg P ha-1, and the duration between application and the first runoff event varied between 1 and 29 days. Swine manure was the greatest risk to water quality 1 day after fertilization due to elevated phosphorus (8.4 mg P L-1) and ammonium (10.3 mg NH4-N L-1) concentrations; however, this risk decreased rapidly. Phosphorus concentrations were 2.6 mg L-1 29 days after fertilization with inorganic fertilizer. This research demonstrates that manures might be more environmentally sustainable than inorganic fertilizers, provided runoff events do not occur soon after application.

Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Chickens; Diphosphates; Environmental Monitoring; Eutrophication; Fertilizers; Manure; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Rain; Swine; Time Factors; Urea; Water Movements; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution

To select the optimum formula fertilization of Isatis indigotica through analyzing the yield and contents of polysaccharide of Radix Isatis for different treatments.. An orthogonal experiment design on the basis of three factors and four levels was applied for studying the effect of formula fertilization on yield. The contents of polysaccharides were determined with phenol-witriolic colorimetry.. The optimum formula fertilization of Radix Isatis was carbamide 869.0 kg x hm(-2), superphosphate 1 428.6 kg x hm(-2) and potassium sulfate 0 kg x hm(-2).. Superphosphate can observably influence the yields of Radix Inditis. while carbamide influence the contents of polysaccharide of Radix Inditis.

Topics: Biomass; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Isatis; Plant Roots; Plants, Medicinal; Polysaccharides; Sulfates; Urea

To describe the dissemination of asbestos fibres within the Western Australian community.. A case report.. A 60-year-old female was referred for investigation of calcified pleural plaques. On questioning, she recalled exposure to asbestos as a child on the family farm. She had shaken hessian bags prior to recycling to the fertiliser supplier. Her father survived to 90 years. Her mother died from malignant pleural mesothelioma. Four of five siblings had shaken the bags, two had radiographic evidence of pleural plaques while two others had not had recent chest x-rays.. It appears that the use of recycled hessian bags for the fertiliser industry was endemic in the State during the period 1943-66. It is possible that many farmers and their families have had similar exposure to asbestos.. The risk of developing an asbestos-related disease is not restricted to any specific social or employment groups within the Australian community.

Topics: Asbestos; Diphosphates; Female; Fertilizers; Humans; Middle Aged; Occupational Exposure; Pleural Diseases; Product Packaging; Western Australia

The effects of p.o. administration of the combination of malathion + superphosphate or urea on Najdi sheep were evaluated in sheep dosed as untreated controls, malathion-treated at 25 mg/kg/d, superphosphate-treated at 450 mg/kg/d, urea-treated at 450 mg/kg/d, malathion-treated at 25 mg/kg/d + superphosphate treated at 450 mg/kg/d, or malathion treated at 25 mg/kg/d + urea treated at 450 mg/kg/d. Oral doses of malathion alone were lethal after 6 d, and malathion + urea were fatal after 6-8 d. Malathion + superphosphate caused death after 2-3 d. Malathion, but not superphosphate or urea, inhibited serum cholinesterase activity. Hepatonephropathy correlated with changes in serum AST, ALP, cholesterol, triglyceride, bilirubin, urea, total protein and albumin. Neither malathion nor its combination with superphosphate or urea caused peripheral neuropathy.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Diphosphates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fertilizers; Insecticides; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Malathion; Male; Sheep; Urea

Grape waste was composted by biodegradation and subsequently used as an organic fertilizer for 20 day-corn. Combinations of recently compressed grape waste and hen droppings (10% w/w) were prepared to study the activating effect of hen droppings and the effect of aeration on the composting process. The final hydrogen potential (pH), %C, %N and C/N ratio, indicated an adequate development of the bioprocess. Satisfactory results were observed when the products were applied at several doses (1,000-4,000 kg/ ha) as a soil conditioner for corn seed germination in greenhouses. Only the addition of hen droppings had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on corn dry matter (14% increase). A dose of 3000 kg/ha was considered as optimal and was used supplemented with triple superphosphate (TSP) in agronomic trials. All the treatments produced greater corn dry matter (P < 0.05) than the chemical industrial fertilizer used as a control (0.52-0.71 g/pot for the organic fertilizers vs 0.45 g/pot for the control). Anaerobic conditions and hen droppings addition significantly produced (P < 0.05) higher corn dry matter.

Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Industrial Waste; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Potassium; Rosales; Temperature; Time Factors; Waste Management

The effects of individual chemical fertilizers (urea, superphosphate and potash) on the toxicity of two carbamate insecticides (carbaryl and carbofuran) to the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena PCC 7120, were studied in vitro at partial lethal levels of each insecticide. Urea at 10 and 50 ppm levels reduced the toxicity due to carbaryl at 50 ppm partial lethal dose and due to carbofuran at 100 and 250 ppm partial lethal doses. Urea at 100 ppm enchanced the toxicity of both insecticides. Superphosphate at 10 ppm reduced the toxicity of carbaryl at 50 ppm and carbofuran at 100 and 250 ppm, but it enhanced the toxicity due to both insecticides at 50 ppm superphosphate. The toxicity due to carbaryl at 40 and 60 ppm were reduced by 100 and 200 ppm potash, but higher potash levels caused enhancement of toxicity. Carbofuran toxicity at 100 ppm was reduced but at 250 ppm the toxicity was enhanced with 100 ppm potash. Urea, superphosphate and potash caused no significant change in number of vegetative cells between the successive heterocysts at 10 and 50 ppm of urea and superphosphate, respectively, and 100 ppm of potash.

Topics: Anabaena; Carbamates; Diphosphates; Drug Interactions; Fertilizers; Hydroxides; Insecticides; Potassium Compounds; Soil Microbiology; Urea

Signs of dental discolouration, difficulty in mastication, bony lesions, lameness, debility and mortality in domesticated animals, reared around superphosphate fertiliser plants located approximately 15 km north of Udaipur, Rajasthan prompted us to investigate for the occurrence of fluorosis. Out of 166 animals clinically examined, the prevalence rate was 17.4% (4/23) in calves below 1 year of age, 37.2% (16/43) in cattle between 1 and 3 years, 61.3% (46/75) in cattle above 3 years and 72% (18/25) in buffalo above 1 year. Dental fluorosis was common in buffalo compared to cattle of all the age groups. Fluoride levels in fodder and water, consumed by the animals were much higher than the recommended permissible limit. Mean fluoride concentrations in serum and urine were 1.53 +/- 1.27 and 26.4 +/- 6.17 mg l(-1) in calves below 1 year of age, 0.56 +/- 0.17 and 26.2 +/- 3.86 mg l(-1) in cattle of 1-3 years, 0.49 +/- 1.13 and 27.5 +/- 4.63 mg l(-1) in cattle above 3 years and 0.60 +/- 0.07 and 28.6 +/- 4.73 mg l(-1) in buffalo over 1 year, respectively. The values were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those of control animals kept over a 15-km distance from the factories. Fluoride concentrations in the environmental sample collected from the affected locality were 534.4 +/- 74.9 mg kg(-1) in fodder, 1.19 +/- 0.29 mg l(-1) in pond water and 0.479 +/- 0.351 mg l(-1) in tube well water. It was concluded that the consumption of fodder and water contaminated by the fumes and dusts emitting from superphosphate fertiliser plants resulted in the development of chronic fluorotic lesions in cattle and buffalo.

Topics: Air Pollutants; Animal Feed; Animals; Buffaloes; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chemical Industry; Diphosphates; Exostoses; Female; Fertilizers; Fluoride Poisoning; Fluorides; Fluorosis, Dental; Food Contamination; Gait; India; Industrial Waste; Male; Prevalence; Water Pollutants, Chemical

The survival rate of B. alexandrina snails maintained in aqueous solutions of the two tested plants (Calendula micrantha and Anagallis arvensis) decreased gradually with time until the 9th week and 10th week where the survival rate was zero in the high concentration of A. arvensis and C. micrantha, respectively, meanwhile, the survival rate of the control was 20%. Also, the two plants caused reduction in hatchability of snails egg masses. Thus, the percent of hatching in A. arvensis (82 ppm) was 46% and in C. micrantha was 72% compared with control (97.29%). Both plants reduced the infection rate of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia to 41.17% and 61.9%, respectively, compared with control (90%). C. micrantha caused much higher reduction in snail infection rate than A. arvensis. The prepatent period was significantly prolonged in snails maintained at higher concentration of both plants. The cercarial output (expressed as mean number/snail) revealed that, A. arevensis caused a significant reduction in cercarial production than control. While, high concentration (120 ppm) of C. micrantha caused a significant elevation in the mean number of cercariae/snail. However, the total number of cercariae produced by all snails in each group showed a reverse relation with the tested concentrations in both plants.

Topics: Animals; Asteraceae; Biomphalaria; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Magnoliopsida; Molluscacides; Nitrates; Schistosomiasis; Sulfates

Topics: Ammonia; Calcium Sulfate; Diphosphates; Jordan; Manure; Phosphoric Acids

Sustainability of conventional agriculture is based upon a high input of agrochemicals, such as phosphate fertilizers. Conventional inorganic phosphorus fertilizers may cause an inadvertent addition of heavy metals, which are contained as impurities. Fertilizers commonly used in Argentina were analyzed to determine concentrations of chromium, cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel and lead. Rock phosphate contained the highest levels of cadmium and zinc, chromium was enhanced in diammonium phosphate and copper and lead were high in one superphosphate sample. Urea-phosphate contained the lowest levels of heavy metals. Concentrations of heavy metals varied considerably and the levels of Cd and Pb in some analyzed materials were significant relative to those naturally present in soils. Continuous fertilization of soils could increase the heavy metal contents exceeding natural abundances in soils, and transfer of these metals to the human food chain must not be overlooked.

Topics: Argentina; Cadmium; Chromium; Copper; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Lead; Metals, Heavy; Nickel; Phosphates; Soil Pollutants; Zinc

Topics: Animals; Body Mass Index; Bone Diseases; Chemical Industry; Diphosphates; Erythrocytes; Female; Fertilizers; Humans; Leukocytes; Male; Mice; Muscular Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Occupational Diseases

Consumption of superphosphate fertilizer by 200 pregnant ewes resulted in signs of toxicosis in 41 ewes, 14 of which died. Predominant clinical signs were marked teeth grinding, voluminous diarrhea, CNS depression, apparent blindness, and a stiff-legged atactic gait. Biochemical abnormalities were hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, and a high anion gap. The primary toxic principal in superphosphate fertilizers is the fluorine contaminant; however, calcium pyrophosphate and calcium orthophosphate also contribute to toxicosis, which results in acute proximal renal tubular necrosis. Voluntary consumption of superphosphate fertilizer in well-fed livestock is not expected, and was believed to be related to the lack of availability of salt.

Topics: Animals; Diphosphates; Female; Fertilizers; Poisoning; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Sheep; Sheep Diseases

The general morbidity and transitory disablement in workers engaged into superphosphate production was assessed in connection with age, sex and length of service. The results proved its possibility to serve as informative criteria for the hazardous occupational conditions evaluation.

Topics: Absenteeism; Adult; Age Factors; Azerbaijan; Chemical Industry; Diphosphates; Female; Fertilizers; Humans; Incidence; Male; Occupational Diseases; Sex Factors; Time Factors

Three commonly used fertilizers, urea, single superphosphate and muriate of potash, induced chromosome and chromatid breaks in the metaphase chromosomes of bone marrow cells of fertilizer-fed Swiss albino mice, Mus musculus. The breaks caused by urea and phosphate were non-randomly distributed, since they were more frequent in the longer chromosomes than in the smaller ones, and more common in the distal region than in the juxtacentromeric and median regions. The breaks induced by muriate of potash were randomly distributed in both the length and region of the chromosomes.

Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow; Chromosome Aberrations; Diphosphates; Female; Fertilizers; Hydroxides; Male; Mice; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Urea

The fourteen-day kinetics of fluorine (F) elimination in urine was followed up in 24 operators from three main workshops of the plant for phosphorous fertilizers. The concentration of F in urine was determined at the beginning, by 6th h and during the last two hours of a working shift in four successive days and at the beginning of the following production cycle after the discontinuation of the exposure. In parallel, the gas-like fluorine compounds in the air of working environment was also determined. Analogous investigations were performed with a control group--30 non-exposed workers. A potentio-metric method with fluorine-selective electrode was used for the determination of F content in urine and the concentration of the gas-like fluorides in the air. A well manifested tendency to increased excretion was established by the end of the working shift and in the course of the working cycle. The data on the rate of fluorine elimination show that it is the highest during the last two exposure hours, most manifested in the workers from the workshop TSP, less-in the workshop PhA and least--in the workshop NTPP. The concentration of fluorine ions in urine for the three groups of workers investigated, was increased as compared with control values, both by 6th h and during the last two hours.

Topics: Bulgaria; Chemical Industry; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Fluorine; Humans; Kinetics; Time Factors

Topics: Air Pollution; Arsenic; Atmosphere; Chemical Industry; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Phosphates; Toxicology; USSR

Topics: Chemical Industry; Diphosphates; Drainage; Fertilizers; Fluorosis, Dental; Phosphates; Uzbekistan; Wastewater; Water Pollution; Water Supply

Topics: Air Pollution; Child; Dental Caries; Diphosphates; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Latvia; Phosphates; Toxicology

Topics: Diphosphates; Occupational Medicine

Phosphates in fertilizers contain cadmium. When vegetables usually devoid of cadmium were grown in soil heavily fertilized with 20 percent superphosphate, they absorbed it. Vegetables normally containing cadmium absorbed larger quantities in the presence of superphosphate and little or none in its absence. The superphosphate showed 7.25 parts of cadmium per million. Five grains usually containing cadmium were grown in unfertilized soil poor in this element; four did not absorb it. Phosphate fertilizers may be a source of the cadmium in some vegetable foods.

Topics: Cadmium; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Phosphates; Plants; Plants, Edible; Soil; Soil Pollutants; Vegetables

Topics: Diphosphates; Dust; Humans; Occupational Diseases; Phosphates

Topics: Chemical Industry; Diphosphates; Humans; Sewage; Uzbekistan

Topics: Diphosphates; Disease; Fluorides; Fluorine; Humans; Occupational Diseases; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Diseases

Topics: Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Phosphates; Salmonella

Topics: Air Pollution; Child; Diphosphates; Humans; Phosphates; Plants

Topics: Agriculture; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Humans; Phosphates

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Calcium Compounds; Diphosphates; Oxides; Phosphates

Topics: Communicable Diseases; Diphosphates; Garbage; Industry; Phosphates; Soil

Topics: Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Fluorides; Humans; Phosphates

Topics: Bacteria; Bacteriology; Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Phosphorus; Phosphorus, Dietary; Soil; Soil Microbiology

Topics: Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Occupational Diseases; Sulfuric Acids

Topics: Diphosphates; Humans; Nasal Septum; Occupational Diseases; Rhinitis; Sulfuric Acids