pyrophosphate and potassium-nitrate

Topics: Dental Calculus; Dentifrices; Dentin Sensitivity; Diphosphates; Drug Combinations; Gingival Recession; Humans; Maleates; Nitrates; Polyethylenes; Potassium Compounds; Sodium Fluoride

A randomized, two-compartment calculus clinical study of twelve-weeks duration was conducted among a group of calculus-forming subjects in the St. Louis area. The purpose of this parallel and double-blind clinical study was to compare the effect of a dentifrice containing 5.0% potassium nitrate, 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate, 1.5% PVM/MA copolymer and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base, to that of a placebo dentifrice, with regard to supragingival calculus formation. The study examiner, using the Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index, selected a panel of calculus-prone men and women who had completed a one-month placebo regimen. The Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index scores and the number of completely calculus-free sites were recorded. One-hundred and fifteen subjects were entered into the study. After an oral soft and hard tissue examination, the subjects were given a complete oral prophylaxis and randomly assigned to use either the placebo or test dentifrice for a 12-week home-use period. They were prohibited from using any other means of oral hygiene during the study. After completing 12 weeks of twice-daily brushing at home using their assigned toothpaste and a standard soft-bristled toothbrush, subjects were again assessed for supragingival calculus deposits and calculus-free sites. The dentifrice containing 5.0% potassium nitrate, 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate, 1.5% PVM/MA copolymer and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base, inhibited supragingival calculus formation by 54.4%, as compared to a 0.243% sodium fluoride silica-based placebo dentifrice. The mean Volpe-Manhold Calculus Index scores were compared statistically and the difference indicated statistical significance at probability of 0.01 by means of an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The number of calculus-free sites, a second parameter of efficacy, also was compared and demonstrated an absolute difference of 32.6% in favor of the group using the dentifrice containing potassium nitrate, soluble pyrophosphate and PVM/MA copolymer compared to a placebo dentifrice (37.8% vs 5.2%, respectively). An analysis of covariance indicated that this improvement showed statistical significance at a probability of 0.01.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Dental Calculus; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Maleates; Middle Aged; Nitrates; Polyethylenes; Potassium Compounds; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Fluoride

The effect on dentinal hypersensitivity from the use of a dentifrice containing 5.0% potassium nitrate, 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate, 1.5% PVM/MA copolymer, and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base over a twelve-week period was compared to a matching placebo dentifrice without potassium nitrate. A total of sixty-seven subjects were entered into the study, and stratified into two balanced groups according to their baseline mean thermal (threshold) temperature (Thermodontic Stimulator) and baseline mean tactile (Yeaple Probe) sensitivity scores. The two groups were randomly assigned to use either the potassium nitrate/copolymer/pyrophosphate dentifrice or the placebo dentifrice. The two groups were well balanced with regard to their mean baseline thermal and tactile sensitivity scores, sex and age. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice and a commercially available soft-bristled toothbrush. Dentinal hypersensitivity examinations, which included tactile sensitivity, threshold thermal sensitivity, pain thermal sensitivity, air blast, and a visual analog scale were conducted at baseline, six weeks, and twelve weeks. All examinations were conducted by the same dental examiner. After six weeks' use of their assigned products, those subjects in the potassium nitrate/copolymer/pyrophosphate dentifrice group demonstrated statistically significant improvements (p < 0.01), as compared to the placebo dentifrice, in the following parameters: 1) tactile; 2) thermal (threshold and pain); and 3) air blast. After twelve weeks' use of their assigned products, those subjects in the potassium nitrate/copolymer/pyrophosphate dentifrice group again demonstrated statistically significant improvements (p < 0.01), in tactile, thermal (threshold and pain) and air blast sensitivity, as compared to the placebo dentifrice. It was concluded from this study that a dentifrice containing 5.0% potassium nitrate, 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate, 1.5% PVM/MA copolymer, and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base is a clinically effective treatment for reducing dentinal hypersensitivity.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Dentifrices; Dentin Sensitivity; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Maleates; Nitrates; Pain Measurement; Polyethylenes; Potassium Compounds; Sodium Fluoride; Temperature

The effect of a dentifrice containing 5.0% potassium nitrate, 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate, 1.5% PVM/MA copolymer, and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Sensitive/Tartar Control) on dentinal hypersensitivity over a twelve-week period was compared to a commercially available dentifrice containing 5% potassium nitrate and 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate base (Sensodyne-F). A total of ninety-seven subjects were entered into the study, and stratified into two balanced groups according to their baseline mean air sensitivity score and baseline mean tactile (Yeaple Probe) sensitivity score. The two groups were randomly assigned to use either the Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice or the commercially available hypersensitivity control dentifrice with potassium nitrate. The two groups were balanced with regard to their mean baseline air and tactile sensitivity scores, sex and age. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice and a commercially available soft-bristled toothbrush. Dentinal hypersensitivity examinations, which included tactile sensitivity, cold air blast, and a visual analog scale were conducted at baseline, six weeks, and twelve weeks. All examinations were conducted by the same dental examiner. After six weeks' use of the assigned dentifrices, there were no statistically significant differences between dentifrice groups in any of the parameters assessed (tactile, cold air blast and visual analog scale). After twelve weeks' use of the assigned products, there were no statistically significant differences between dentifrice groups in any of the parameters assessed (tactile, cold air blast and visual analog scale). Thus it can be concluded from this study that the use of a dentifrice containing 5.0% potassium nitrate, 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate, 1.5% PVM/MA copolymer, and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base provides a clinically effective method of reducing dentinal hypersensitivity which is comparable in efficacy to a commercially available hypersensitivity control dentifrice containing 5% potassium nitrate and 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate base.

Topics: Adult; Air; Analysis of Variance; Dentifrices; Dentin Sensitivity; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Maleates; Nitrates; Pain Measurement; Phosphates; Polyethylenes; Potassium Compounds; Sodium Fluoride

A dentifrice containing 5% potassium nitrate, 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate, 1.5% polyvinylmethyl ether and maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Sensitive/Tartar Control) has been developed to concomitantly control tartar, caries and dentinal hypersensitivity. In vitro and animal studies show that the fluoride in this product effectively inhibits formation of enamel and dentine caries. In vitro studies also demonstrate that this dentifrice effectively reduces hydraulic conductance by occluding dentine tubules with a mixed surface deposit of copolymer and silica. Using an in vitro model that simulates in vivo conditions, this dentifrice also allows a rapid penetration of potassium nitrate through the dentine matrix. These findings demonstrate a correlation under in vivo conditions between the occlusion of dentine and the ability to deliver topically applied agents to target sites within or below dentine. The results indicate that this new dentifrice should provide multiple clinical therapeutic benefits including controlling tooth decay and tartar formation, and reducing and preventing dentinal hypersensitivity.

Topics: Animals; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Dentin; Dentin Permeability; Dentin Sensitivity; Diphosphates; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Hydrostatic Pressure; Maleates; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Nitrates; Nitrogen; Polyethylenes; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Rats; Rheology; Silicon; Sodium Fluoride; Surface Properties; Tooth Remineralization

The availability and stability of the active ingredients in a Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice have been evaluated in this study. The Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice contains 5% potassium nitrate as the anti-hypersensitivity agent, 0.243% sodium fluoride as the anti-caries agent, 2% tetrasodium pyrophosphate and 1.5% polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer as the antitartar system. The availability of potassium and fluoride from this dentifrice was tested and found to be acceptable in both freshly prepared and aged samples. Fluoride and potassium availability were also tested at dilutions similar to in vivo brushing levels, and the ability of the Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice to provide fluoride to enamel and reduce enamel solubility was measured. In these tests the Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice performed similarly to commercial fluoride dentifrices. Potassium availability was equal to Crest Sensitivity Protection, a product shown to be clinically effective against tooth sensitivity; fluoride availability and activity was shown to be equal to Crest Tartar Control, a product with published clinical anti-caries effectiveness.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Biological Availability; Dental Enamel; Dental Enamel Solubility; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Drug Combinations; Drug Stability; Fluorides; Humans; Maleates; Nitrates; Polyethylenes; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Sodium Fluoride; Solubility

The glutamine synthetase from Bacillus licheniformis A5 was purified by using a combination of polyethylene glycol precipitation and chromatography on Bio-Gel A 1.5m. The resulting preparation was judged to be homogeneous by the criteria of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation, and electron microscopic analysis. The enzyme is a dodecamer with a molecular weight of approximately 616,000, and its subunit molecular weight is 51,000. Under optimal assay conditions (pH 6.6, 37 degrees C) apparent Km values for glutamate, ammonia, and manganese.adenosine 5'-triphosphate (1:1 ratio) were 3.6, 0.4, and 0.9 mM, respectively. Glutamine synthetase activity was inhibited approximately 50% by the addition of 5 mM glutamine, alanine, glycine, serine, alpha-ketoglutarate, carbamyl phosphate, adenosine 5'-diphosphate, or inosine 5'-triphosphate to the standard glutamine synthetase assay system, whereas 5 mM adenosine 5'-monophosphate or pyrophosphate caused approximately 90% inhibition of enzyme activity. Phosphorylribosyl pyrophosphate at 5 mM enhanced activity approximately 60%. We were unable to detect any physical or kinetic differences in the properties of the enzyme when it was purified from cells grown in the presence of ammonia or nitrate as sole nitrogen source. The data indicate that B. licheniformis A5 contains one species of glutamine synthetase whose catalytic activity is not regulated by a covalent modification system.

Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonium Sulfate; Bacillus; Cations, Divalent; Diphosphates; Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Molecular Weight; Nitrates; Nucleotides; Potassium Compounds