pyrophosphate and imidazole

The past ten years have seen a spectacular development of chemical sensors based on the monomer-excimer dual luminescence of aromatic systems, such as pyrene. Either in the form of integrated or multicomponent molecular devices these chemosensors have been attracting a high interest above all because of their unique ratiometric properties. This review will focus on the latter systems, which can be classified into two classes: Firstly, the assembly of receptor-effector conjugates is triggerred by the analyte of interest. As a result, the sensor shows monomer to excimer fluorescence switching upon substrate binding. Secondly, the supramolecular assembly that constitutes the sensor is perturbed by interaction with the analyte. This induces a conformational change or the exchange of a component of the system, which is the cause of the luminescence switch effect.

Topics: Diphosphates; Fluorescent Dyes; gamma-Cyclodextrins; Imidazoles; Oligonucleotides; Potassium; Pyrenes

P(1),P(2)-Diimidazolyl derivatives of pyrophosphate and halomethylene-bis-phosphonates have been synthesized and characterized, and the mechanism of their formation was studied. These reagents enable synthesis of dinucleoside tetraphosphates and tetraphosphonates conveniently and in high yields.

Topics: Cyclization; Dinucleoside Phosphates; Diphosphates; Imidazoles; Molecular Structure; Organophosphonates

In view of the importance of a prebiotic source of high energy phosphates, we have investigated a number of potentially prebiotic processes to produce condensed phosphates from orthophosphate and cyclic trimetaphosphate from tripolyphosphate. The reagents investigated include polymerizing nitriles, acid anhydrides, lactones, hexamethylene tetramine and carbon suboxide. A number of these processes give substantial yields of pyrophosphate from orthophosphate and trimetaphosphate from tripolyphosphate. Although these reactions may have been applicable in local areas, they are not sufficiently robust to have been of importance in the prebiotic open ocean.

Topics: 4-Butyrolactone; Acetic Anhydrides; Calcium; Diphosphates; Evolution, Chemical; Formaldehyde; Formates; Hydrogen Cyanide; Imidazoles; Magnesium; Maleic Anhydrides; Methenamine; Nitriles; Phosphates; Polyphosphates; Thiocyanates

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Adenosine Triphosphate; Benzoates; Biochemical Phenomena; Biochemistry; Catalysis; Chloromercuribenzoates; Diphosphates; Edetic Acid; Glycolates; Imidazoles; Light; Magnesium; Muscle Proteins; Myosins; Oxidation-Reduction; Research; Spectrophotometry; Sulfhydryl Compounds; Viscosity