pyrophosphate and fluorophosphate

Tooth sensitivity is a common, painful dental condition. Consumer dental products, mostly dentifrices, play an important role in sensitivity treatment. The objective of this review is to describe a new mouthwash-based desensitizing technology.. Background literature concerning desensitizing products is reviewed. Potassium salts are the most commonly used active ingredients in desensitizing dentifrices. Clinical studies show that while potassium salt dentifrices are generally effective; most formulations require several weeks to exert their desensitizing effect. Recently, a new desensitizing dentifrice containing the amino acid arginine was introduced. This dentifrice acts to occlude the dentinal tubules, and has been shown to be highly effective in multiple clinical studies. This arginine-containing dentifrice has also been shown to provide instant relief of sensitivity pain when applied directly to the sensitive tooth surface. In contrast to dentifrices, there are few desensitizing mouthwashes available. Building on the success of the arginine-based dentifrice, an arginine-based mouthwash formula was developed and tested.. Published studies in peer-reviewed publications.. Controlled and blinded clinical studies to provide evidence of efficacy. In vitro studies are included to indicate the mechanism of action. This review includes studies testing the new arginine-based desensitizing mouthwash.. Clinical findings indicate that this new desensitizing mouthwash, based on the Pro-Argin™ mouthwash technology effectively reduces sensitivity symptoms and can be used alone or as a adjunct to the use of the arginine-containing dentifrice in the home treatment of tooth sensitivity.

Topics: Arginine; Calcium Carbonate; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Dentinal Fluid; Diphosphates; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Humans; Maleates; Mouthwashes; Phosphates; Polyethylenes; Sodium Fluoride

Evaluate the efficacy of three regimens integrating toothpaste, toothbrush and mouthwash in reducing dentine hypersensitivity.. Eight-week single-centre, three-cell, double-blind, randomized study was conducted in the Dominican Republic. Subjects entered one of the three regimens: (1) toothpaste containing 8% arginine and 1450 ppm mono-fluorophosphate, in a calcium carbonate base, a soft-bristle toothbrush followed by a mouthwash containing 0.8% arginine, PVM/MA copolymer, pyrophosphates, and 0.05% sodium fluoride; (2) toothpaste containing 5% potassium nitrate and 1450 ppm sodium fluoride, a soft-bristle toothbrush, followed by a mouthwash containing 0.51% potassium chloride and 230 ppm sodium fluoride; and (3) toothpaste containing 1450 ppm mono-fluorophosphate, a soft-bristle toothbrush followed by a fluoride/arginine free mouthwash. Tactile and Air-Blast dentine hypersensitivity measurements were performed at baseline, two, four, and eight weeks. For treatment group comparisons, ANCOVA and post hoc Tukey's pair-wise (α=0.05) were used. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to evaluate Time to Treatment Improvement.. 120 subjects were enrolled, 118 completed the study. The Tactile hypersensitivity mean scores showed statistically significant improvement at two, four and eight (p ≤ 0.001) weeks in the arginine regime; the potassium regime did not show significant (p ≥ 0.05) improvement. Air-Blast Hypersensitivity scores had a statistically significant decrease at two (p=0.006), four (p=0.006) and eight (p=0.002) weeks in arginine and potassium regimes (p ≤ 0.05). The most effective treatment proved to be arginine (p ≤ 0.05) compared to the potassium regime.. Arginine regimen provided the greatest reduction in Tactile and Air-Blast dentine hypersensitivity compared to potassium and negative control regimens; and provides faster dentine hypersensitivity relief than potassium regimen.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Air; Analysis of Variance; Arginine; Calcium Carbonate; Dentin Desensitizing Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Maleates; Middle Aged; Mouthwashes; Phosphates; Polyethylenes; Potassium; Prospective Studies; Sodium Fluoride; Statistics, Nonparametric; Time Factors; Toothbrushing; Toothpastes; Touch; Young Adult

Toothpastes have been shown to have an antimicrobial activity both in vitro and in vivo; this activity variably translates into a plaque inhibitory effect in vivo. Commercially available toothpastes have a complex chemical make-up and some contain additional chemicals for which improved effects against plaque have been claimed. The aim of this study was to assess the plaque inhibitory properties of 5 commercially available toothpastes compared to a rinse of water over 4 days. The study was a randomised, single-blind, cross-over design balanced for residual effects. Volunteers were rendered plaque-free at each baseline and rinsed for 1 min, under the supervision of an assistant, 2x a day with the allocated mouthrinse or toothpaste slurry. At the end of the 4-day test period, the plaque was disclosed and measured by plaque index and plaque area. The plaque measurements indicated a significant difference between the toothpastes. The order of efficacy was Colgate Total, Crest regular, Crest Tartar, Colgate regular, Colgate 0-6 gel and water. This confirms previously reported data confirming the plaque inhibitory properties of certain toothpastes compared to water. These data indicate that the choice of control toothpaste with which to compare toothpastes formulated for plaque control is important and could influence conclusions drawn from clinical trials of such products.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cross-Over Studies; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dental Prophylaxis; Detergents; Diphosphates; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Mouthwashes; Phosphates; Research Design; Single-Blind Method; Sodium Fluoride; Toothpastes; Triclosan; Water

To evaluate the anticalculus effect of three commercial dentifrices.. A 12-week independent and double-blind clinical study was conducted on a population of calculus-forming adult male and female subjects in Budapest, Hungary to directly compare the anticalculus efficacy of three commercially-available dentifrices, as compared to a placebo dentifrice. The three commercially-available anticalculus dentifrices compared in this clinical study to a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica placebo dentifrice were as follows: (1) A dentifrice containing 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate and 1.5% of a PVM/MA copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base. (2) A dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2% of a PVM/MA copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base. (3) A dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 0.75% zinc citrate in a 1.14% sodium monofluorophosphate/silica base.. All three anticalculus dentifrices provided statistically significant reductions in supragingival calculus formation, as compared to a placebo dentifrice, after 12 weeks of use. The reductions in supragingival calculus formation ranged from 39% to 55%, as compared to a placebo dentifrice, for the three commercially-available anticalculus dentifrices. There was no statistically significant difference among the three commercially-available dentifrices with regard to anticalculus efficacy.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Citrates; Citric Acid; Dental Calculus; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Maleates; Middle Aged; Phosphates; Polyvinyls; Sodium Fluoride; Triclosan; Zinc

The effect of three types of fluoride dentifrices and one non-fluoride dentifrice were evaluated and compared intra-orally for their ability to promote the remineralization of caries-like lesions in thin sections of human dentin and enamel. The three fluoride dentifrices were silica based. One dentifrice contained 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP), another contained 0.247% sodium fluoride (NaF), and the third contained 0.247% NaF plus 1.3% pyrophosphate and 1.5% polyvinylmethyl ether/maleic acid (PVM/MA) copolymer (denoted NaF/PPi). The fourth dentifrice (placebo) was also silica based, but contained no fluoride, and served as a negative control. Two week treatment resulted in the following percent mineral changes for the enamel specimens: +21 +/- 16 for MFP, +10 +/- 30 for NaF, +16 +/- 15 for NaF/PPi, and -30 +/- 30 for the placebo. The respective percent mineral change values for the dentin specimens were +28 +/- 20 for MFP, +22 +/- 19 for NaF, +28 +/- 18 for NaF/PPi, and -34 +O/- 61 for the placebo. A statistical analysis revealed that the three fluoride dentifrices were significantly better (p<0.05) than the placebo at promoting remineralization for both types of specimens. No significant differences were found among the three fluoride dentifrices. The following can be concluded from this study: 1) silica based dentifrices containing MFP and NaF are effective at remineralizing caries-like lesions in both enamel and dentin; 2) there was no statistical difference between NaF and MFP in their ability to promote remineralization; and 3) pyrophosphate does not interfere with the remineralizing effects of NaF.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Dentifrices; Dentin; Diphosphates; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Maleates; Middle Aged; Phosphates; Polyethylenes; Polyvinyls; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Remineralization

In order to compare the antiplaque and antigingivitis activity of three commercially-available triclosan containing dentifrices with that of a placebo dentifrice without triclosan, a double-blind clinical study was conducted on 194 subjects over six months. Following baseline supragingival plaque and gingivitis examinations and a complete oral prophylaxis, subjects were stratified by their whole mouth baseline plaque (modified Quigley-Hein) and gingivitis (modified Löe-Silness) scores and then randomly assigned to one of four dentifrice using groups. Plaque and gingivitis examinations were then performed after six weeks, three months and six months use of the dentifrices. Subjects brushed twice daily in their customary manner. The triclosan/soluble pyrophosphate and the triclosan/zinc citrate commercially available dentifrices did not provide statistically significant reductions in either supragingival plaque accumulation or gingivitis at any of the examination intervals, as compared to the placebo dentifrice. The subjects using the commercially available triclosan/copolymer dentifrice had, after six months, statistically significant reductions in supragingival plaque (11.3 per cent), plaque severity (18.8 per cent), gingivitis (19.9 per cent) and gingivitis severity (27.8 per cent), as compared to the placebo dentifrice.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Citrates; Citric Acid; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fluorides; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Maleates; Middle Aged; Periodontal Index; Phosphates; Placebos; Polyvinyls; Sodium Fluoride; Triclosan

The effect of a dentifrice containing 5.0% potassium nitrate, 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate, 1.5% PVM/MA copolymer, and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (Sensitive/Tartar Control) on dentinal hypersensitivity over a twelve-week period was compared to a commercially available dentifrice containing 5% potassium nitrate and 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate base (Sensodyne-F). A total of ninety-seven subjects were entered into the study, and stratified into two balanced groups according to their baseline mean air sensitivity score and baseline mean tactile (Yeaple Probe) sensitivity score. The two groups were randomly assigned to use either the Sensitive/Tartar Control dentifrice or the commercially available hypersensitivity control dentifrice with potassium nitrate. The two groups were balanced with regard to their mean baseline air and tactile sensitivity scores, sex and age. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice and a commercially available soft-bristled toothbrush. Dentinal hypersensitivity examinations, which included tactile sensitivity, cold air blast, and a visual analog scale were conducted at baseline, six weeks, and twelve weeks. All examinations were conducted by the same dental examiner. After six weeks' use of the assigned dentifrices, there were no statistically significant differences between dentifrice groups in any of the parameters assessed (tactile, cold air blast and visual analog scale). After twelve weeks' use of the assigned products, there were no statistically significant differences between dentifrice groups in any of the parameters assessed (tactile, cold air blast and visual analog scale). Thus it can be concluded from this study that the use of a dentifrice containing 5.0% potassium nitrate, 1.3% soluble pyrophosphate, 1.5% PVM/MA copolymer, and 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base provides a clinically effective method of reducing dentinal hypersensitivity which is comparable in efficacy to a commercially available hypersensitivity control dentifrice containing 5% potassium nitrate and 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate base.

Topics: Adult; Air; Analysis of Variance; Dentifrices; Dentin Sensitivity; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Maleates; Nitrates; Pain Measurement; Phosphates; Polyethylenes; Potassium Compounds; Sodium Fluoride

A double blind, seven month clinical study was conducted to determine the effects of three Triclosan containing test dentifrices on supragingival plaque, gingivitis and supragingival calculus formation compared to a 0.8 per cent monofluorophosphate-silica control dentifrice. Each test dentifrice contained 0.3 per cent Triclosan; additionally one contained 0.75 per cent zinc citrate, the second contained 2 per cent Gantrez and the third contained 5 per cent pyrophosphate. Subjects were assigned to one of the three test groups or to the control group according to random allocation within nine strata. Subjects were evaluated for supragingival plaque and calculus formation and for gingivitis after one, four and seven months' use of the dentifrices. After seven months, the Triclosan/Gantrez and the Triclosan/pyrophosphate dentifrices each provided a statistically significant reduction of approximately 25 per cent in gingival bleeding compared to the control. Neither dentifrice gave statistically significant reductions in supragingival plaque or calculus formation. In contrast, the Triclosan/zinc citrate dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions of 33 per cent in supragingival plaque, 51 per cent in gingival bleeding and 67 per cent in supragingival calculus formation. The reductions in gingival bleeding and calculus formation were statistically superior to those of the Triclosan/Gantrez and the Triclosan/pyrophosphate products. The results demonstrate that use of the Triclosan/zinc citrate dentifrice over a seven month period provided statistically significant and clinically relevant reductions in supragingival plaque and calculus formation, and control of gingivitis as compared to a control dentifrice.

Topics: Adult; Citrates; Citric Acid; Dental Calculus; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Fluorides; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Maleates; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Index; Phosphates; Polyvinyls; Silicon Dioxide; Tooth; Triclosan; Zinc

A double-blind, cross-over study was carried out to assess the anti-calculus effectiveness of a pyrophosphate containing cleaning gel. 2 groups of 30 heavy calculus formers were followed up comparing conventional clinical scoring systems (Volpe-Manhold-Index and Marginal-Line-Calculus-Index) and micromorphologic SEM criteria of calculus formation and inhibition. The results indicated that after a 3-month period, there was a significant reduction of calculus formation compared to a placebo gel. The proposed SEM calculus index (SEMCI) objectively reflects the reduction of supragingival calculus formation.

Topics: Adult; Dental Calculus; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Fluorides; Gels; Humans; Incisor; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Middle Aged; Phosphates; Placebos; Potassium; Potassium Compounds; Replica Techniques

Topics: Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Calculus; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phosphates; Toothpastes

Topics: Child; Chlorides; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Double-Blind Method; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Male; Phosphates; Sodium Fluoride; Toothpastes; Zinc; Zinc Compounds

As suppression of Streptococcus mutans in young children may prevent or delay colonisation of the oral cavity, toothbrushing with dentifrices containing anti-S. mutans activity may aid in preventing caries. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of children's dentifrices on the growth of S. mutans and non-mutans bacteria (Streptococcus sanguinis and Lactobacillus acidophilus).. The agar diffusion assay at neutral pH was used to examine the antibacterial activity of commercial dentifrices and their major constituents.. Dentifrices containing 1,450 ppm fluoride produced greater growth inhibition of both S. mutans and S. sanguinis than those with <500 ppm. No inhibition was seen for pure solutions of sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate at fluoride concentrations up to 100,000 ppm. Stannous fluoride exerted antibacterial effects at concentrations above 10,000 ppm. Significant growth inhibition of both S. mutans and S. sanguinis was seen with sodium lauryl sulphate at 2,500 ppm and with triclosan at 100 ppm. No inhibitory effects were seen for xylitol, sorbitol, sodium pyrophosphate or polyethylene glycol at concentrations up to 80,000 ppm.. Sodium lauryl sulphate is the major bacterial inhibitory compound in children's dentifrices.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cariostatic Agents; Child; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Fluorides; Humans; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Phosphates; Polyethylene Glycols; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sodium Fluoride; Sorbitol; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sanguis; Surface-Active Agents; Sweetening Agents; Tin Fluorides; Toothpastes; Triclosan; Xylitol

This investigation tested and validated an in vitro model for studying the effects of fluoride on human dentin mineral content and fluoride uptake. Four studies examined the effects of different concentrations of fluoride, established dose-response profiles with NaF and Na2PO3F, and tested commercial dentifrices. A 7- or 14-day cyclic treatment regimen involved four 1-min exposures of sound human dentin specimens to the treatment agents, a 4-hour acid challenge period, and 20 h in human saliva daily. Mineral content was analyzed by image analysis microradiography and fluoride assays were performed using a microdrill biopsy technique. Data from these studies established the ability of the in vitro model to provide reproducible results, to demonstrate significant dose-related differences in the effects of both NaF- and Na2PO3F-containing treatments on dentin fluoride uptake and demineralization, and to detect a fluoride-induced reduction in dentin caries, relative to a nonfluoride control, similar to results established in a clinical trial.

Topics: Biopsy; Calcium Phosphates; Dental Calculus; Dentifrices; Dentin; Dentin Solubility; Diphosphates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fluorides; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microradiography; Minerals; Models, Biological; Phosphates; Reproducibility of Results; Root Caries; Saliva; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Fluoride; Tooth Demineralization

Two forms of ATP sulfurylase were purified from spinach leaf. The major (chloroplast) form accounts for 85 to 90% of the total leaf activity (0.03 +/- 0.01 adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS) synthesis units x gram fresh weight-1). Both enzyme forms appear to be tetramers composed of 49- to 50-kDa subunits with the minor (cytosolic) form being slightly larger than the chloroplast form. The specific activities (units x milligram protein-1) of the chloroplast form at pH 8.0, 30 degrees C, were as follows: APS synthesis, 16; molybdolysis, 229; ATP synthesis, 267; selenolysis, 4.1; fluorophosphate activation, 11. Kinetic constants for the physiological reaction were as follows: KmA = 0.046 mM, K(ia) = 0.85 mM, KmB = 0.25 mM, KmQ = 0.37 microM, K(iq) = 64-85 nM, and KmP = 10 microM, where A = MgATP, B = SO4(2-), P = total PPi at 5 mM Mg2+, and Q = APS. The kinetic constants for molybdolysis were similar to those of the APS synthesis reaction. The kinetic constants of the minor (cytosol) form were similar to those of the major form with two exceptions: (a) The molybdolysis activity was 120 units x milligram protein-1, yielding a Vmax (ATP synthesis)/Vmax (molybdolysis) ratio close to 2 (compared to about unity for the chloroplast form) and (b) KmA was greater (0.24 and 0.15 mM for APS synthesis and molybdolysis, respectively). Initial velocity measurements (made over an extended range of MgATP and SO4(2-) concentrations), product inhibition studies (by initial velocity methods and by reaction progress curve analyses), dead end inhibition studies (with monovalent and divalent oxyanions), and kcat/Km comparisons (for SO4(2-) and MoO4(2-) support a random AB-ordered PQ kinetic mechanism in which MgATP and SO4(2-) bind in a highly synergistic manner. Equilibrium binding studies indicated the presence of one APS site per subunit. HPLC elution profiles of chymotryptic and tryptic peptides were essentially the same for both enzyme forms. The N-terminal sequence of residues 5-20 of the cytosol enzyme was identical to residues 1-16 of the chloroplast enzyme.

Topics: Adenosine Phosphosulfate; Adenosine Triphosphate; Amino Acid Sequence; Chloroplasts; Cytosol; Diphosphates; Fluorides; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Isoenzymes; Kinetics; Ligands; Models, Chemical; Molecular Sequence Data; Molybdenum; Nucleotides; Peptide Mapping; Phosphates; Sequence Analysis; Substrate Specificity; Sulfate Adenylyltransferase; Sulfates; Vegetables

As some currently available toothpastes contain zinc compounds, the reaction of zinc with dental mineral and its effect on crystal growth rates were studied using three synthetic calcium-deficient hydroxyapatites (HAP) as being representative of dental mineral. Zinc was readily acquired by all HAP samples in the absence of added calcium, the amount adsorbed being proportional to the HAP surface area; about 9 mumol Zn/m2 was adsorbed at high zinc concentrations. As zinc was acquired, calcium was released, consistent with 1:1 Ca:Zn exchange. Soluble calcium reduced zinc uptake and similarly, calcium post-treatment released zinc. Pretreatment of HAP with 0.5 mM zinc reduced its subsequent ability to undergo seeded crystal growth, as did extracts of a toothpaste containing 0.5% zinc citrate, even in the presence of saliva. The reverse reaction, i.e. displacement of adsorbed zinc by salivary levels of calcium, however, indicates the mechanism by which zinc can reduce calculus formation in vivo by inhibiting plaque mineralisation without adversely affecting the anti-caries effects of fluoride.

Topics: Acetates; Acetic Acid; Adsorption; Aluminum Oxide; Calcium; Calcium Phosphates; Citrates; Citric Acid; Crystallization; Diphosphates; Durapatite; Fluorides; Humans; Hydroxyapatites; Phosphates; Saliva; Silicon Dioxide; Sodium Fluoride; Surface Properties; Toothpastes; Zinc

The antibacterial activity of 4 triclosan-containing toothpastes was compared to a conventional fluoride dentifrice and triclosan and sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), both singly and in combination. A panel of 17 bacteria was tested by an agar dilution method. At concentrations typical of those found in toothpastes, triclosan and SLS displayed approximately equal antibacterial activity. A paste containing triclosan and zinc citrate appeared more active than the other triclosan pastes which, in general, showed marginal superiority over the conventional paste. SLS, although included in dentifrice formulations for its detergent properties, may significantly contribute to the antibacterial profile of a product. The need for appropriate controls when evaluating experimental toothpastes is emphasized.

Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteroides; Citrates; Citric Acid; Diphosphates; Drug Combinations; Fluorides; Glycerophosphates; Phosphates; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Sodium Fluoride; Toothpastes; Triclosan

The effect of purified monofluorophosphate (MFP) on the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) in supersaturated calcium phosphate solutions was determined. In solutions initially at pH 7.4 and seeded with HA crystals, MFP was hydrolysed to a small extent, releasing F-. Once the crystal growth-enhancing property of this F- was compensated for, 4 mmol/l MFP could be shown to inhibit precipitation by 40%. Without compensation for F-, MFP appeared to inhibit precipitation by only 18%. This inhibition was weaker than that caused by pyrophosphate or ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid. Because MFP is hydrolysed on apatite surfaces to F-, use of sodium MFP as an anticaries agent is unlikely to cause significant inhibition of enamel remineralization.

Topics: Calcium; Calcium Phosphates; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Crystallization; Crystallography; Diphosphates; Durapatite; Etidronic Acid; Fluorides; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxyapatites; Phosphates; Spectrophotometry, Atomic; X-Ray Diffraction

Topics: Adolescent; Biomedical Research; Calcium; Child; Dental Caries; Dentifrices; Diphosphates; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Phosphates

Topics: Diphosphates; Fertilizers; Fluorides; Humans; Phosphates

Topics: Diphosphates; Fluorides; Insecticides; Neostigmine; Organophosphorus Compounds; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Phosphorus Compounds; Physostigmine